{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.exarchate-1870","hasFind":true,"slug":"exarchate-1870","url":"/de/stories/exarchate-1870/","topic":"Bulgarisches Exarchat","title":"Warum lässt Ilarion einen Namen aus?","summary":"1860 lässt Ilarion Makariopolski in einem Ostergebet den Namen des Patriarchen aus. Zehn Jahre später regelt ein Erlass des Sultans das Bulgarische Exarchat. Was verändert das Dokument, und was bleibt umstritten?","cover":{"title":"Warum lässt Ilarion einen Namen aus?","subtitle":"Von der Osteraktion zum Bulgarischen Exarchat","hook":"Ein Name fehlt. Was bedeutet das?","summary":"1860 lässt Ilarion Makariopolski in einem Ostergebet den Namen des Patriarchen aus. Zehn Jahre später regelt ein Erlass des Sultans das Bulgarische Exarchat. Was verändert das Dokument, und was bleibt umstritten?","takeaway":"Die öffentliche Ablehnung der Unterordnung, der staatliche Erlass und die kirchliche Anerkennung sind verschiedene Schritte."},"sortYear":1870,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Wiedergeburt und Befreiung","dateLabel":"18.–19. Jahrhundert","eraShort":"Wiedergeburt","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Konstantinopel","date":"1860–1872","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-480.f15ece47.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.avif","w":700}],"dominant":"#c5ac85","h":692,"w":700,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","w":700}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Rundes Siegel mit spiegelverkehrten Buchstaben und einer Jahreszahl auf einer durchsichtigen Museumsstütze. Der Abdruck wäre normal lesbar.","objectCaption":"Sultansferman","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"exarchate-1870.s1-missing-name","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Der Name, der nicht erklingt","body":"Ostern 1860. Bischof Ilarion Makariopolski hält in der hölzernen Kirche des heiligen Stefan in Konstantinopel, dem heutigen Istanbul, Gottesdienst. Ein Bischof ist ein hoher Geistlicher. Im Gebet erwähnt er Patriarch Kyrill VII. nicht. Der Patriarch ist der oberste Kirchenführer, dem die Gemeinde damals untersteht.\n\nIn der kirchlichen Darstellung bedeutet die Nennung die Anerkennung der Autorität des Patriarchen. Wir können die Geste als öffentliche Forderung nach kirchlicher Selbstverwaltung verstehen. Doch ein Gottesdienst schafft noch keine von allen anerkannte unabhängige Kirche.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-480.2580385a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-1021.2580385a.avif","w":1021}],"dominant":"#766e5d","h":1600,"w":1021,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","id":"asset.exa.ilarion","alt":"Ilarion Makariopolski. Spätere Porträtpostkarte aus einem Archivbestand; keine Aufnahme des Gottesdienstes von 1860.","objectCaption":"Ilarion Makariopolski. Spätere Porträtpostkarte aus einem Archivbestand; keine Aufnahme des Gottesdienstes von 1860.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Grigor Paskov (laut Wikimedia Commons; Fotograf der ursprünglichen Porträtaufnahme nicht ermittelt) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Staatliche Archivagentur Bulgariens / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-9-Ilarion_Makariopolski.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.910625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s1-missing-name","duration":30.037,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/s1-missing-name.88c347c0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s2-two-neighbours","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Bulgaren fordern eigene Kirchenführer","body":"Die Karte zeigt die bulgarische Kirche und den Sitz des Patriarchen im Stadtteil Fener. Das Patriarchat ist die vom Patriarchen geleitete kirchliche Institution. Die beiden Punkte liegen in der osmanischen Hauptstadt nahe beieinander. Der Streit betrifft jedoch Gemeinden weit außerhalb Konstantinopels.\n\nIm 19. Jahrhundert fordern bulgarische Akteure Bulgarisch in den Schulen und Kirchenslawisch im Gottesdienst. Das ist die alte slawische Sprache des Gottesdienstes. Sie wollen auch eine eigene Kirchenverwaltung.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-480.beeb641b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-1201.beeb641b.avif","w":1201}],"dominant":"#8c7966","h":1600,"w":1201,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","id":"asset.exa.bozveli-book","alt":"Titelblatt eines religiösen Buches von Neofit Bosweli, Belgrad, 1835. Museumsaufnahme von 2021.","objectCaption":"Titelblatt eines religiösen Buches von Neofit Bosweli, Belgrad, 1835. Museumsaufnahme von 2021.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neofit_Bozveli_Istoria_Katehizis_1835.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-480.e8ca8e49.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.avif","w":530}],"dominant":"#616161","h":686,"w":530,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.webp","w":530}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.webp","id":"asset.exa.bogoridi-portrait","alt":"Porträt von Stefan Bogoridi, unbekannter Künstler. Er stiftete 1849 das Grundstück für die bulgarische Kirche.","objectCaption":"Porträt von Stefan Bogoridi, unbekannter Künstler. Er stiftete 1849 das Grundstück für die bulgarische Kirche.