{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.madara-rider","hasFind":true,"slug":"madara-rider","url":"/de/stories/madara-rider/","topic":"Reiter von Madara","title":"Der Reiter über dem Pfad","summary":"Ein genauer Blick auf den Reiter von Madara: die sichtbaren Figuren, die beschädigten griechischen Texte und die Grenze zwischen Lesung, Hypothese und Legende.","cover":{"title":"Der Reiter über dem Pfad","subtitle":"Der Reiter von Madara und die griechischen Inschriften","hook":"Warum ein Reiter hoch am Felsen?","summary":"Ein genauer Blick auf den Reiter von Madara: die sichtbaren Figuren, die beschädigten griechischen Texte und die Grenze zwischen Lesung, Hypothese und Legende.","takeaway":"Bild und Inschriften sind Zeugnisse; die Identität des Reiters bleibt eine Frage der Deutung."},"sortYear":730,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Erstes Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"I. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Madara","date":"8. Jahrhundert","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-480.569987f2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-1600.569987f2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-2400.569987f2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89847e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.main","alt":"Reiter, Hund hinter dem Pferd und Löwe unter den Vorderbeinen; darüber sind Inschriftenzeilen zu sehen.","objectCaption":"Reiter von Madara","caption":"Reiter, Hund hinter dem Pferd und Löwe unter den Vorderbeinen; darüber sind Inschriftenzeilen zu sehen.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_38.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"madara-rider.s1-above-the-path","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ein Blick nach oben","body":"Das Foto zeigt das in die Felsen bei Madara gehauene Relief. Etwa 23 Meter über dem Boden verharrt ein Reiter über einem niedergestreckten Löwen, hinter dem Pferd läuft ein Hund. Warum wurde für diese Szene ein so hoher Ort gewählt? Der Stein selbst erklärt die Entscheidung nicht.\n\nDie UNESCO datiert das Relief auf den Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts. Der Katalog des NAIM nennt den engeren Zeitraum 705–707. Die Höhe über dem Boden darf nicht mit den Maßen der Darstellung verwechselt werden: Sie ist 2,60 Meter hoch und 3,10 Meter breit. Von unten sehen wir zuerst die Figuren. Erst danach bemerken wir die Schriftspuren um sie herum.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cliff-panorama-480.f272e95f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cliff-panorama-960.f272e95f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cliff-panorama-1600.f272e95f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d714f","h":926,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cliff-panorama-960.f272e95f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-cliff-panorama-960.f272e95f.webp","id":"asset.madara.cliff.panorama","alt":"Weitblick: Das Relief ist klein im Verhältnis zur Felswand.","objectCaption":"Weitblick: Das Relief ist klein im Verhältnis zur Felswand.","caption":"Weitblick: Das Relief ist klein im Verhältnis zur Felswand.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_36.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cave-480.92d1dad7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cave-960.92d1dad7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cave-1600.92d1dad7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#675c3b","h":992,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-cave-960.92d1dad7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-cave-960.92d1dad7.webp","id":"asset.madara.cave","alt":"Felsüberhang und Vegetation im Reservat; heutige Ansicht, keine Szene aus dem 8. Jahrhundert.","objectCaption":"Felsüberhang und Vegetation im Reservat; heutige Ansicht, keine Szene aus dem 8. Jahrhundert.","caption":"Felsüberhang und Vegetation im Reservat; heutige Ansicht, keine Szene aus dem 8. Jahrhundert.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madara_015.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.86654166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.madara-rider.madara-rider.s1-above-the-path","duration":35.968,"src":"/audio/de/madara-rider/s1-above-the-path.cd5bd551.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.unesco"},{"id":"src.madara.naim2017"}]},{"id":"madara-rider.s2-read-the-stone","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"Zuerst die Figuren","body":"Vergrößern Sie das Foto. Das Pferd bewegt sich nach rechts. Hinter ihm ist der Hund, unter seinen Vorderbeinen liegt der Löwe. In Beschewliews Beschreibung ist der Löwe von einem kurzen Speer durchbohrt. Der rechte Fuß des Reiters steckt in einem Steigbügel, die linke Hand hält die Zügel.