{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","hasFind":true,"slug":"georgi-ivanov-1979","url":"/de/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","topic":"Georgi Iwanow","title":"Bis in die Umlaufbahn, ohne anzudocken","summary":"Georgi Iwanows Flug, der Defekt nahe Saljut 6 und die erhaltene Landekapsel.","cover":{"title":"Bis in die Umlaufbahn, ohne anzudocken","subtitle":"Georgi Iwanow und Sojus 33, April 1979","hook":"Wie kamen sie trotz Defekt zurück?","summary":"Georgi Iwanows Flug, der Defekt nahe Saljut 6 und die erhaltene Landekapsel.","takeaway":"Eine Umlaufbahn zu erreichen, anzudocken und sicher zurückzukehren sind unterschiedliche Aufgaben. Das bulgarische Wissenschaftsprogramm wird mit anderen Besatzungen fortgesetzt."},"sortYear":1979,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20. Jahrhundert","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20. Jahrhundert","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Baikonur","date":"1979","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"Eine Raumkapsel in einer Museumsausstellung, aus dem Foto freigestellt.","objectCaption":"Kapsel von Sojus 33","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s1-two-seats","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Zwei Plätze, eine Station","body":"Am 10. April 1979 startet Sojus 33 von Baikonur. An Bord sind Kommandant Nikolai Rukawischnikow und Forschungskosmonaut Georgi Iwanow, der erste Bulgare im All. Ihr Ziel ist die Raumstation Saljut 6.\n\nDer Flug gehört zu Interkosmos, einem Programm für gemeinsame Weltraumforschung. Die Partnerländer bereiten auch eigene wissenschaftliche Instrumente vor. Iwanow soll auf der Station arbeiten und nicht nur eine Umlaufbahn erreichen. Heute sind sein Raumanzug und seine Arbeitskleidung in einer Museumsvitrine ausgestellt. Sie erinnern an die unterschiedlichen Aufgaben an Bord. Doch seine Arbeit auf der Station beginnt nie. Was unterbricht den Flug zur Station?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-480.2672c925.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-1600.2672c925.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6f645e","h":1292,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.suits","alt":"Blauer Arbeitsanzug links und heller Raumanzug mit Helm rechts hinter Museumsglas.","objectCaption":"Blauer Arbeitsanzug links und heller Raumanzug mit Helm rechts hinter Museumsglas.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_space_and_work_suits.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.12195833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s1-two-seats","duration":36.224,"src":"/audio/de/georgi-ivanov-1979/s1-two-seats.9ae8b95e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"},{"id":"src.cosmos.miteva2019"},{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.suits"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s2-two-points","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Vom Start ins Museum","body":"Auf der Karte sind zwei Orte markiert: der Weltraumbahnhof Baikonur im heutigen Kasachstan und das Luftfahrtmuseum in Krumowo bei Plowdiw. Der eine ist der Ausgangspunkt des Fluges. Am anderen wird die Landekapsel aufbewahrt, mit der beide Kosmonauten zurückkehren.\n\nDies ist keine Karte der Umlaufbahn. Der Punkt für Baikonur bezeichnet ein allgemeines Gebiet, nicht die genaue Startrampe. Das Foto zeigt die nahe gelegene Stadt im Jahr 2004, nicht den Start von 1979. Zwischen diesen beiden Orten liegt ein kurzer Flug, der nicht mit dem geplanten Andocken endet. Das nächste Bild zeigt, wie die gemeinsame Mission dargestellt wurde.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-480.85124298.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-1600.85124298.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#909094","h":1037,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.baikonur","alt":"Niedrige Stadtbebauung in trockener Steppe, 2004 aus einem Flugzeug fotografiert. Das Foto zeigt nicht den Start von 1979.","objectCaption":"Niedrige Stadtbebauung in trockener Steppe, 2004 aus einem Flugzeug fotografiert. Das Foto zeigt nicht den Start von 1979.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bill Ingalls · Public domain · NASA / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Bill Ingalls / NASA, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph · 2004","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bill Ingalls / NASA, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image. 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Flaggen auf einem Emblem","body":"Betrachten Sie das Emblem. Oben sind die sowjetische und die damalige bulgarische Flagge zu sehen. Darunter steht „СССР–НРБ“, unten das Zeichen von Interkosmos. Dies ist eine grafische Darstellung des Missionsemblems, keine Fotografie eines im All geflogenen Stoffabzeichens.\n\nNach Angaben der Europäischen Weltraumorganisation wurde das Emblem von Swesda entworfen und hergestellt. Es als Zeichen der Zusammenarbeit zu lesen, ist eine Deutung der sichtbaren Gestaltung. Das Emblem selbst beweist nicht, dass der Besuch stattfand. Dazu müssen wir verfolgen, was bei der Annäherung an die Station geschah. Das Emblem zeigt, wie die Mission dargestellt wurde; die Flugberichte beschreiben, was tatsächlich geschah.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-480.84a44923.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-1395.84a44923.avif","w":1395}],"dominant":"#c18b4b","h":1983,"w":1395,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.mission-patch","alt":"Schildförmiges Emblem mit zwei Flaggen, der Aufschrift „SSSR–NRB“ und dem Interkosmos-Zeichen.","objectCaption":"Schildförmiges Emblem mit zwei Flaggen, der Aufschrift „SSSR–NRB“ und dem Interkosmos-Zeichen.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Soviet space program · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Soviet space program / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Soviet space program / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. 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Es schaltet sich nach 3 Sekunden ab. Von der Station wird eine seitlich auf das Reservetriebwerk gerichtete Flamme gemeldet. Auch Igla, das Andocksystem, schaltet sich ab.\n\nPortree beschreibt eine Triebwerkszündung in weniger als 4 Kilometern Entfernung von der Station, Mitewa nennt 3–3,5 Kilometer. Diese Angaben widersprechen sich nicht unbedingt und legen die genaue Entfernung beim Ausfall nicht fest. Sicher ist, dass das Andocken abgesagt wird. Für die Rückkehr wird nun ein Triebwerk gebraucht. Das Reservetriebwerk zündet für den Bremsimpuls, schaltet sich aber nicht zum vorgesehenen Zeitpunkt ab. Rukawischnikow schaltet es von Hand ab. Laut Portree folgt ein steiler ballistischer Wiedereintritt in die Atmosphäre.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-480.79631ddf.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-1600.79631ddf.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#634519","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.station-model","alt":"Goldfarbenes zylindrisches Modell einer Raumstation in einer Museumsvitrine.","objectCaption":"Goldfarbenes zylindrisches Modell einer Raumstation in einer Museumsvitrine.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"4throck · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: 4throck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"4throck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. 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April kehren beide lebend zurück. Laut Portree sind sie bei der ballistischen Rückkehr Belastungen bis zum 10-Fachen der Erdbeschleunigung ausgesetzt. Die Rückkehr erfolgt auf einer steilen ballistischen Flugbahn.\n\nDas Foto zeigt die erhaltene Landekapsel. Das runde Bullauge und der enge Körper vermitteln eine Vorstellung von dem Raum, in dem die Besatzung zurückkehrt. Das Museum bestätigt die Herkunft der Kapsel. Das beschädigte Haupttriebwerk ist jedoch nicht hier: Das Servicemodul wurde nach dem Bremsimpuls abgeworfen. Deshalb kann das Triebwerk selbst nach dem Flug nicht untersucht werden. 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