{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.ivanovo-rock-churches","hasFind":true,"slug":"ivanovo-rock-churches","url":"/de/stories/ivanovo-rock-churches/","topic":"Felskirchen von Iwanowo","title":"Warum ist der Zar im Felsen dargestellt?","summary":"Joachim sucht Einsamkeit am Russenski Lom. Zarische Stifter und Maler verbinden das Felsenkloster mit der Kultur von Tarnowo.","cover":{"title":"Warum ist der Zar im Felsen dargestellt?","subtitle":"Mönche, zarische Stifter und Wandmalereien am Russenski Lom","hook":"Warum wirken die Figuren im Felsen lebendig?","summary":"Joachim sucht Einsamkeit am Russenski Lom. Zarische Stifter und Maler verbinden das Felsenkloster mit der Kultur von Tarnowo.","takeaway":"Die Felsenkirche verbindet die klösterliche Zurückgezogenheit mit zarischer Förderung und der Malerei des 14. Jahrhunderts."},"sortYear":1350,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Zweites Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"II. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Iwanowo","date":"13.–14. Jh.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-cutout-480.e113d78b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-cutout-960.e113d78b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-cutout-1382.e113d78b.avif","w":1382}],"dominant":"#af9474","h":2330,"w":1382,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-cutout-960.e113d78b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-cutout-960.e113d78b.webp","id":"asset.ivr.donor-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Wandmalereifragment mit königlichem Stifter; keine tragbare Ikone. Fehlstellen bleiben erhalten.","objectCaption":"Königlicher Stifter","caption":"Der königliche Stifter, meist als Iwan Alexander bezeichnet. Ein Wandmalereifragment am Felsen, keine eigenständige Ikone. Die Identität des dargestellten Zaren ist umstritten.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"A. Nikolov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: A. Nikolov; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The royal donor, usually identified as Ivan Alexander. A mural fragment on rock, not a separate icon. The depicted tsar’s identity is disputed. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"A. Nikolov; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The royal donor, usually identified as Ivan Alexander. A mural fragment on rock, not a separate icon. The depicted tsar’s identity is disputed. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsar_John_Alexander_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"ivanovo-rock-churches.s1-cliff-question","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wer steigt in den Felsen hinauf?","body":"Über dem Russenski Lom öffnet sich ein Eingang im Felsen. Dahinter liegt eine Kirche. Eine offizielle Beschreibung verortet sie etwa dreißig Meter über dem Boden. Wer würde so hoch eine Kirche in den Felsen schlagen? Hier lebten Einsiedler: Mönche, die zum Gebet die Einsamkeit suchten. Im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert wurden die Felsen bei Iwanowo zur Heimat einer Mönchsgemeinschaft. Laut einer Museumsübersicht verbanden Holzleitern und Plattformen die Kirchen. Später wurden Wände und Decken bemalt. Doch wer bezahlte dafür?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-cliff-480.62d8a817.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-cliff-960.62d8a817.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-cliff-1600.62d8a817.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8b907e","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-cliff-960.62d8a817.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ivr-cliff-960.62d8a817.webp","id":"asset.ivr.cliff","alt":"Hohe Felswand in einem grünen Tal; im Vordergrund Fels mit modernen Metallgeländern.","objectCaption":"Die Felsen bei Iwanowo, zeitgenössische Fotografie. Zeitgenössische Aufnahme des erhaltenen Bestands; keine Rekonstruktion.","caption":"Die Felsen bei Iwanowo, zeitgenössische Fotografie. Zeitgenössische Aufnahme des erhaltenen Bestands; keine Rekonstruktion.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Nikolov2010 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Nikolov2010; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Cliffs near Ivanovo, modern photograph. Modern photograph of what survives; not a reconstruction. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Nikolov2010; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Cliffs near Ivanovo, modern photograph. Modern photograph of what survives; not a reconstruction. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ivanovo_rocks.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-entrance-480.f936366b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-entrance-960.f936366b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-entrance-1200.f936366b.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#7f8379","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-entrance-960.f936366b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ivr-entrance-960.f936366b.webp","id":"asset.ivr.entrance","alt":"Schmale dunkle Öffnung im Fels, Pflanzen und rechts ein Metallgeländer.","objectCaption":"Öffnung im Fels und modernes Geländer. Zeitgenössische Aufnahme des erhaltenen Bestands; keine Rekonstruktion. Das Geländer ist modern. Es zeigt nicht den mittelalterlichen Zugang.","caption":"Öffnung im Fels und modernes Geländer. Zeitgenössische Aufnahme des erhaltenen Bestands; keine Rekonstruktion. Das Geländer ist modern. Es zeigt nicht den mittelalterlichen Zugang.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Alexander.D.Hristov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Alexander.D.Hristov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Opening in the rock and a modern handrail. Modern photograph of what survives; not a reconstruction. The handrail is modern. It does not show medieval access. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Alexander.D.Hristov; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Opening in the rock and a modern handrail. Modern photograph of what survives; not a reconstruction. The handrail is modern. It does not show medieval access. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rock-hewn_Churches_of_Ivanovo_-_Entrance_of_the_Church.