{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.krum-811","hasFind":true,"slug":"krum-811","url":"/de/stories/krum-811/","topic":"Krum und die Schlacht von 811","title":"Krum, Nikephoros und ein Becher","summary":"Nikephoros nimmt die bulgarische Hauptstadt ein. Krum setzt den Widerstand jedoch fort. Eine Geschichte über die Niederlage, einen ungewöhnlichen Becher in den Chroniken und Gesetze, die nur aus einem späten Text bekannt sind.","cover":{"title":"Krum, Nikephoros und ein Becher","subtitle":"Pliska und die Niederlage von 811","hook":"Wie starb Nikephoros?","summary":"Nikephoros nimmt die bulgarische Hauptstadt ein. Krum setzt den Widerstand jedoch fort. Eine Geschichte über die Niederlage, einen ungewöhnlichen Becher in den Chroniken und Gesetze, die nur aus einem späten Text bekannt sind.","takeaway":"Der Tod des Nikephoros ist ein gesichertes Ereignis. Bei Becher und Gesetzen müssen die Quellen und ihre Grenzen genannt werden."},"sortYear":811,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Erstes Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"I. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Pliska","date":"811","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-480.0872ca3e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-1600.0872ca3e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b5e3f","h":1737,"w":1734,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Goldmünze des Nikephoros I. im Numismatischen Museum in Athen, fotografiert von Francesco Bini. Krone, Gesicht und Kreuz sind zu sehen. Der Fundort dieser Münze ist unbekannt.","objectCaption":"Münze Nikephoros’ I.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"krum-811.s1-pliska","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Pliska brennt","body":"Im Sommer 811 nimmt das Heer Kaiser Nikephoros’ I. Pliska, die bulgarische Hauptstadt, ein. Beim Rückzug werden die Holzbauten niedergebrannt. Der bulgarische Herrscher Krum wird jedoch nicht gefangen genommen. Der Verlust der Hauptstadt beendet seinen Widerstand nicht.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-480.1bd1feb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-1600.1bd1feb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8a8f8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","id":"asset.krum.palace","alt":"Der Palastbereich von Pliska heute. Foto von Svilen Enev. Konservierte Steinreste sind zu sehen. Nach dem Brand wurde die Stadt umgebaut; Steinbauten ersetzten Holzbauten. Die Ausgrabungen begannen hier 1899.","objectCaption":"Der Palastbereich von Pliska heute. Foto von Svilen Enev. Konservierte Steinreste sind zu sehen. Nach dem Brand wurde die Stadt umgebaut; Steinbauten ersetzten Holzbauten. Die Ausgrabungen begannen hier 1899.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-480.bd8e15dc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-1600.bd8e15dc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a7c6f","h":1064,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","id":"asset.krum.reserve","alt":"Heutige Ansicht des archäologischen Reservats Pliska. Ruinen und konserviertes Mauerwerk aus verschiedenen Bauphasen.","objectCaption":"Heutige Ansicht des archäologischen Reservats Pliska. Ruinen und konserviertes Mauerwerk aus verschiedenen Bauphasen.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.bdmundo.com · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für eine große Ausgrabungsstätte, keine genaue Markierung des Palastes oder des Schlachtfelds.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Pliska – die archäologische Stadt","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/de/map/#krum.pliska"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":14.097833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.krum-811.krum-811.s1-pliska","duration":14.208,"src":"/audio/de/krum-811/s1-pliska.e8eca89d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"},{"id":"src.krum.media.palace"},{"id":"src.krum.media.reserve"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s2-coin","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"Das Gesicht auf dem Gold","body":"Sehen Sie sich die Goldmünze an. Auf ihr trägt Nikephoros Krone und Kreuz. Der Kaiser regiert ein Reich: einen großen Staat mit vielen Gebieten. Heute nennen wir sein Reich Byzanz. Die Münze befindet sich in einem Museum in Athen. Wir wissen nicht, wo sie gefunden wurde.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-480.2e60b0f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-1600.2e60b0f1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#534832","h":1844,"w":1876,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin","alt":"Goldmünze des Nikephoros I. im Numismatischen Museum in Athen, fotografiert von Francesco Bini. Krone, Gesicht und Kreuz sind zu sehen. Der Fundort dieser Münze ist unbekannt.","objectCaption":"Münze Nikephoros’ I.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-coin-face","x":0.5,"y":0.43,"title":"Das Gesicht","body":"Nikephoros auf einer Münze. Es ist kein während der Schlacht gezeichnetes Porträt.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-crown","x":0.5,"y":0.24,"title":"Die Krone","body":"Über dem Gesicht ist eine Krone mit Kreuz zu sehen. Sie steht für die kaiserliche Macht.