\n\nDas sind Einzelheiten des Bildes. Der nächste Schritt ist bereits Deutung: Beschewliew sieht einen siegreichen Herrscher, dessen Überlegenheit über den Löwen seinen Sieg zeigt. Einen sicheren Namen erhalten wir daraus jedoch nicht. Der Stein ist verwittert, die Einzelheiten des Gesichts sind verloren. Betrachten Sie auch die Buchstaben oben rechts: Das Bild ist nicht das einzige Zeugnis, das der Fels bewahrt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-480.569987f2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-1600.569987f2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-2400.569987f2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89847e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.main","alt":"Reiter, Hund hinter dem Pferd und Löwe unter den Vorderbeinen; darüber sind Inschriftenzeilen zu sehen.","objectCaption":"Reiter von Madara","caption":"Reiter, Hund hinter dem Pferd und Löwe unter den Vorderbeinen; darüber sind Inschriftenzeilen zu sehen.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_38.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-detail-480.3fcc1979.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-detail-960.3fcc1979.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-detail-1600.3fcc1979.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-detail-2400.3fcc1979.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#8b847d","h":1498,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-detail-960.3fcc1979.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-detail-960.3fcc1979.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.detail","alt":"Zweite Nahaufnahme des verwitterten Reliefs; keine Rekonstruktion.","objectCaption":"Zweite Nahaufnahme des verwitterten Reliefs; keine Rekonstruktion.","caption":"Zweite Nahaufnahme des verwitterten Reliefs; keine Rekonstruktion.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_39.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-madara-rider","x":0.49,"y":0.43,"title":"Der Reiter","body":"Ein Reiter zu Pferd. Der Name Terwel in der Inschrift beweist für sich genommen nicht, wer dargestellt ist.","sourceIds":["src.madara.beshevliev1981","src.madara.donchev1981"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-madara-lion","x":0.665,"y":0.76,"title":"Der Löwe","body":"Unter den Vorderbeinen liegt der durchbohrte Löwe. Beschawliew deutet die Szene als Triumph eines Herrschers.","sourceIds":["src.madara.beshevliev1981"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-madara-dog","x":0.235,"y":0.72,"title":"Der Hund","body":"Der Hund folgt dem Pferd links im Bild.","sourceIds":["src.madara.naim2017"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-madara-inscription","x":0.765,"y":0.18,"title":"Die Inschriften","body":"Hier stehen obere Zeilen eines griechischen Textes. Weitere Felder liegen tiefer; die Nahaufnahme zeigt sie nicht vollständig. Für die Lesung ist eine epigraphische Edition nötig, kein Rätselraten anhand des Fotos.","sourceIds":["src.madara.beshevliev1981"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.77829166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.madara-rider.madara-rider.s2-read-the-stone","duration":32.896,"src":"/audio/de/madara-rider/s2-read-the-stone.4a415d0b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.madara.naim2017"},{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.donchev1981"}]},{"id":"madara-rider.s3-greek-fragments","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wenn der Fels Griechisch spricht","body":"Die Inschriften sind auf Griechisch. Sie sind beschädigt; einzelne Wörter und Bruchstücke sind erhalten. Im oberen Text ist Terwel zu lesen. Beschewliew verbindet diesen Text mit dessen Hilfe für Justinian II., der 705 den Kaiserthron zurückgewann. Terwel erhielt den Titel Caesar.\n\nDer zweite Text bewahrt Bruchstücke über Goldzahlungen, Verträge und Krieg. Beschewliew liest Krumesis und bringt den Namen mit Kormesij und Kormisosch in Verbindung; die UNESCO verwendet den Namen Kormisosch. Diese Gleichsetzung ist nicht unumstritten. Im dritten Text ist Omurtag zu lesen, doch erlauben die übrigen Wörter laut Beschewliew keine sichere Erzählung über das konkrete Ereignis. Die Lücken dürfen nicht mit Vermutungen gefüllt werden.