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Urheber · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Stefanos_Vogoridis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet um die spätere Eisenkirche. Der Standort des Altars von 1860 ist damit nicht bestimmt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.church","name":"Sankt Stephan — Standort der früheren Holzkirche","latitude":41.03180555555556,"longitude":28.949694444444443,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.church","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.church","url":"/de/map/#exa.church"},{"note":"Heutiger Bezugspunkt für die Institution. Zeigt keine Grenzen eines Kirchengebiets.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.patriarchate","name":"Sitz des Patriarchats von Konstantinopel, Stadtteil Fener","latitude":41.029222,"longitude":28.951675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.patriarchate"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.patriarchate","url":"/de/map/#exa.patriarchate"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet um die spätere Eisenkirche. Der Standort des Altars von 1860 ist damit nicht bestimmt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.church","name":"Sankt Stephan — Standort der früheren Holzkirche","latitude":41.03180555555556,"longitude":28.949694444444443,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.church","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.church","url":"/de/map/#exa.church","number":1,"x":93.12118,"y":94.07035,"inside":true,"viewX":91.47913909677419,"viewY":92.39857125806452},{"note":"Heutiger Bezugspunkt für die Institution. 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bestimmt das Schriftstück?","body":"1870 erlässt Sultan Abdülaziz einen Ferman für das Bulgarische Exarchat. Ferman bedeutet Erlass des Sultans. Das Exarchat ist eine eigenständige kirchliche Organisation. An seiner Spitze steht ein Exarch, ein hoher Geistlicher. Er führt den Vorsitz in einer Synode, einem Rat hoher Geistlicher.\n\nSieh dir das gedruckte Dokument an. Links steht bulgarischer Text, rechts Text in arabischer Schrift. Artikel 1 gewährt eine eigene Verwaltung. Artikel 4 verlangt erneut, den Namen des Patriarchen zu nennen. Das Exarchat verwaltet sich eigenständig, behält aber Verbindungen zum Patriarchat.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-480.38bbfed4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-1288.38bbfed4.avif","w":1288}],"dominant":"#d6d2c1","h":1852,"w":1288,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","id":"asset.exa.firman","alt":"Gedruckte zweisprachige Fassung des Fermans von 1870; nicht die Handschrift des Sultans.","objectCaption":"Gedruckte zweisprachige Fassung des Fermans von 1870; nicht die Handschrift des Sultans.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Osmanische Reichskanzlei / Sultan Abdülaziz (Aussteller); Drucker und Digitalisierer unbekannt · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan%E2%80%99s_Ferman_for_the_establishment_of_a_Bulgarian_Exarchate_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-exa-article1","x":0.335,"y":0.275,"title":"Eigenständige Verwaltung","body":"Artikel 1 nennt das Bulgarische Exarchat und überträgt ihm die geistliche Verwaltung.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-article4","x":0.335,"y":0.42,"title":"Der Patriarch bleibt im Gebet","body":"Artikel 4 verlangt, dass der Exarch den Patriarchen von Konstantinopel erwähnt.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-article10","x":0.335,"y":0.698,"title":"Regeln für die Diözesen","body":"Artikel 10 zählt Gebiete und Ausnahmen auf. Weiter unten steht die Bedingung für alle oder mindestens zwei Drittel der orthodoxen Einwohner, von der die Szene erzählt.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.350291666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s3-decree-on-paper","duration":31.445,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/s3-decree-on-paper.11fc4d15.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"},{"id":"src.exa.image.firman"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s4-districts-not-state","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Welche Gemeinden schließen sich an?","body":"Der Ferman regelt kirchliche Gebiete, die Diözesen heißen. Artikel 10 zählt sie auf und nennt Ausnahmen. Orthodoxe sind Christen der östlichen kirchlichen Tradition. Für andere Orte erlaubt das Dokument den Anschluss, wenn alle oder mindestens zwei Drittel der orthodoxen Einwohner ihn wünschen. Dieser Wunsch muss überprüft werden.\n\nDie Bedingung bezieht sich nicht auf alle Einwohner unabhängig von ihrem Glauben. Ein kirchliches Gebiet ist keine Grenze eines neuen Staates.