{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.magura-cave","hasFind":true,"slug":"magura-cave","url":"/de/stories/magura-cave/","topic":"Magura-Höhle","title":"Fledermausfarbe, Zeichen für die Zeit","summary":"Dunkle Figuren aus Fledermausguano, als Jagd gedeutete Szenen und ein möglicher Kalender. Wir betrachten sichtbare Formen und die Deutungen ihrer Bedeutung.","cover":{"title":"Fledermausfarbe, Zeichen für die Zeit","subtitle":"Die Zeichnungen der Magura-Höhle bei Rabischa","hook":"Ein Kalender aus Fledermauskot?","summary":"Dunkle Figuren aus Fledermausguano, als Jagd gedeutete Szenen und ein möglicher Kalender. Wir betrachten sichtbare Formen und die Deutungen ihrer Bedeutung.","takeaway":"Die Zeichnungen sind echte Spuren, doch ihre Bedeutung bleibt Gegenstand der Forschung. Der Unterschied zwischen „Ich sehe einen Kreis“ und „Das ist ein Kalender“ gehört zu dem, was wir in der Magura-Höhle wahrnehmen lernen."},"sortYear":-3000,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.bronze","styleId":"bronze","sortOrder":7,"title":"Bronzezeit","dateLabel":"4.–2. Jt. v. Chr. · ungefähr","eraShort":"Bronzezeit","slug":"bronze","fill":"#7A5E4C","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#6A5242","dark":"#705E51"},"epochId":"epoch.bronze","placeShort":"Rabischa","date":"Kupfersteinzeit–Bronzezeit","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.avif","w":436}],"dominant":"#8c6d58","h":733,"w":436,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","w":436}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting-cutout","alt":"Freigestellte Figur aus einer Wandmalerei in Magura; kein tragbarer Gegenstand.","objectCaption":"Gemalte Figur","caption":"Eine als Jagd und Tanz gedeutete Komposition","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"magura-cave.s1-guano","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Farbe aus der Höhle","body":"Auf der hellen Wand sind dunkle Menschen, Tiere und Zeichen gemalt. Ihre Farbe wurde mit Fledermausguano hergestellt. Das ist angesammelter Fledermauskot. Die Spuren sind noch da.\n\nWir sind in der Magura-Höhle nahe dem Dorf Rabischa in der Region Widin. Hunderte Bilder bedecken einen Teil der Höhle. Wir kennen die Namen der Maler nicht. Aber wir können betrachten, was sie hinterlassen haben. Finde eine Figur mit erhobenen Armen. Suche dann ein Tier neben dem Menschen in der unteren Reihe. Was könnten diese Figuren tun?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Dunkle menschliche und tierische Figuren in zwei Reihen auf Fels.","objectCaption":"Gemalte Figur","caption":"Eine als Jagd und Tanz gedeutete Komposition","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.359541666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.magura-cave.magura-cave.s1-guano","duration":25.472,"src":"/audio/de/magura-cave/s1-guano.0ad3d975.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.museum.cave"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s2-dating","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Wie alt sind die Zeichnungen?","body":"Die Zeichnungen sind Tausende Jahre alt. Forschende schlagen unterschiedliche Datierungen vor. Eine wissenschaftliche Übersicht ordnet sie dem fünften bis dritten Jahrtausend v. Chr. zu. Ein Jahrtausend sind tausend Jahre. Es gibt auch Vorschläge für frühere Datierungen. Wir können nicht alle Figuren auf dieselbe Zeit datieren. Altes Guano und Übermalungen können die Prüfung erschweren. Eine gefundene Behausung liefert kein Datum für jede Zeichnung. Ein Zusammenhang muss erst nachgewiesen werden.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefährer Bereich des Eingangs. Der Punkt zeigt nicht die unterirdische Galerie.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Magura-Höhle – Eingang","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/de/map/#mag.cave"},{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für den See, kein Zugang zum Ufer.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Rabischasee","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/de/map/#mag.lake"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Ungefährer Bereich des Eingangs. Der Punkt zeigt nicht die unterirdische Galerie.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Magura-Höhle – Eingang","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/de/map/#mag.cave","number":1,"x":13.53343,"y":23.50252,"inside":true,"viewX":16.76399070967742,"viewY":30.128714348387103},{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für den See, kein Zugang zum Ufer.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Rabischasee","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/de/map/#mag.lake","number":2,"x":13.5625,"y":23.20699,"inside":true,"viewX":25.76399070967742,"viewY":36.128714348387106}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Plowdiw","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Warna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Russe","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Weliko 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Meer","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":58.322936774193565},{"name":"Balkangebirge","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":63.39170967741937},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":84.21034193548388},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":96.86945483870969},{"name":"Rhodopen","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":101.84592838709679},{"name":"Strandscha","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":86.88189548387099}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.336291666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.magura-cave.magura-cave.s2-dating","duration":25.429,"src":"/audio/de/magura-cave/s2-dating.84127f5f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.antic2020"},{"id":"src.mag.tourism"},{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s3-figures","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Arme über dem Kopf","body":"In der unteren Reihe siehst du einen Menschen und ein vierbeiniges Tier. Darüber stehen Figuren mit Armen über dem Kopf. Die Arme bilden manchmal einen geschlossenen Kreis. Die Körper einiger Figuren ähneln zwei verbundenen Dreiecken.