{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.boyana-church","hasFind":true,"slug":"boyana-church","url":"/de/stories/boyana-church/","topic":"Kirche von Bojana","title":"Die Gesichter von Bojana","summary":"Zwei Porträtpaare, ein Kirchenmodell und Brot auf einer gemalten Tafel: ein genauer Blick auf die Wandmalereien von Bojana.","cover":{"title":"Die Gesichter von Bojana","subtitle":"Die Kirche von Bojana und ihre Wandmalereien von 1259","hook":"Warum wirken diese Gesichter lebendig?","summary":"Zwei Porträtpaare, ein Kirchenmodell und Brot auf einer gemalten Tafel: ein genauer Blick auf die Wandmalereien von Bojana.","takeaway":"In Bojana erscheinen namentlich bekannte Stifter und Herrscher neben religiösen Figuren. Gesten und Kleidung laden zu genauer Betrachtung ein; Deutungen bleiben von der Inschrift und dem Sichtbaren getrennt."},"sortYear":1259,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Zweites Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"II. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Bojana","date":"1259","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-480.b8b98199.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-1600.b8b98199.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63624f","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","id":"asset.boyana.exterior","alt":"Ziegelfassaden, zwei Gebäudeteile mit Kuppeln und der steinerne Sockel der Kirche von Bojana zwischen Bäumen.","objectCaption":"Kirche von Bojana","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Aleksander Dragnes · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"boyana-church.s1-faces","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Gesichter von 1259","body":"Im Jahr 1259 malten Künstler in einer Kirche bei Sofia Menschen, die zu ihrer Zeit lebten. Darunter waren Kalojan und Desislawa. Betrachten Sie ihre Gesichter, dann ihre Hände und Kleidung. Es sind namentlich bekannte Personen in einem religiösen Bildprogramm. Was macht ihre Gegenwart so spürbar?\n\nDas Nationale Historische Museum betont den Porträtcharakter der weltlichen Figuren, die UNESCO spricht von Lebendigkeit innerhalb des byzantinischen Kanons. Wir sehen also keinen Bruch mit der mittelalterlichen Tradition, sondern Ausdruckskraft innerhalb dieser Tradition. Das Datum ist keine Vermutung anhand des Stils: Die Stifterinschrift im Narthex nennt das Jahr der Ausmalung nach einer anderen Zeitrechnung. Das Nationale Historische Museum datiert sie auf 1259. Die bulgarische Startseite der Kirche nennt 1258/59; hier folgen wir der Datierung des Museums. Ein Stifter unterstützte die Kirche mit einer Gabe.","images":[{"src":"/assets/story-originals/boyana-donors.ae5e3dc7f0.jpg","w":400,"h":490,"webp":[],"avif":[],"nativeDisplayWidth":400,"alpha":false,"id":"asset.boyana.donors","alt":"Desislawa links und Kalojan rechts mit einem Kirchenmodell; Wandmalerei von 1259 nach Datierung des Museums.","objectCaption":"Stifterporträts","caption":"Kalojan und Desislawa, Wandmalerei von 1259 nach Datierung des Museums. Fotografische Reproduktion des Originals.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonyme mittelalterliche Maler; Reproduktion hochgeladen von bg:Потребител:Kandi (Fotograf nicht ermittelt) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kalojan_desislava.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Reuse_of_PD-Art_photographs","dominant":"#241B1A"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":49.94945833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.boyana-church.boyana-church.s1-faces.24ac2b94dc","sha256":"24ac2b94dc648d55429e3586ef5b817d4c8b953e90abe857d4b8a6ea9c8c8064","duration":50.048,"src":"/assets/narration/de/boyana-church/s1-faces.24ac2b94dc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.boyana.museum"},{"id":"src.boyana.unesco"},{"id":"src.boyana.intro"},{"id":"src.boyana.kempgen"}]},{"id":"boyana-church.s2-building","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Ein Bau wächst nach Westen","body":"Die Kirche von Bojana steht im heutigen Sofioter Stadtteil Bojana am Fuß des Witoscha-Gebirges. Der Punkt auf der Karte zeigt das erhaltene Gebäude, keine Grenzen eines mittelalterlichen Besitzes. Nähern Sie sich gedanklich von Osten nach Westen: So verfolgen Sie, wie die Kirche gewachsen ist.\n\nFür den ältesten östlichen Teil nennt die UNESCO das 10.–11. Jahrhundert, die BYZART-Studie das späte 10. oder das 11. Jahrhundert. Im 13. Jahrhundert gab Kalojan einen westlichen Anbau in Auftrag. Die kurze englische Beschreibung der UNESCO setzt ihn an den Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts, BYZART in dessen Mitte. Unten liegt die Vorhalle, auch Narthex genannt; oben befindet sich eine Familienkapelle des heiligen Panteleimon. Die letzte westliche Erweiterung stammt aus dem 19. Jahrhundert: Die UNESCO setzt sie an dessen Anfang, das Nationale Historische Museum in die Mitte des Jahrhunderts. Unter einem Dach sehen wir heute Teile, die nicht gleichzeitig entstanden. 1979 wurde die Kirche in die Welterbeliste aufgenommen.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Die Kirche von Bojana bewahrt Wandmalereien von 1259, darunter die Stifterporträts von Kalojan und Desislawa.","precision":"exact","id":"place.boyana-church","name":"Kirche von Bojana, St. Nikolaus und St. Pantaleimon","latitude":42.644669,"longitude":23.266189,"accuracy":"verified_point","radiusMeters":15,"sourceIds":["src.boyana.unesco"],"short":"Kirche von Bojana","guideUrl":null,"slug":"boyana-church","url":"/de/map/#boyana-church"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Die Kirche von Bojana bewahrt Wandmalereien von 1259, darunter die Stifterporträts von Kalojan und 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Stifter hält eine Kirche","body":"Kalojan hält eine kleine Kirche. Das Modell lässt sich als Zeichen der Stiftung lesen. Neben ihm steht seine Frau Desislawa. Ihre Hand liegt an der Schnur ihres Umhangs. Folgen Sie den Gesten und betrachten Sie dann den Schmuck der Kleidung.