{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.democracy-1989","hasFind":true,"slug":"democracy-1989","url":"/de/stories/democracy-1989/","topic":"10. November 1989","title":"10. November: Wer ändert die Regeln?","summary":"Eine Unterschriftensammlung für das Wasser, ein Wechsel an der Parteispitze, Verhandlungen und Wahlen. Die Geschichte verfolgt die Ereignisse von 1989 bis zur Verfassung von 1991.","cover":{"title":"10. November: Wer ändert die Regeln?","subtitle":"Von der Unterschriftensammlung von „Ekoglasnost“ bis zur Verfassung von 1991","hook":"Wie wandelte sich die Macht 1989–1991?","summary":"Eine Unterschriftensammlung für das Wasser, ein Wechsel an der Parteispitze, Verhandlungen und Wahlen. Die Geschichte verfolgt die Ereignisse von 1989 bis zur Verfassung von 1991.","takeaway":"In dieser Geschichte unterscheiden wir den Wechsel an der Spitze von einer Änderung der Regeln."},"sortYear":1989,"firstActivity":7,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20. Jahrhundert","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20. Jahrhundert","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Sofia","date":"1989–1991","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-480.b48135fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-1600.b48135fe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d7a6d","h":2259,"w":2214,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Eine Metallglocke auf einem verzierten Sockel hinter Glas.","objectCaption":"Museumsglocke","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Biser Todorov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. A museum photograph of a parliamentary bell. The photograph’s catalogue associates it with the declaration of the people’s republic in 1946. Its use at the adoption of the constitution in 1991 has not been established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_of_bulgarian_parlament_1946.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"democracy-1989.s1-signatures","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Unterschriften für das Wasser","body":"Im Herbst 1989 setzen Menschen in Sofia ihre Unterschrift auf Papierbögen. „Ekoglasnost“, eine unabhängige Naturschutzgruppe, sammelt Unterschriften. Sie richten sich gegen Pläne, Wasser aus dem Rila-Gebirge an andere Orte abzuleiten. Die Unterschriftensammlung ist eine gemeinsame schriftliche Forderung an die Staatsmacht.\n\nIm Kristallgarten werden die Unterschriften öffentlich gesammelt. Am 26. Oktober schlägt die Miliz, die damalige Polizei, Teilnehmer und nimmt sie fest. Gewalt hat schon zuvor Opfer gefordert. Bereits im Mai werden Proteste bulgarischer Türken gewaltsam niedergeschlagen; es gibt Tote.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-480.44626f9e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-1600.44626f9e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d7e8a","h":767,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-parliament-960.44626f9e.webp","id":"asset.dem.parliament","alt":"Die helle Fassade der Nationalversammlung in Sofia.","objectCaption":"Die helle Fassade der Nationalversammlung in Sofia.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Лорд Бъмбъри · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Лорд Бъмбъри; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. The National Assembly building in Sofia, 2 October 2016. A later view of the building, not evidence of its appearance or the people outside it in 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Assembly_main_building,_Sofia,_October_2016_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.093333333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s1-signatures","duration":32.213,"src":"/audio/de/democracy-1989/s1-signatures.59f3e7bd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s2-petition","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"3. November: Die Unterschriften erreichen das Parlament","body":"Am 3. November 1989 überbringt ein Demonstrationszug in Sofia die Unterschriftensammlung der Nationalversammlung, dem bulgarischen Parlament. Die Menschen wollen mit ihren Anliegen zu Wasser und Natur gehört werden.\n\nUnserer Ansicht nach drückt die Unterschriftensammlung auch den Wunsch aus, dass Bürger an Entscheidungen mitwirken. Das ist eine Deutung, kein Zitat aus dem Dokument. Auf der Karte zeigt das Parlament, wohin die Forderung gelangt. Der andere Punkt ist „Bojana“, ein Gebäudekomplex, den die Staatsführung nutzt. Eine Woche später tagt dort die Parteiführung. Es sind unterschiedliche Orte und Handlungen.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Am 3. November 1989 brachte ein Demonstrationszug die Unterschriftenliste von Ekoglasnost zur Nationalversammlung.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.parliament","name":"Nationalversammlung, historisches Gebäude","latitude":42.694444444444,"longitude":23.332777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":70,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.eko1989"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#bulgaria-national-assembly-building","slug":"dem.parliament","url":"/de/map/#dem.parliament"},{"note":"Ein von der Staatsführung genutzter Gebäudekomplex. Der Punkt ist ungefähr und zeigt nicht den Sitzungssaal.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Bojana-Komplex","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/de/map/#dem.boyana"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Am 3. 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Der Punkt ist ungefähr und zeigt nicht den Sitzungssaal.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.dem.boyana","name":"Bojana-Komplex","latitude":42.655278,"longitude":23.2675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":700,"sourceIds":["src.dem.coordinates","src.dem.bnt2019"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"dem.boyana","url":"/de/map/#dem.boyana","number":2,"x":22.09375,"y":51.94123,"inside":true,"viewX":37.37849187096774,"viewY":55.3399506483871}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":49.2303964419355},{"name":"Plowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":68.10433257096776},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":31.746078377419355},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":55.724681603225825},{"name":"Russe","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":10.50440740967742},{"name":"Weliko Tarnowo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":36.445653861290324},{"name":"Plewen","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":24.835164183870972},{"name":"Stara Sagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":58.37828805483872},{"name":"Schumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":29.802664183870963},{"name":"Widin","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":4.980547409677417},{"name":"Blagoewgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":71.927064183871},{"name":"Chaskowo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":74.81013708709679},{"name":"Smoljan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":86.66932224838712},{"name":"Sliwen","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":49.77009128064516},{"name":"Dobritsch","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":19.520259667741932},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":52.346781603225814},{"name":"Jambol","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":56.41692676451614},{"name":"Pasardschik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":66.18527515161293},{"name":"Wraza","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":31.878117732258065},{"name":"Gabrowo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":43.270678377419365},{"name":"Kardschali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":84.80026031290323},{"name":"Kjustendil","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":63.13555063548388},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":24.988996441935484},{"name":"Lowetsch","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":34.36507257096774},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":0.8116932161290262},{"name":"Targowischte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":30.48337192580646},{"name":"Rasgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":20.863728054838713},{"name":"Kasanlak","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":51.86861966774193},{"name":"Donau","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":14.74376805483871},{"name":"Schwarzes Meer","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":42.39768031290323},{"name":"Balkangebirge","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":47.46645321612905},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":68.28508547419355},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":80.94419837741937},{"name":"Rhodopen","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":85.92067192580647},{"name":"Strandscha","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":70.95663902258066}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0.12422822101157527},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.338666666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s2-petition","duration":31.445,"src":"/audio/de/democracy-1989/s2-petition.4319e871.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.eko1989"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s3-party-change","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"10. November: Der Parteichef wird abgelöst","body":"Am 10. November 1989 nimmt das Zentralkomitee den Rücktritt von Todor Schiwkow an. Es ist das Führungsgremium der Bulgarischen Kommunistischen Partei. Schiwkow verlässt den Posten des Generalsekretärs, den höchsten in der Partei. Ein neuer Parteichef wird gewählt.\n\nDie Entscheidung fällt innerhalb der regierenden Partei. Sie ist keine Wahl durch die Bürger. Schiwkow verliert sein Parteiamt am 10. November, das Amt des Staatsoberhaupts am 17. November. Unserer Ansicht nach ändert der Wechsel an der Spitze allein noch nicht die Regeln des Regierens.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-480.051ea1bc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-1600.051ea1bc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f8f8f","h":1223,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhivkov-960.051ea1bc.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhivkov","alt":"Schwarz-Weiß-Foto von Schiwkow mit Brille vor einem Mikrofon.","objectCaption":"Schwarz-Weiß-Foto von Schiwkow mit Brille vor einem Mikrofon.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Fotograf / Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Unknown photographer / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Todor Zhivkov in an archival photograph from 1971. The photograph does not show the party meeting of 1989. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Todor_Zhivkov_,_eerste_secretaris_Communistische_Partij_en_president_van_Bulgari,_Bestanddeelnr_924-8077.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.412958333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.democracy-1989.democracy-1989.s3-party-change","duration":28.501,"src":"/audio/de/democracy-1989/s3-party-change.e66a384f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.dem.dineva2019"},{"id":"src.dem.bnt2019"},{"id":"src.dem.mihaylova2022"},{"id":"src.dem.gazette1991"}]},{"id":"democracy-1989.s4-round-table","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die Verhandlungspartner versprechen Gewaltverzicht","body":"Am 3. Januar 1990 beginnen vorbereitende Gespräche für den Nationalen Runden Tisch. Es sind Verhandlungen zwischen der regierenden Partei und Organisationen, die eine Veränderung der Regierungsweise fordern. Ihre gemeinsamen Sitzungen beginnen am 22. Januar.\n\nAm 12. März versprechen die Teilnehmer, auf Gewalt zu verzichten und durch Gespräche eine Einigung zu suchen. Das Versprechen zeigt, wie sie handeln wollen. Es beweist nicht, dass die Gewalt verschwunden ist.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-480.ce685995.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-1600.ce685995.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#293239","h":1073,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-zhelev-960.ce685995.webp","id":"asset.dem.zhelev","alt":"Schelju Schelew links und Jacques Santer vor blauem Hintergrund mit gelben Sternen.","objectCaption":"Schelju Schelew links und Jacques Santer vor blauem Hintergrund mit gelben Sternen.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Patrick Bombaert - European Commission · CC BY 4.0 · European Commission / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Patrick Bombaert - European Commission; European Commission / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Zhelyu Zhelev on the left with Jacques Santer, 26 March 1996. This is a later photograph of a Round Table participant, not a photograph of the negotiations. 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Sie soll eine neue Verfassung, das Grundgesetz des Staates, ausarbeiten. „Groß“ bezeichnet eine Versammlung mit besonderen Befugnissen, etwa zur Verabschiedung einer Verfassung.\n\nDie Wahl findet am 10. Juni statt. Am 17. Juni wird über einen Teil der Sitze erneut abgestimmt. Insgesamt werden 400 Abgeordnete gewählt. Die Bulgarische Sozialistische Partei, die umbenannte kommunistische Partei, hat 211 gewählte Abgeordnete. Die Union der Demokratischen Kräfte hat 144. Auch andere politische Kräfte sind vertreten.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-480.892c8eae.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-1600.892c8eae.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#9d9d9d","h":1062,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-mladenov-960.892c8eae.webp","id":"asset.dem.mladenov","alt":"Zwei Männer in Anzügen vor einer Ehrenformation auf einem Flughafen.","objectCaption":"Zwei Männer in Anzügen vor einer Ehrenformation auf einem Flughafen.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bert Verhoeff  for  Anefo · CC0 · Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Archival photograph. Photo: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Petar Mladenov and Max van der Stoel in the Netherlands, 20 April 1976. Mladenov later replaced Zhivkov as party leader. This photograph does not show that change. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Archival photograph. Photo: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo; Nationaal Archief / Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Petar Mladenov and Max van der Stoel in the Netherlands, 20 April 1976. Mladenov later replaced Zhivkov as party leader. This photograph does not show that change. 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