\n\nForschende deuten die Gruppen als Jagd, Tanz oder Ritual. Ein Ritual ist eine Handlung, die Menschen aufgrund ihres Glaubens wiederholen. Doch die Wand bewahrt keine Erklärung der Maler. Wir können weder das Fest noch die Menschen benennen. Betrachte zuerst die Form. Entscheide dann, was sichtbar ist und was wir als Deutung hinzufügen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Dunkle menschliche und tierische Figuren in zwei Reihen auf Fels.","objectCaption":"Gemalte Figur","caption":"Eine als Jagd und Tanz gedeutete Komposition","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-person","x":0.369,"y":0.755,"title":"Menschliche Figur","body":"Eine Figur mit ausgebreiteten Armen in der unteren Reihe. Die Bezeichnung „Jäger“ ist eine Deutung der Szene.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-animal","x":0.488,"y":0.741,"title":"Vierbeiner","body":"Neben der menschlichen Figur befindet sich ein Tier mit vier Beinen. Anhand dieser Silhouette bestimmen wir keine genaue Art.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-raised","x":0.398,"y":0.251,"title":"Erhobene Arme","body":"Die obere Figur hält die Arme über dem Kopf. Tanz oder Ritual ist eine mögliche Deutung, kein überlieferter Bericht des Malers.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.693125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.magura-cave.magura-cave.s3-figures","duration":27.819,"src":"/audio/de/magura-cave/s3-figures.2a0c3862.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.hunting"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.figures"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s4-calendar","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Der Kreis mit Strahlen","body":"An einer anderen Wand befindet sich ein großer Kreis mit Strahlen. Darunter wechseln sich dunkle und helle Quadrate ab. Rundherum stehen T-förmige Zeichen. Der Kreis wird als Sonne gedeutet. Die T-Formen wurden mit Äxten verglichen, doch auch das ist unsicher.\n\nEiner Deutung zufolge ist die Komposition ein Kalender: Die Zeichen markieren Tage und Feste. Die Kalenderbedeutung ist eine vorgeschlagene Deutung. Du kannst die Flecken auf dem Foto zählen. Das allein beweist nicht, wie der Maler sie zählte. Was bräuchtest du noch, um die Kalenderdeutung anzunehmen?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-480.ed7f21ce.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-1600.ed7f21ce.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-2400.ed7f21ce.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e6f5d","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","id":"asset.mag.calendar","alt":"Dunkle Kreise mit Strahlen, T-förmige Zeichen und eine Reihe von Quadraten auf hellem Fels.","objectCaption":"Die als „Kalender“ bezeichneten Zeichen","caption":"Die als „Kalender“ bezeichneten Zeichen","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_calendar_1528.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-rays","x":0.535,"y":0.565,"title":"Kreis mit Strahlen","body":"Ein Kreis mit nach außen verlaufenden Strichen. Er wird als Sonnenzeichen gedeutet.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-checks","x":0.489,"y":0.75,"title":"Reihe von Quadraten","body":"Die abwechselnd dunklen und hellen Felder gehören zur Deutung als Kalender. Wie sie gezählt wurden, ist nicht sicher bekannt.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-t","x":0.35,"y":0.471,"title":"T-förmiges Zeichen","body":"Die Form ist sichtbar. Der Vergleich solcher Zeichen mit Äxten ist eine Hypothese.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.4145,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.magura-cave.magura-cave.s4-calendar","duration":27.52,"src":"/audio/de/magura-cave/s4-calendar.15753b7b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.a1-reading","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Was beweist der Kreis?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.mag.reading","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Was können wir über den „Kalender“ sagen?","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"items":[{"id":"opt-reading","label":"Es ist eine mögliche Deutung der Zeichen."},{"id":"opt-agreed","label":"Das Foto selbst beweist, dass dies ein Kalender ist.","whyWrong":"Das Foto zeigt die Formen, beweist aber nicht ihre Bedeutung."},{"id":"opt-count","label":"Die Zählmethode des Malers ist bekannt.","whyWrong":"Unsere Summe beweist nicht die damalige Zählweise."}],"explanation":"Der Kreis und die Quadrate sind sichtbar. Ihre Bedeutung als Kalender ist eine Deutung.","correctItemId":"opt-reading","sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.3601666666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.magura-cave.magura-cave.a1-reading","duration":2.475,"src":"/audio/de/magura-cave/a1-reading.63393074.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s5-care","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wie die Zeichnungen geschützt werden","body":"1984 wurde die Magura-Höhle für die Tentativliste der UNESCO vorgeschlagen. Die Organisation fördert Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur. Die Liste enthält mögliche künftige Welterbestätten. Ein Artikel von 2017 berichtet, dass der allgemeine Zugang seit 2008 eingeschränkt war. Beaufsichtigte Besuche waren erlaubt. Zu den Gründen gehörten absichtliche Beschädigungen und Veränderungen durch Besucher und Beleuchtung. Bei der Untersuchung fanden sich sichtbare Ansammlungen von Pilzen in den Guanoablagerungen. Auf den bemalten Wänden waren Pilze selten. 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