\n\nKalojan trägt den Titel Sebastokrator. Er ist nicht der Zar auf dem anderen Porträt. Forschende deuten die kostbare Kleidung des Paares als Zeichen seiner gesellschaftlichen Stellung. Das ist eine Lesart des Bildes. Die Aufnahme erlaubt uns, die gemalten Gesichter zu betrachten, beweist aber nicht, wie ähnlich sie den lebenden Menschen waren.","images":[{"src":"/assets/story-originals/boyana-donors.ae5e3dc7f0.jpg","w":400,"h":490,"webp":[],"avif":[],"nativeDisplayWidth":400,"alpha":false,"id":"asset.boyana.donors","alt":"Desislawa links und Kalojan rechts mit einem Kirchenmodell; Wandmalerei von 1259 nach Datierung des Museums.","objectCaption":"Stifterporträts","caption":"Kalojan und Desislawa, Wandmalerei von 1259 nach Datierung des Museums. Fotografische Reproduktion des Originals.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonyme mittelalterliche Maler; Reproduktion hochgeladen von bg:Потребител:Kandi (Fotograf nicht ermittelt) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kalojan_desislava.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Reuse_of_PD-Art_photographs","dominant":"#241B1A"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-boyana-kaloyan","x":0.71,"y":0.105,"title":"Kalojan","body":"Der Sebastokrator ist der Stifter dieses Paares.","sourceIds":["src.boyana.byzart"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-boyana-model","x":0.92,"y":0.21,"title":"Kirchenmodell","body":"Kalojan hält ein Kirchenmodell. Es kann als Zeichen der Stiftung gedeutet werden; es ist keine Bauzeichnung.","sourceIds":["src.boyana.byzart","src.boyana.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-boyana-desislava","x":0.19,"y":0.14,"title":"Desislawa","body":"Kalojans Frau. Ihre Hand liegt an der Schnur ihres Umhangs.","sourceIds":["src.boyana.byzart","src.boyana.guide"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.669916666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.boyana-church.boyana-church.s3-donors.20241be779","sha256":"20241be779f999c73ce481d6fdbcbfd4cbfad9dea16becdc7f35481a486a3741","duration":27.776,"src":"/assets/narration/de/boyana-church/s3-donors.20241be779.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.boyana.byzart"},{"id":"src.boyana.guide"},{"id":"src.boyana.commons"}]},{"id":"boyana-church.s4-rulers","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Gegenüber stehen die Herrscher","body":"Gegenüber dem Stifterpaar stehen Zar Konstantin Tich und Zarin Irina. Der Blick wandert von ihren Gesichtern zu den Kronen und reich geschmückten Gewändern. Beide Paare befinden sich im selben Raum, haben aber unterschiedliche Rollen. Kalojan und Desislawa sind die Stifter; Konstantin und Irina sind das Herrscherpaar.\n\nDen Autoren der Studie über mittelalterliches Mäzenatentum zufolge ist Kleidung auch eine Sprache der Macht, verbunden mit den Zeichen des byzantinischen Hofes. Das Porträt kann uns daher etwas über die dargestellte Stellung sagen, ohne den Charakter eines Menschen zu offenbaren. Wir wissen nicht, was Irina denkt. Wir sehen, wie man sie darzustellen gewählt hat.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-480.1e976016.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-960.1e976016.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-1592.1e976016.avif","w":1592}],"dominant":"#6c5b50","h":2400,"w":1592,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-960.1e976016.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-960.1e976016.webp","id":"asset.boyana.royal","alt":"Der Zar links und die Zarin rechts, mit Kronen und verzierten Gewändern; Wandmalerei von 1259 nach Datierung des Museums.","objectCaption":"Der Zar links und die Zarin rechts, mit Kronen und verzierten Gewändern; Wandmalerei von 1259 nach Datierung des Museums.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Urheber (Commons-Metadaten); mittelalterliche Maler anonym · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Source: Unknown author (Commons metadata); medieval painter(s) anonymous / Wikimedia Commons, CC0 Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Unknown author (Commons metadata); medieval painter(s) anonymous / Wikimedia Commons, CC0 Processed image. 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Fotografische Reproduktion des Originals.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonyme mittelalterliche Maler; Reproduktion hochgeladen von bg:Потребител:Kandi (Fotograf nicht ermittelt) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. 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Kalojan hält das Kirchenmodell.","correctItemId":"opt-donors","sources":[{"id":"src.boyana.byzart"},{"id":"src.boyana.museum"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.9971666666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.boyana-church.boyana-church.a1-donors","duration":4.096,"src":"/audio/de/boyana-church/a1-donors.846015dc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.boyana.byzart"},{"id":"src.boyana.museum"}]},{"id":"boyana-church.s5-table","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Das Brot auf dem Tisch","body":"Auch durch Essen kann die gemalte Welt vertraut wirken. Im „Letzten Abendmahl“ beschreibt die Website des Museums Brotstücke, Rüben, Frühlingszwiebeln und Knoblauch. Christus sitzt am linken Ende des Tisches; Judas greift ohne Heiligenschein nach einer hohen Schale.\n\nDie Website deutet diese Speisen als typische bulgarische Frühlingstafel des 13. Jahrhunderts. 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