{"version":2,"locale":"bg","id":"story.nikopol-1396","hasFind":true,"slug":"nikopol-1396","url":"/stories/nikopol-1396/","topic":"Никопол","title":"Защо походът спира при Никопол?","summary":"Сигизмунд събира съюзници срещу османското настъпление. По Дунав войската стига до Видин и Никопол. Шлем от епохата и разказ на пленник ни водят през събитията.","cover":{"title":"Защо походът спира при Никопол?","subtitle":"Сигизмунд, Баязид и битката от 1396 година","hook":"Защо съюзниците губят при Никопол?","summary":"Сигизмунд събира съюзници срещу османското настъпление. По Дунав войската стига до Видин и Никопол. Шлем от епохата и разказ на пленник ни водят през събитията.","takeaway":"Според нас спорът преди атаката показва колко трудно е съюзниците да действат заедно. Поражението укрепва османската власт, но не събира съдбата на всички български земи в една дата."},"sortYear":1396,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Второ българско царство","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Второ царство","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Никопол","date":"1396","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Изрязан детайл с премахнат фон. Заострен стоманен шлем с отвор за лицето и малки дупки по повърхността.","objectCaption":"Шлем","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестен италиански майстор; снимка: Музей „Метрополитън“. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"nikopol-1396.s1-allies","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Сигизмунд събира съюзници","body":"През 1396 г. унгарският крал Сигизмунд събира войска срещу османците, поданиците на султана. Султан е титлата на техния владетел. Пристигат френски рицари. Рицарят е воин от благородниците — хора с особени права. Обикновено се обучава за бой на кон. Жан дьо Невер води бойци от Бургундия, владение в Западна Европа. Не всички са рицари. Това е кръстоносен поход: война за християнска кауза, подкрепена от папата. Участниците обаче имат различни цели.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-480.af78c3a8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-1067.af78c3a8.avif","w":1067}],"dominant":"#503316","h":1600,"w":1067,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","id":"asset.nik.sigismund","alt":"Живописен портрет на брадатия Сигизмунд с кожена шапка.","objectCaption":"Живописен портрет на брадатия Сигизмунд с кожена шапка.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Рисунок","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Рисунок","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестен художник; по-рано приписван на Пизанело. 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Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-480.f374fb5e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-1217.f374fb5e.avif","w":1217}],"dominant":"#b9ad9a","h":1600,"w":1217,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","id":"asset.nik.bayezid","alt":"Гравиран портрет на Баязид I с тюрбан.","objectCaption":"Гравиран портрет на Баязид I с тюрбан.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Aliprando Caprioli; дигитализация: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. 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След Видин войската стига до Никопол и го обсажда. Обсада означава да обградиш крепост и да се опиташ да я принудиш да се предаде. Действат по суша и по вода. Минават дни, но градът не пада. 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Този вид се нарича бацинет. Музеят го датира около 1375–1400 г., във времето на похода. Предметът е италиански. Заостреният връх и отворът за лицето се виждат ясно. По повърхността се виждат малки отвори. Това не е находка от Никопол. Намерен е през 1840 г. в крепостта Халкида на остров Евбея, в днешна Гърция. Там са открити и други доспехи — защитното облекло на воините. Не знаем кой го е носил.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Заострен стоманен шлем с отвор за лицето и малки дупки по повърхността.","objectCaption":"Шлем","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестен италиански майстор; снимка: Музей „Метрополитън“. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-helmet-point","x":0.52,"y":0.1,"title":"Заострен връх","body":"Вижда се високият връх на стоманения шлем. Музейната датировка е около 1375–1400 г.","sourceIds":["src.nik.met.bascinet","src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-face","x":0.31,"y":0.66,"title":"Отвор за лицето","body":"В показания вид на шлема отворът оставя лицето открито.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-holes","x":0.56,"y":0.53,"title":"Малки отвори","body":"По стоманата има малки отвори. Причината за всеки от тях не е установена тук.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.000416666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"bg_BG-dimitar-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.bg.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","duration":32.128,"src":"/audio/bg/nikopol-1396/s3-helmet.fa497c9d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.met.bascinet"},{"id":"src.nik.image.helmet"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s4-battle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Жан настоява да нападне първи","body":"През септември 1396 г. войските се срещат край Никопол. Според Шилтбергер Жан дьо Невер настоява неговите бойци да нападнат първи. Кралят иска да започнат унгарците, които вече са воювали с османците. В този разказ първите нападатели пробиват предните сили, но после са обкръжени. Сигизмунд продължава боя с останалите сили. При Баязид се сражава и сръбският владетел Стефан Лазаревич. Той е васал: признава по-силен владетел и му дължи служба. Войската на Баязид побеждава.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Заострен стоманен шлем с отвор за лицето и малки дупки по повърхността.","objectCaption":"Шлем","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестен италиански майстор; снимка: Музей „Метрополитън“. