{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.independence-1908","hasFind":true,"slug":"independence-1908","url":"/de/stories/independence-1908/","topic":"Unabhängigkeit Bulgariens 1908","title":"Wie Ferdinand Zar wird","summary":"Ein Vertrag hält Bulgarien in Abhängigkeit vom Sultan. Ein Streik, ein Manifest und Verhandlungen verändern seine Stellung.","cover":{"title":"Wie Ferdinand Zar wird","subtitle":"Die 1908 erklärte Unabhängigkeit","hook":"Warum erklärt der Fürst die Unabhängigkeit?","summary":"Ein Vertrag hält Bulgarien in Abhängigkeit vom Sultan. Ein Streik, ein Manifest und Verhandlungen verändern seine Stellung.","takeaway":"Auf die Erklärung der Unabhängigkeit 1908 folgt 1909 die internationale Anerkennung."},"sortYear":1908,"firstActivity":3,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20. Jahrhundert","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20. Jahrhundert","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Tarnowo","date":"1908–1909","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-480.acaef7d7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-960.acaef7d7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-1211.acaef7d7.avif","w":1211}],"dominant":"#ad8067","h":2316,"w":1211,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-960.acaef7d7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-cross-back-cutout-960.acaef7d7.webp","id":"asset.ind.cross-back-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Kreuz mit Band und aufgerichtetem Löwen in der Mitte.","objectCaption":"Erinnerungskreuz","caption":"Erinnerungskreuz zur Unabhängigkeit, andere Seite. Commons beschreibt es als Auszeichnung von 1909. Das Herstellungsdatum dieses Exemplars ist durch die Quellen zur Geschichte nicht belegt. Aufnahme von 2010 im Regionalen Historischen Museum Wraza.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Vassia Atanassova – Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vassia Atanassova – Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Commemorative_Cross_of_the_Independence_of_Bulgaria_1909_back.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},"scenes":[{"id":"independence-1908.s1-prince","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Fürst, Parlament und Tribut","body":"Bulgarien hat einen Fürsten, ein Parlament und eine Armee. Das Parlament ist eine Versammlung von Vertretern, die an der Verabschiedung der Gesetze mitwirkt. Der Fürst ist das Staatsoberhaupt. Warum muss 1908 dennoch die Unabhängigkeit erklärt werden?\n\n1878 bestimmt der Berliner Vertrag Bulgarien zu einem autonomen Fürstentum. „Autonom“ bedeutet, dass es seine inneren Angelegenheiten selbst regelt. Doch über ihm steht weiterhin der osmanische Sultan, der Herrscher des Osmanischen Reiches. Laut Vertrag schuldet ihm das Fürstentum Tribut. 1908 ist diese Abhängigkeit noch nicht aufgehoben.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-480.171287ab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-1280.171287ab.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#666666","h":715,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","id":"asset.ind.proclamation-group","alt":"Eine Gruppe Männer in Militäruniformen und formeller Kleidung im Freien.","objectCaption":"Archivfoto aus Tarnowo, 1908. Es zeigt nicht die Verlesung im Inneren der Kirche.","caption":"Archivfoto aus Tarnowo, 1908. 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Archival photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinannd_at_Tzarevetz_1908.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.977208333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.independence-1908.independence-1908.s1-prince","duration":32.085,"src":"/audio/de/independence-1908/s1-prince.d38b51f9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ind.berlin"},{"id":"src.ind.constitution"},{"id":"src.ind.military"}]},{"id":"independence-1908.s2-two-places","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Die beiden Teile vereinigen sich","body":"Südlich des Balkangebirges trennt der Vertrag Ostrumelien ab. Das Gebiet hat eine eigene lokale Verwaltung, steht aber unter der unmittelbaren Herrschaft des Sultans. 1885 vereinigt es sich mit dem Fürstentum Bulgarien. Die beiden Teile werden nun gemeinsam regiert. Doch laut Vertrag steht Bulgarien weiterhin unter der Oberhoheit des Sultans.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-480.b295a053.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-960.b295a053.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-1600.b295a053.