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-480.7fcd32f5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-1077.7fcd32f5.avif","w":1077}],"dominant":"#493d43","h":1600,"w":1077,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","id":"asset.exa.abdulaziz","alt":"Porträt von Sultan Abdülaziz, vom Anbieter auf 1869 datiert. Er erließ 1870 den Ferman.","objectCaption":"Porträt von Sultan Abdülaziz, vom Anbieter auf 1869 datiert. Er erließ 1870 den Ferman.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Maler; Das Commons-Feld Artist nennt Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi (Sammlung) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown painter. Collection: Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown painter. Collection: Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdulaziz_(Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.977958333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s4-districts-not-state","duration":24.107,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/s4-districts-not-state.c1e8f5b4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"},{"id":"src.exa.ministry2016"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a1-omission","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Was bedeutet die Auslassung?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.omission","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Was zeigt die Auslassung nach der kirchlichen Darstellung?","sourceIds":["src.exa.easter2010","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"items":[{"id":"opt-authority","label":"Die Ablehnung seiner kirchlichen Autorität."},{"id":"opt-state","label":"Die Gründung eines unabhängigen Staates.","whyWrong":"Der Gottesdienst begründet keinen Staat."},{"id":"opt-forgot","label":"Einen versehentlichen Lesefehler.","whyWrong":"Die Darstellung beschreibt eine bewusste Handlung, kein Vergessen."},{"id":"opt-iron","label":"Die Eröffnung der eisernen Kirche.","whyWrong":"Der Gottesdienst findet in der Holzkirche statt; die eiserne Kirche stammt von 1898."}],"explanation":"Nach dieser Darstellung zeigt die Auslassung die Ablehnung der Autorität des Patriarchen.","correctItemId":"opt-authority","sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3934583333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.a1-omission","duration":3.499,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/a1-omission.1684cb0d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s5-making-institution","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Ein Siegel für die neue Verwaltung","body":"Die neue Verwaltung braucht Regeln. 1871 tritt in Konstantinopel eine Kirchen- und Volksversammlung zusammen. Es ist eine Versammlung von Geistlichen und Laien, also Kirchenmitgliedern, die keine Geistlichen sind. Sie beraten über das Statut, die Regeln für die Verwaltung des Exarchats. 1872 wird Antim I. zum Exarchen gewählt.\n\nDas Foto zeigt ein Siegel, das der Fotograf als Siegel des Exarchats von 1872 beschreibt. Die Buchstaben und die Jahreszahl auf dem Siegel sind spiegelverkehrt. Auf dem Abdruck sind sie normal lesbar.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-480.1fd19009.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-1203.1fd19009.avif","w":1203}],"dominant":"#a08a5e","h":1192,"w":1203,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal","alt":"Rundes Siegel mit spiegelverkehrten Buchstaben und einer Jahreszahl auf einer durchsichtigen Museumsstütze. Der Abdruck wäre normal lesbar.","objectCaption":"Sultansferman","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-480.2fc41cc2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-1300.2fc41cc2.avif","w":1300}],"dominant":"#bea479","h":1958,"w":1300,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.webp","id":"asset.exa.antim","alt":"Antim I., Porträtfotografie von Kosta Razmov. 1872 zum Exarchen gewählt.","objectCaption":"Antim I., Porträtfotografie von Kosta Razmov. 1872 zum Exarchen gewählt.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kosta Razmov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Kosta Razmov. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Kosta Razmov. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antim_I_Kosta_Razmov.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-exa-seal-year","x":0.485,"y":0.665,"title":"Spiegelverkehrte Jahreszahl","body":"Auf der Siegelfläche steht die Jahreszahl spiegelverkehrt. Der Fotograf beschreibt das Objekt als Siegel von 1872.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-seal-name","x":0.45,"y":0.235,"title":"Name am Rand","body":"Die Randinschrift nennt das Bulgarische Exarchat in spiegelverkehrten Buchstaben.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-seal-support","x":0.475,"y":0.858,"title":"Museumsstütze","body":"Unter dem Objekt ist eine durchsichtige Stütze zu sehen. Die Aufnahme zeigt eine Museumspräsentation, nicht den Gebrauch des Siegels im 19. Jahrhundert.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.386666666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s5-making-institution","duration":30.507,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/s5-making-institution.02320107.