{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.kaliakra","hasFind":true,"slug":"kaliakra","url":"/de/stories/kaliakra/","topic":"Kaliakra","title":"Der Felsen und die Flotten","summary":"Ein Stein mit einer Inschrift, eine Hauptstadt über dem Meer und Schiffe vor der Küste. Sieh dir die Spuren von Kaliakra an und unterscheide Geschichte von der Legende der vierzig Mädchen.","cover":{"title":"Der Felsen und die Flotten","subtitle":"Kaliakra: Festung, Hauptstadt und Seeschlacht","hook":"Warum lässt sich das Kap gut verteidigen?","summary":"Ein Stein mit einer Inschrift, eine Hauptstadt über dem Meer und Schiffe vor der Küste. Sieh dir die Spuren von Kaliakra an und unterscheide Geschichte von der Legende der vierzig Mädchen.","takeaway":"Kaliakra ist ein Ort der Verteidigung und des Wettstreits zur See; die Legende ist kein belegtes Ereignis."},"sortYear":1350,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Zweites Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"II. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Kaliakra","date":"14. Jh.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-480.eb221c2f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-1600.eb221c2f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c3925f","h":1217,"w":2330,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","id":"asset.kal.inscription-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Museumsausstellung einer Steinplatte mit griechischer Inschrift über die Wiederherstellung eines Turms. Hermogenes wird im Text genannt; sein Amt und die genaue Datierung sind umstritten. Das Foto entstand in Sofia, nicht am Kap.","objectCaption":"Steininschrift","caption":"Museumsausstellung einer Steinplatte mit griechischer Inschrift über die Wiederherstellung eines Turms. Hermogenes wird im Text genannt; sein Amt und die genaue Datierung sind umstritten. Das Foto entstand in Sofia, nicht am Kap.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_Museum_of_Bulgaria_PD_2012_053.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"kaliakra.s1-cape","number":1,"kind":"map","title":"Ein Felsen schützt die Küste","body":"Vor dir liegt ein langer Felsvorsprung. Kaliakra ragt etwa zwei Kilometer ins Schwarze Meer. Die Klippen erheben sich mehrere Dutzend Meter über dem Wasser. Der Zugang vom Land ist schmal. Das erleichterte vermutlich die Verteidigung.\n\nEin antiker Geograf beschreibt einen befestigten Ort, der als Schatzkammer diente, als Raum für Wertsachen. Dieser Ort wird gewöhnlich mit Kaliakra in Verbindung gebracht. Archäologen erforschen noch immer die früheste Vergangenheit des Kaps.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-480.eec8b227.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-960.eec8b227.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-1600.eec8b227.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#858477","h":989,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-960.eec8b227.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-960.eec8b227.webp","id":"asset.kal.coast","alt":"Heutiger Blick auf das Meer und die hohen Klippen des Kaps.","objectCaption":"Heutiger Blick auf das Meer und die hohen Klippen des Kaps.","caption":"Heutiger Blick auf das Meer und die hohen Klippen des Kaps.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_de_Kaliakra,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_136.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefährer Orientierungspunkt für das Kap und den schmalen Zugang vom Land. Er zeigt weder antike Grenzen noch genaue Schiffspositionen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.kal.cape","name":"Kap Kaliakra","latitude":43.36126,"longitude":28.46549,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.kal.coordinates","src.kal.ministry"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"kal.cape","url":"/de/map/#kal.cape"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Ungefährer Orientierungspunkt für das Kap und den schmalen Zugang vom Land. 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Eine Steinplatte aus Kaliakra berichtet von einem Bau. In griechischen Buchstaben ist darauf der Wiederaufbau eines Turms von Grund auf festgehalten. Genannt wird Flavius Hermogenes.\n\nWer war er? Manche Forscher bringen ihn mit einem Heerführer in Verbindung. Eine andere Deutung sieht in ihm den Statthalter einer Provinz, eines großen Gebiets im Reich. Daher bleibt die genaue Datierung der Inschrift umstritten. Das Foto zeigt die Platte in einer Museumsausstellung in Sofia.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-480.511757e7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-960.511757e7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-1600.511757e7.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-2400.511757e7.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#cfa47e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-960.511757e7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-960.511757e7.webp","id":"asset.kal.inscription","alt":"Museumsausstellung einer Steinplatte mit griechischer Inschrift über die Wiederherstellung eines Turms. Hermogenes wird im Text genannt; sein Amt und die genaue Datierung sind umstritten. Das Foto entstand in Sofia, nicht am Kap.","objectCaption":"Steininschrift","caption":"Museumsausstellung einer Steinplatte mit griechischer Inschrift über die Wiederherstellung eines Turms. Hermogenes wird im Text genannt; sein Amt und die genaue Datierung sind umstritten. Das Foto entstand in Sofia, nicht am Kap.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_Museum_of_Bulgaria_PD_2012_053.