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-480.569987f2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-1600.569987f2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-2400.569987f2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89847e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.main","alt":"Reiter, Hund hinter dem Pferd und Löwe unter den Vorderbeinen; darüber sind Inschriftenzeilen zu sehen.","objectCaption":"Reiter von Madara","caption":"Reiter, Hund hinter dem Pferd und Löwe unter den Vorderbeinen; darüber sind Inschriftenzeilen zu sehen.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_38.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.78375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.madara-rider.madara-rider.s3-greek-fragments","duration":36.907,"src":"/audio/de/madara-rider/s3-greek-fragments.c5b2cc15.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.unesco"}]},{"id":"madara-rider.s4-pliska-nearby","number":4,"kind":"map","title":"Pliska liegt in der Nähe","body":"Suchen Sie auf der Karte Pliska nördlich von Madara. Nach Angaben des Museums in Schumen war es von 681 bis 893 Hauptstadt. Zu den Herrschern, die mit Pliska verbunden werden, gehören Terwel, Krum und Omurtag. Omurtag regierte 814–831. Beschewliew ordnet die Inschriften verschiedenen Regierungszeiten zu.\n\nDie Markierung in Pliska zeigt auf die Große Basilika im archäologischen Komplex, nicht auf die heutige Stadt oder einen Palast. Die Große Basilika ist eine christliche Kirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts, also aus einer Zeit nach Terwel. Die Fotos der teilweise rekonstruierten Basilika und des Tores zeigen den Ort heute. Sie stellen nicht den Anblick zu Terwels Zeit wieder her. Die Karte verbindet Orte, ohne angenommene Staatsgrenzen einzuzeichnen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-gate-480.52de75ee.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-gate-960.52de75ee.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-gate-1600.52de75ee.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#95999b","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-gate-960.52de75ee.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-gate-960.52de75ee.webp","id":"asset.madara.pliska.gate","alt":"Tor mit restauriertem Mauerwerk in Pliska; das Foto zeigt keinen unversehrten Bau aus Terwels Zeit.","objectCaption":"Tor mit restauriertem Mauerwerk in Pliska; das Foto zeigt keinen unversehrten Bau aus Terwels Zeit.","caption":"Tor mit restauriertem Mauerwerk in Pliska; das Foto zeigt keinen unversehrten Bau aus Terwels Zeit.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Svilen Enev, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Svilen Enev, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliska_-_Gate.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-basilica-480.abe43596.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-basilica-960.abe43596.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-basilica-1600.abe43596.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#938376","h":1059,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-basilica-960.abe43596.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-pliska-basilica-960.abe43596.webp","id":"asset.madara.pliska.basilica","alt":"Heutige Ansicht der teilweise rekonstruierten Großen Basilika; eine christliche Kirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts, kein Palast Terwels.","objectCaption":"Heutige Ansicht der teilweise rekonstruierten Großen Basilika; eine christliche Kirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts, kein Palast Terwels.","caption":"Heutige Ansicht der teilweise rekonstruierten Großen Basilika; eine christliche Kirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts, kein Palast Terwels.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Athens, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Athens, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image. Partial architectural reconstruction","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Athens, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image. Partial architectural reconstruction","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_Basilica_Klearchos_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-fortress-480.02fb9bb2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-fortress-960.02fb9bb2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-fortress-1600.02fb9bb2.