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"},{"id":"src.exa.image.seal"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Ordne die Schritte","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Was geschieht zuerst? Ordne vom frühesten Ereignis an.","sourceIds":["src.exa.easter2010","src.exa.firman-text","src.exa.assembly2021","src.exa.sofia2020"],"items":[{"id":"ev-easter","label":"Die Osteraktion"},{"id":"ev-firman","label":"Der Ferman für das Exarchat"},{"id":"ev-assembly","label":"Die Kirchen- und Volksversammlung"},{"id":"ev-antim","label":"Die Wahl Antims I."}],"explanation":"Die Jahre in der Geschichte sind 1860, 1870, 1871 und 1872. Der Erlass kommt vor der Versammlung, die Versammlung vor der Wahl Antims I.","correctOrderIds":["ev-easter","ev-firman","ev-assembly","ev-antim"],"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.660458333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.a2-timeline","duration":3.755,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/a2-timeline.a282546d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s6-recognition-takes-longer","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die beiden Kirchen feiern wieder gemeinsam Gottesdienst","body":"Bulgarische Akteure fordern eine eigene Kirchenverwaltung. Das Patriarchat führt die kirchliche Einheit als Grundlage seiner Position an. Wir können den Streit als Konflikt um Macht und kirchliche Ordnung verstehen. Unter den Anhängern beider Seiten gibt es unterschiedliche Ansichten.\n\nDie osmanische Anerkennung beendet den kirchlichen Streit nicht. 1872 erklärt eine Synode in Konstantinopel das Exarchat für schismatisch. Ein Schisma ist eine Kirchenspaltung. Sie unterbricht den gemeinsamen Gottesdienst der getrennten Seiten. Die Spaltung wird 1945 überwunden, als das Patriarchat von Konstantinopel die Selbstständigkeit der Bulgarischen Kirche anerkennt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-480.5d877ddd.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-1600.5d877ddd.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6f8b91","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.webp","id":"asset.exa.iron-church","alt":"Sankt Stephan, Aufnahme von 2020. Der Eisenbau stammt von 1898; er ist nicht die Holzkirche der Osteraktion.","objectCaption":"Sankt Stephan, Aufnahme von 2020. Der Eisenbau stammt von 1898; er ist nicht die Holzkirche der Osteraktion.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Antoloji · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church_(2020).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.007416666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s6-recognition-takes-longer","duration":35.115,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/s6-recognition-takes-longer.da185749.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.stamatopoulos2008"},{"id":"src.exa.bartholomew2015"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a3-terms","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Die Wörter des Dokuments","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.terms","kind":"matching","prompt":"Verbinde jedes Wort mit seiner Bedeutung in der Geschichte.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text","src.exa.assembly2021","src.exa.agency2020"],"items":[{"id":"m-firman","label":"Ferman","pairedLabel":"Erlass des Sultans"},{"id":"m-exarch","label":"Exarch","pairedLabel":"Geistlicher an der Spitze des Exarchats"},{"id":"m-diocese","label":"Diözese","pairedLabel":"Kirchliches Gebiet"},{"id":"m-lay","label":"Laie","pairedLabel":"Gläubiger, der kein Geistlicher ist"}],"explanation":"Der Erlass legt die Regeln fest. Der Exarch ist eine Person in leitender Stellung. Die Diözese ist ein Gebiet. Der Laie gehört zur Kirche, ist aber kein Geistlicher.","sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"}],"columns":["Begriff","Bedeutung"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.172875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.a3-terms","duration":3.285,"src":"/audio/de/exarchate-1870/a3-terms.c3bb2ad6.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.aba.government.bg/news/150-godini-ot-uchredyavaneto-na-blgarskata-ekzarkhiya/60","institutionOrAuthor":"Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина","id":"src.exa.agency2020","title":"150 години от учредяването на Българската екзархия","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Агенция за българите в чужбина, Новини, 26.02.","authors":["Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/novini/istoricheski-kalendar/1295-150-години-от-свикването-на-първия-български-църковно-народен-събор","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.exa.assembly2021","title":"150 години от свикването на Първия български църковно-народен събор","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"РИМ – София, Исторически календар, 23.02.","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2015,"url":"https://bg-patriarshia.bg/news/poslanie-na-vselenskia-patriarh-vartolomey-po-povod-70-godin","institutionOrAuthor":"Вселенски патриарх Вартоломей; 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