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-kal-letters","x":0.31,"y":0.53,"title":"Buchstaben im Stein","body":"Diese Bauinschrift berichtet von der Wiederherstellung eines Turms. Inschriften können Angaben zu Bauwerken bewahren.","sourceIds":["src.kal.krawczyk2016","src.kal.photo.inscription"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-kal-name","x":0.3,"y":0.76,"title":"Der Name Hermogenes","body":"Der Name Hermogenes steht im unteren Teil der Inschrift. Sein Amt wird unterschiedlich gedeutet.","sourceIds":["src.kal.krawczyk2016","src.kal.krawczyk2018"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-kal-break","x":0.535,"y":0.59,"title":"Die zerbrochene Platte","body":"Das Foto zeigt zwei zusammengefügte Teile. Die Bruchstelle ist sichtbar, doch allein daraus lässt sich der Zeitpunkt des Bruchs nicht bestimmen.","sourceIds":["src.kal.photo.inscription"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.06929166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.kaliakra.kaliakra.s2-stone-message","duration":25.173,"src":"/audio/de/kaliakra/s2-stone-message.515bfe58.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.visitvarna"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018"},{"id":"src.kal.photo.inscription"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s3-capital","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die Hauptstadt Dobrotizas","body":"Im 14. Jahrhundert war Kaliakra die Hauptstadt Dobrotizas. Er regierte das Despotat Dobrudscha, einen Staat am Schwarzen Meer. Despot ist hier ein mittelalterlicher Herrschertitel. Das Wort bewertet nicht seinen Charakter.\n\nHinter den Mauern arbeiteten auch Handwerker. Archäologen fanden eine Schmuckmatrize, eine Form zum Gießen eines Schmuckstücks. Auch Münzen und Keramikgefäße wurden hier hergestellt. Dies war eine Stadt, nicht nur ein Wachposten.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-480.69b47a79.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-960.69b47a79.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-1600.69b47a79.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#758c9b","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-960.69b47a79.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-960.69b47a79.webp","id":"asset.kal.gate","alt":"Heutige Ansicht des bogenförmigen Eingangs und der Mauern. Nicht alle sichtbaren Teile sind aus dem Mittelalter erhalten.","objectCaption":"Heutige Ansicht des bogenförmigen Eingangs und der Mauern. Nicht alle sichtbaren Teile sind aus dem Mittelalter erhalten.","caption":"Heutige Ansicht des bogenförmigen Eingangs und der Mauern. Nicht alle sichtbaren Teile sind aus dem Mittelalter erhalten.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Inga Tomane · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. 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Ihre Geschichte ist eine Legende."}],"explanation":"Die Inschrift berichtet vom Wiederaufbau eines Turms und nennt Hermogenes. Sein Amt ist umstritten.","correctItemId":"opt-tower","sources":[{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.963875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.kaliakra.kaliakra.a1-inscription","duration":3.072,"src":"/audio/de/kaliakra/a1-inscription.5c71d0d2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s4-legend","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Vierzig Mädchen über dem Meer","body":"An diesen Klippen erzählt man eine Legende von vierzig Mädchen. In einer Version sind sie Gefangene. Um nicht in Gefangenschaft zu bleiben, verflechten sie ihre Zöpfe und springen gemeinsam ins Meer.\n\nDas ist eine Legende, kein nachgewiesenes Ereignis. Die Überlieferung setzt die Geschichte in die Zeit der Eroberung der Gegend durch das Osmanische Reich. Sie nennt weder ein überprüftes Datum noch eine Namensliste. Das Foto des Wassers unter den Klippen beweist nicht, dass sich die Geschichte genau dort ereignete.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-480.b8c3bf77.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-960.b8c3bf77.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-1600.b8c3bf77.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#799b97","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-960.b8c3bf77.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-960.b8c3bf77.webp","id":"asset.kal.cliff-water","alt":"Heutiges Foto der felsigen Küste. Es zeigt keinen Ort eines belegten Ereignisses aus der Legende.","objectCaption":"Heutiges Foto der felsigen Küste. Es zeigt keinen Ort eines belegten Ereignisses aus der Legende.","caption":"Heutiges Foto der felsigen Küste. Es zeigt keinen Ort eines belegten Ereignisses aus der Legende.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Inga Tomane · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. 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Uschakow lenkte seine Schiffe zwischen die Küste und die gegnerische Flotte.\n\nDie Schlacht endete mit einem russischen Sieg und dem Rückzug der Osmanen. Wenn du für dieselbe Schlacht das Datum 31. Juli findest, ist es nach dem alten Kalender angegeben. Die Zeichnung zeigt, wie ein Künstler die Schlacht darstellte. Verwende sie nicht als genaue Seekarte.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-480.c90fa934.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-960.c90fa934.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-1600.c90fa934.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#cecbbc","h":1130,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-960.c90fa934.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-960.c90fa934.webp","id":"asset.kal.battle","alt":"Darstellung der Schlacht, Afanassi de Paldo zugeschrieben, Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. 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