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d6351","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-960.b295a053.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-church-2016-960.b295a053.webp","id":"asset.ind.church-2016","alt":"Innenraum der Kirche der Heiligen Vierzig Märtyrer mit Steinsäulen.","objectCaption":"Innenraum im Jahr 2016, nach der Restaurierung der Kirche 2006. Das Foto gibt die Umgebung von 1908 nicht genau wieder.","caption":"Innenraum im Jahr 2016, nach der Restaurierung der Kirche 2006. 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Was fehlt noch?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ind.status","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Was schränkt Bulgarien nach der Vereinigung von 1885 weiterhin ein?","sourceIds":["src.ind.berlin","src.ind.gov-history"],"items":[{"id":"opt-dependence","label":"Die Oberhoheit des Sultans"},{"id":"opt-assembly","label":"Die Existenz eines Parlaments","whyWrong":"Das Parlament wirkt an der eigenen Regierung mit, nicht an der Herrschaft des Sultans."},{"id":"opt-army","label":"Die Existenz einer bulgarischen Armee","whyWrong":"Eine eigene Armee bedeutet keine Abhängigkeit vom Sultan. Sie besteht schon vor der Unabhängigkeit."}],"explanation":"Die beiden Teile werden gemeinsam regiert, doch die vertragliche Oberhoheit des Sultans bleibt bis zur Ausrufung der Unabhängigkeit bestehen.","correctItemId":"opt-dependence","sources":[{"id":"src.ind.berlin"},{"id":"src.ind.gov-history"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":5.808333333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.independence-1908.independence-1908.a1-status","duration":5.931,"src":"/audio/de/independence-1908/a1-status.ea8b37dd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ind.berlin"},{"id":"src.ind.gov-history"}]},{"id":"independence-1908.s3-railways","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wer verwaltet die Schienen?","body":"Im September 1908 legen Beschäftigte der Orientalischen Eisenbahnen ihre Arbeit nieder. Ein Teil der Strecken liegt in Bulgarien. Doch der Vertrag sichert osmanische Rechte an ihnen. Der bulgarische Staat übernimmt ihre Verwaltung und entsendet Eisenbahner und Soldaten. Der Eisenbahnstreit lässt sich auch als Streit um staatliche Macht verstehen.\n\nAlexander Malinow, der Regierungschef, drängt zum Handeln. Die Regierung beschließt, die Unabhängigkeit zu erklären.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-480.171287ab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-1280.171287ab.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#666666","h":715,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-proclamation-group-960.171287ab.webp","id":"asset.ind.proclamation-group","alt":"Eine Gruppe Männer in Militäruniformen und formeller Kleidung im Freien.","objectCaption":"Archivfoto aus Tarnowo, 1908. Es zeigt nicht die Verlesung im Inneren der Kirche.","caption":"Archivfoto aus Tarnowo, 1908. Es zeigt nicht die Verlesung im Inneren der Kirche.","kindLabel":"Archiv","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiv","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fotograf nicht ermittelt · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"The photographer is not established. Source: Wikimedia Commons, credit БИА (Bulgarian Historical Archive). Commons states Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"The photographer is not established. Source: Wikimedia Commons, credit БИА (Bulgarian Historical Archive). Commons states Public domain. Processed image. 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Ein Manifest ist eine öffentliche Erklärung, die eine wichtige Entscheidung bekannt gibt. Bulgarien wird zum unabhängigen Zarenreich ausgerufen. Ferdinand nimmt den Titel Zar an, den Titel des Herrschers des Reiches.\n\nDanach verliest Malinow es vor den Menschen auf dem Hügel Zarewez.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-480.103c4028.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-960.103c4028.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-1234.103c4028.avif","w":1234}],"dominant":"#dbd5bc","h":1959,"w":1234,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-960.103c4028.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ind-manifesto-960.103c4028.webp","id":"asset.ind.manifesto","alt":"Druckblatt mit der Überschrift „Manifest“, dem Text des Beschlusses und den Namen der Minister.","objectCaption":"Dies ist ein Druckblatt. Die Quellen zur Geschichte belegen nicht, ob Ferdinand genau von diesem Blatt ablas.","caption":"Dies ist ein Druckblatt. 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