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-chapel-480.3ec6190f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-chapel-960.3ec6190f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-chapel-1600.3ec6190f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#797a6e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-chapel-960.3ec6190f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ivr-chapel-960.3ec6190f.webp","id":"asset.ivr.chapel","alt":"Flacher Felsraum mit Nischen und einer kleinen modernen Ikone unten links.","objectCaption":"Felsraum neben der Hauptkirche. Zeitgenössische Aufnahme des erhaltenen Bestands; keine Rekonstruktion.","caption":"Felsraum neben der Hauptkirche. Zeitgenössische Aufnahme des erhaltenen Bestands; keine Rekonstruktion.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Delysia v · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Delysia v; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rock chamber beside the main church. Modern photograph of what survives; not a reconstruction. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Delysia v; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Rock chamber beside the main church. Modern photograph of what survives; not a reconstruction. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_chapel_next_to_the_main_church_in_the_complex_of_Ivanovo_rock_churches_-_autumn_2016.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.0445,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.ivanovo-rock-churches.ivanovo-rock-churches.s1-cliff-question","duration":26.155,"src":"/audio/de/ivanovo-rock-churches/s1-cliff-question.e3722131.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ivr.tourism"},{"id":"src.ivr.rusexplore"},{"id":"src.ivr.museum"}]},{"id":"ivanovo-rock-churches.s2-joachim","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Der Mönch Joachim wird Patriarch","body":"Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts gründete der Mönch Joachim hier mit zarischer Unterstützung ein Kloster. Eine Zelle ist das Zimmer eines Mönchs. 1235 wurde Joachim Patriarch, das Oberhaupt der bulgarischen Kirche. So stand ein Mönch aus dem Felsenkloster an der Spitze der bulgarischen Kirche.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet des Felsenklosters über dem Russenski Lom, kein Standort einer einzelnen Kirche.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ivr.ivanovo","name":"Das Felsenkloster bei Iwanowo","latitude":43.694858,"longitude":25.987893,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.ivr.unesco","src.ivr.museum"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ivr.ivanovo","url":"/de/map/#ivr.ivanovo"},{"note":"Tarnowo war die mittelalterliche Hauptstadt von Zar Iwan Alexander. Von hier wurden 1469 die Reliquien Iwans von Rila ins Rila-Kloster zurückgebracht.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tetra.tarnovo","name":"Tarnowo – heute Weliko Tarnowo","latitude":43.078652,"longitude":25.628291,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.tarnovo","src.tetra.coordinates","src.tetra.nomination","src.ivr.wikidata.tarnovo","src.ivr.bakalova1981","src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","src.tar.coord.tarnovo","src.tar.constitution"],"short":"Tarnowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"tetra.tarnovo","url":"/de/map/#tetra.tarnovo"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet des Felsenklosters über dem Russenski Lom, kein Standort einer einzelnen Kirche.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ivr.ivanovo","name":"Das Felsenkloster bei Iwanowo","latitude":43.694858,"longitude":25.987893,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.ivr.unesco","src.ivr.museum"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ivr.ivanovo","url":"/de/map/#ivr.ivanovo","number":1,"x":56.09866,"y":24.3846,"inside":true,"viewX":52.784012387096766,"viewY":31.259484000000004},{"note":"Tarnowo war die mittelalterliche Hauptstadt von Zar Iwan Alexander. 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Zar auf dem Putz","body":"In der Kirche der Heiligen Gottesmutter befindet sich ein Herrscherporträt. Die Gottesmutter ist Maria, die Mutter Jesu. Die Museumsbeschreibung identifiziert den Herrscher als Iwan Alexander. Er regierte von 1331 bis 1371. Er ist als Stifter dargestellt, der die Kirche unterstützte. Das Porträt befindet sich im Narthex, dem Eingangsraum. Das abgenutzte Gesicht erlaubt es nicht, jeden Zug zu rekonstruieren. Die Identität des Zaren ist umstritten. Einzelheiten stehen bei den Quellen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-480.e0e8d13e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-960.e0e8d13e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-1600.e0e8d13e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#ab967a","h":2400,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-960.e0e8d13e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ivr-donor-960.e0e8d13e.webp","id":"asset.ivr.donor","alt":"Stehende Gestalt mit Heiligenschein und langem rotem Gewand auf erhaltenem Putz. Das Gesicht ist abgerieben.","objectCaption":"Königlicher Stifter","caption":"Der königliche Stifter, meist als Iwan Alexander bezeichnet. Ein Wandmalereifragment am Felsen, keine eigenständige Ikone. Die Identität des dargestellten Zaren ist umstritten.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"A. Nikolov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: A. Nikolov; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The royal donor, usually identified as Ivan Alexander. A mural fragment on rock, not a separate icon. The depicted tsar’s identity is disputed. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"A. Nikolov; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. The royal donor, usually identified as Ivan Alexander. A mural fragment on rock, not a separate icon. The depicted tsar’s identity is disputed. 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Das Porträt ist Teil der Wand, keine eigenständige Ikone.","sourceIds":["src.ivr.photo.donor"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.751166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.ivanovo-rock-churches.ivanovo-rock-churches.s3-donor","duration":27.861,"src":"/audio/de/ivanovo-rock-churches/s3-donor.496d27ca.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ivr.museum"},{"id":"src.ivr.icomos1979"},{"id":"src.ivr.bakalova1981"},{"id":"src.ivr.tschilingirov2010"},{"id":"src.ivr.photo.donor"}]},{"id":"ivanovo-rock-churches.s4-painted-stories","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Figuren in roten Rahmen","body":"An der Decke trennen rote Rahmen die Bilder voneinander. In einem Feld beugt sich eine Figur vor gemalten Gebäuden. Fachleuten zufolge machen die Körperhaltungen und die Landschaft die Bilder ausdrucksstärker. „Lebendig“ beschreibt also unseren Eindruck, keine Eigenschaft der Farbe. Die Szenen aus den Evangelien erzählen Geschichten von Jesus. Laut Museum behandeln die meisten dieser Szenen in der Kirche die Karwoche. 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