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-480.1b887476.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-1097.1b887476.avif","w":1097}],"dominant":"#7d7478","h":1600,"w":1097,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","alt":"Миниатюра с въоръжени конници, оръдия и укрепени сгради.","objectCaption":"Миниатюра с въоръжени конници, оръдия и укрепени сгради.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестен османски художник; сканиране: Szilas, по Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.29375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"bg_BG-dimitar-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.bg.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s4-battle","duration":30.421,"src":"/audio/bg/nikopol-1396/s4-battle.b8ae29d7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Задача: съюзите","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.alliance","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Кой се сражава на страната на Баязид?","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"opt-sigismund","label":"Сигизмунд, крал на Унгария","whyWrong":"Сигизмунд води противниковата войска, която обсажда Никопол."},{"id":"opt-stefan","label":"Стефан Лазаревич"},{"id":"opt-nevers","label":"Жан дьо Невер","whyWrong":"Жан дьо Невер води бургундския отряд при кръстоносците."}],"explanation":"Лазаревич е васал на Баязид и се сражава с неговата войска. Християнин воюва на страната на султана. От това можем да заключим, че само религията не обяснява съюзите.","correctItemId":"opt-stefan","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.068375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"bg_BG-dimitar-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.bg.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","duration":3.157,"src":"/audio/bg/nikopol-1396/a1-alliance.12db4ae3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s5-witness","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Пленникът, който разказва","body":"Йохан Шилтбергер попада в плен. След завръщането си през 1427 г. разказва преживяното. Показаният лист е началото на по-късно ръкописно копие. Ръкописно копие означава текст, преписан на ръка. Не е бележник, писан на бойното поле. Разказът на участник е важен, но не всяка негова подробност е точна. Не знаем точния брой на бойците.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-480.1f6bd018.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-1159.1f6bd018.avif","w":1159}],"dominant":"#9f9d8d","h":1631,"w":1159,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","alt":"Ръкописен лист с голяма червена начална буква и редове тъмен текст.","objectCaption":"Ръкописен лист с голяма червена начална буква и редове тъмен текст.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Неизвестен преписвач; текст: Йохан Шилтбергер; дигитализация: Университетска библиотека Хайделберг; изрязана версия от Commons. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-witness-initial","x":0.15,"y":0.12,"title":"Начална буква","body":"Голямата червена буква отбелязва началото на разказа в това копие. Ръкопис е книга, преписана на ръка.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-witness-name","x":0.48,"y":0.07,"title":"Името на разказвача","body":"В първия ред е името Йохан Шилтбергер.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.234916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"bg_BG-dimitar-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.bg.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s5-witness","duration":23.339,"src":"/audio/bg/nikopol-1396/s5-witness.8d31580f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.barany2015"},{"id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Задача: кое е по-рано","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Подреди събитията според разказа.","sourceIds":["src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"ev-vidin","label":"Войската достига Видин"},{"id":"ev-siege","label":"Кръстоносците обсаждат Никопол"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Войската на Баязид побеждава край Никопол"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Завръщане на Шилтбергер"}],"explanation":"Видин е преди Никопол по пътя на войската. Обсадата вече тече, когато идва Баязид. Шилтбергер е пленен в битката и се завръща години по-късно.","correctOrderIds":["ev-vidin","ev-siege","ev-battle","ev-return"],"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.9174583333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"bg_BG-dimitar-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.bg.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","duration":3.029,"src":"/audio/bg/nikopol-1396/a2-sequence.29c67854.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Сигизмунд се спасява с кораб","body":"Сигизмунд се спасява с кораб. За много други отстъплението завършва със смърт или плен. Част от пленниците са убити. Други стават роби — губят свободата си и могат да бъдат продавани. За освобождаването на някои благородници се искат пари, наречени откуп. Иван Срацимир също попада в плен. Не е сигурно през коя година.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-480.7604fd0d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-1600.7604fd0d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a3aaa9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","id":"asset.nik.danube","alt":"Заснежен бряг на Дунав с лодка край Никопол.","objectCaption":"Заснежен бряг на Дунав с лодка край Никопол.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Изображения","source":"Отвори източника","full":"Пълни данни за авторството"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Снимка: Preslav; прехвърляне в Commons: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. 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