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#5e6060","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-fortress-960.02fb9bb2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-fortress-960.02fb9bb2.webp","id":"asset.madara.fortress","alt":"Erhaltenes und restauriertes Mauerwerk auf dem Plateau; heutige Ansicht, kein Modell der frühmittelalterlichen Festung.","objectCaption":"Erhaltenes und restauriertes Mauerwerk auf dem Plateau; heutige Ansicht, kein Modell der frühmittelalterlichen Festung.","caption":"Erhaltenes und restauriertes Mauerwerk auf dem Plateau; heutige Ansicht, kein Modell der frühmittelalterlichen Festung.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. 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Die Namen darin machen nicht jede Figur zu einem sicher identifizierten Porträt.","correctItemId":"opt-greek","sources":[{"id":"src.madara.donchev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.9971666666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.madara-rider.madara-rider.a1-inscriptions","duration":4.096,"src":"/audio/de/madara-rider/a1-inscriptions.c28a1d28.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.madara.donchev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"}]},{"id":"madara-rider.s5-a-name-is-not-a-portrait","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ein Name ist kein Porträt","body":"Sehen wir Terwel? Beschewliew verbindet das Relief mit dessen Erfolg im Jahr 705. In einem Artikel von 1981 schlägt Slawi Dontschew eine Datierung ins 9. Jahrhundert und eine Verbindung zu Krum vor. Das unterscheidet sich von der Datierung auf den Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts, die die UNESCO verwendet. Er hält auch eine Verbindung verschiedener Reitertraditionen für möglich, während Beschewliew eine direkte Gleichsetzung mit den antiken thrakischen Reitern ablehnt.\n\nDas Foto zeigt eine separate antike Platte mit einem Reiter aus dem Museum in Burgas. Sie dient dem Vergleich und gehört nicht zu Madara. Ähnlichkeit belegt keine Identität. Es gibt auch eine von Beschewliew aufgezeichnete Überlieferung: Ein römischer König aus Pliska sei bei der Jagd von den Felsen gestürzt. Sie erklärt das Denkmal durch eine Geschichte, bleibt aber eine Legende. Wir sollten sie weder mit den gelesenen Buchstaben noch mit wissenschaftlichen Hypothesen vermischen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-thracian-tablet-480.417b4702.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-thracian-tablet-960.417b4702.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-thracian-tablet-1200.417b4702.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#898278","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-thracian-tablet-960.417b4702.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-thracian-tablet-960.417b4702.webp","id":"asset.madara.thracian.tablet","alt":"Eigenständige antike Steinplatte mit Reiter im Archäologischen Museum Burgas; ein Vergleichsobjekt, nicht der Reiter von Madara.","objectCaption":"Eigenständige antike Steinplatte mit Reiter im Archäologischen Museum Burgas; ein Vergleichsobjekt, nicht der Reiter von Madara.","caption":"Eigenständige antike Steinplatte mit Reiter im Archäologischen Museum Burgas; ein Vergleichsobjekt, nicht der Reiter von Madara.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"User:Vmenkov · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: User:Vmenkov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. 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Wir ordnen nicht die unsicheren Daten, an denen die Inschriften eingemeißelt wurden.","correctOrderIds":["seq-705","seq-omurtag","seq-893"],"sources":[{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.rim.pliska"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4282916666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.madara-rider.madara-rider.a2-chronology","duration":3.541,"src":"/audio/de/madara-rider/a2-chronology.666e9dfd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.madara.beshevliev1981"},{"id":"src.madara.rim.pliska"}]},{"id":"madara-rider.s6-what-survives","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Was sichtbar bleibt","body":"Heute können wir nicht jeden verlorenen Buchstaben zurückholen. Erosion und Risse betreffen sowohl die Figuren als auch den Text. 1979 wurde der Reiter von Madara in die Welterbeliste der UNESCO aufgenommen. Die Anerkennung beseitigt nicht die Schwierigkeiten, den freiliegenden Fels zu erhalten.\n\nBetrachten Sie die drei Figuren noch einmal. Der Hund folgt, der Löwe ist niedergestreckt, der Reiter bewegt sich weiter nach rechts. Die Inschriften ergänzen Namen und Beziehungen zwischen Herrschern, lassen aber Lücken. Nun können wir sagen, was wir sehen, was Forschende lesen und wo die Deutung beginnt. 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