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-cross","x":0.23,"y":0.34,"title":"Das Kreuz in der Hand","body":"Links auf dem Foto ist ein Kreuz mit langem Schaft zu sehen. Es ist kein Schwert.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":13.4825,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.krum-811.krum-811.s2-coin","duration":13.611,"src":"/audio/de/krum-811/s2-coin.29de70d2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.media.coin"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s3-pass","number":3,"kind":"map","title":"Holzsperren im Gebirge","body":"Südlich von Pliska liegt das Balkangebirge. Ein Pass ist ein Weg durch das Gebirge. Der Warbiza-Pass wird als Ort der letzten Schlacht vorgeschlagen. Auch andere Orte werden diskutiert. Deshalb zeigt die Karte ein ungefähres Gebiet, ohne genaue Spur der Truppen.\n\nTheophanes schrieb eine Chronik: einen Bericht über Ereignisse nach Jahren. Ihm zufolge versperrten die Bulgaren die Ausgänge mit Holzsperren. Die eroberte Hauptstadt lag hinter dem kaiserlichen Heer, doch vor ihm gab es Hindernisse. Die Berichte unterscheiden sich in der Dauer des Feldzugs.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-480.8ecf324d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-1600.8ecf324d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#848786","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","id":"asset.krum.road","alt":"Der Wǎrbiza-Pass heute, fotografiert von Izvora. Eine moderne Straße und Wald; der genaue Ort der Schlacht ist nicht geklärt.","objectCaption":"Der Wǎrbiza-Pass heute, fotografiert von Izvora. Eine moderne Straße und Wald; der genaue Ort der Schlacht ist nicht geklärt.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-480.8f5e0841.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-1600.8f5e0841.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#74767a","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","id":"asset.krum.landscape","alt":"Eine zweite heutige Ansicht des Wǎrbiza-Passes. Eine zusätzliche Aufnahme des Geländes ohne Rekonstruktion von Truppen.","objectCaption":"Eine zweite heutige Ansicht des Wǎrbiza-Passes. 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Jahrhundert."}],"explanation":"Der Tod des Nikephoros ist belegt. Wer ihn genau tötete und wo genau die Schlacht stattfand, ist nicht gesichert. Die späte Zeichnung ersetzt kein Zeugnis aus der Zeit der Schlacht.","correctItemId":"e-death","sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4863333333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.krum-811.krum-811.a1-evidence","duration":3.584,"src":"/audio/de/krum-811/a1-evidence.fcd36b3e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s5-cup","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Das Gefäß in der Hand","body":"Auf der Miniatur sitzt Krum links, rechts wird ihm ein Gefäß gereicht. Eine Miniatur ist eine kleine Zeichnung in einem Buch. Diese stammt aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, Jahrhunderte nach der Schlacht. Theophanes berichtet, aus dem Schädel des Nikephoros sei ein außen mit Silber versehener Becher gemacht worden. Ihm zufolge tranken slawische Anführer daraus.\n\nWir wissen nicht, ob ein solcher Becher existierte. Der Bericht könnte ältere Geschichten über Feinde wiederholen. Die späte Zeichnung klärt diese Frage nicht.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-480.852c1d5d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-1600.852c1d5d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#bf9c63","h":2400,"w":1785,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","id":"asset.krum.feast","alt":"Miniatur 51 aus der Manasses-Chronik, 14. Jahrhundert. Krum mit Gästen und einem dargereichten Gefäß; eine spätere Darstellung der Geschichte vom Trinkgefäß, kein Beleg für einen erhaltenen Gegenstand.","objectCaption":"Miniatur 51 aus der Manasses-Chronik, 14. 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Das Bild zeigt die Geschichte vom Trinkgefäß; es belegt weder Material noch Form eines tatsächlichen Gegenstands.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast","src.krum.nikolov"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-guests","x":0.45,"y":0.53,"title":"Die Gäste","body":"Eine Gruppe Menschen versammelt sich um die Tafel. Ihre einzelnen Namen sind hier nicht bekannt.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.546833333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.krum-811.krum-811.s5-cup","duration":24.661,"src":"/audio/de/krum-811/s5-cup.c9ca8bae.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Ordnen Sie zeitlich","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordnen Sie diese Ereignisse vom frühesten zum spätesten.","sourceIds":["src.krum.pliska-museum","src.krum.nikolov","src.krum.media.feast"],"items":[{"id":"ev-pliska","label":"Nikephoros’ Heer erobert Pliska"},{"id":"ev-defeat","label":"Nikephoros fällt in der Schlacht"},{"id":"ev-miniature","label":"Die Festmahlminiatur entsteht"},{"id":"ev-excavations","label":"Die Ausgrabungen in Pliska beginnen"}],"explanation":"Pliska wurde vor der Niederlage von 811 eingenommen. 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