{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.pleven-1877","hasFind":true,"slug":"pleven-1877","url":"/de/stories/pleven-1877/","topic":"Plewen","title":"Warum hielt Osman Pascha den Vormarsch auf?","summary":"Erdwälle halten eine Reihe von Angriffen auf. Dann werden die Nachschubwege für Lebensmittel abgeschnitten. Eine Geschichte über Osman Pascha, die russischen und rumänischen Truppen und den Unterschied zwischen dem Schlachtfeld und seiner Darstellung.","cover":{"title":"Warum hielt Osman Pascha den Vormarsch auf?","subtitle":"Die Kämpfe um Plewen 1877","hook":"Wie hielt Plewen drei Sturmangriffen stand?","summary":"Erdwälle halten eine Reihe von Angriffen auf. Dann werden die Nachschubwege für Lebensmittel abgeschnitten. Eine Geschichte über Osman Pascha, die russischen und rumänischen Truppen und den Unterschied zwischen dem Schlachtfeld und seiner Darstellung.","takeaway":"Plewen fällt nach einer Blockade und einem gescheiterten Ausbruch. Das später entstandene Panorama stellt einen anderen Moment dar: den Septemberangriff."},"sortYear":1877,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Wiedergeburt und Befreiung","dateLabel":"18.–19. Jahrhundert","eraShort":"Wiedergeburt","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Plewen","date":"1877","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-480.c27b2114.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-1600.c27b2114.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-2400.c27b2114.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#9f9279","h":386,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","id":"asset.ple.sword-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Museumsaufnahme eines Säbels mit Scheide. Die Inschrift nennt Edhem Pascha und beide Daten der Gefangennahme. Es ist nicht belegt, dass dies Osman Paschas Säbel ist.","objectCaption":"Klingenfragment","caption":"Museumsaufnahme eines Säbels mit Scheide. Die Inschrift nennt Edhem Pascha und beide Daten der Gefangennahme. Es ist nicht belegt, dass dies Osman Paschas Säbel ist.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Joe Mabel · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plevna_sword.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"pleven-1877.s1-roads","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die Stadt an den Straßen","body":"Juli 1877. Im Krieg gegen das Osmanische Reich hat die russische Armee bereits die Donau überquert. Vor ihr liegt Plewen, laut Museumsführer eine Stadt mit etwa 17 000 Einwohnern. Wichtige Straßen führen durch sie. Eine hier verbleibende Armee kann die Bewegung auf diesen Straßen gefährden.\n\nAm 19. Juli trifft der osmanische Befehlshaber Osman Pascha ein. „Pascha“ ist ein Titel für einen hohen osmanischen Beamten oder Heerführer. Er kommt aus Widin und postiert seine Soldaten auf den Höhen um die Stadt. Die Verteidiger errichten Wälle: Erdaufschüttungen, die ihnen Deckung geben.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-osman-300.304e0ca2.avif","w":300}],"dominant":"#8f8572","h":400,"w":300,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-osman-300.304e0ca2.webp","w":300}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-osman-300.304e0ca2.webp","id":"asset.ple.osman","alt":"Porträt von Osman Pascha, um 1890–1895; keine Aufnahme aus der Zeit der Belagerung.","objectCaption":"Porträt von Osman Pascha, um 1890–1895; keine Aufnahme aus der Zeit der Belagerung. Gescannt und retuschiert von Tim Ross.","caption":"Porträt von Osman Pascha, um 1890–1895; keine Aufnahme aus der Zeit der Belagerung. Gescannt und retuschiert von Tim Ross.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Abdullah frères · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Abdullah frères / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph. Scanned and retouched by Tim Ross. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Abdullah frères / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph. Scanned and retouched by Tim Ross. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.038333333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s1-roads","duration":30.165,"src":"/audio/de/pleven-1877/s1-roads.b9675f83.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.kiel2007"},{"id":"src.ple.pasha2007"},{"id":"src.ple.image.osman"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s2-assaults","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Zwei Angriffe auf die Wälle","body":"Am 20. Juli greifen russische Truppen an. Die Stadt bleibt in osmanischer Hand. Am 30. Juli folgt ein zweiter Sturmangriff. Ein Sturmangriff ist der Versuch, eine Stellung durch einen unmittelbaren Angriff einzunehmen. Auch dieser Versuch scheitert.\n\nUm Plewen liegen Redouten: einzelne Befestigungen, die durch Erdwälle geschützt sind. Die Angreifer müssen sie unter Beschuss erreichen. Die Verteidiger halten die Stadt. Das russische Kommando bereitet einen neuen Angriff vor. Auf der Karte liegt Griwiza östlich von Plewen. Dort werden beim nächsten großen Sturmangriff auch rumänische Truppen kämpfen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-480.143652f3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-1600.143652f3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#ddd3b9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","id":"asset.ple.historical-map","alt":"Spätere Karte im Buch eines Teilnehmers an der Verteidigung. Sie zeigt keine Staatsgrenzen und beruht nicht auf einer modernen Vermessung.","objectCaption":"Spätere Karte im Buch eines Teilnehmers an der Verteidigung. Sie zeigt keine Staatsgrenzen und beruht nicht auf einer modernen Vermessung. Karte von 1895, gemeinfrei. British Library stellt diese Sammlung unter Public Domain Mark bereit.","caption":"Spätere Karte im Buch eines Teilnehmers an der Verteidigung. Sie zeigt keine Staatsgrenzen und beruht nicht auf einer modernen Vermessung. Karte von 1895, gemeinfrei. British Library stellt diese Sammlung unter Public Domain Mark bereit.","kind":"map","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"F. S. Weller (Karte); Frederick William von Herbert (Buch); British Library (Digitalisierung) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / British Library","license":"Public domain","attribution":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:424_of_%27The_Defence_of_Plevna,_1877._Written_by_One_who_took_part_in_it%27_(11232304696).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähre Lage der Stadt, nicht der Verlauf der Befestigungen von 1877.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.pleven","name":"Plewen","latitude":43.413188,"longitude":24.616916,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q165420"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.pleven","url":"/de/map/#ple.pleven"},{"note":"Ungefähre Lage des Dorfes, nicht der eroberten 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Redoute im Gemälde","body":"Am 11. und 12. September folgt der dritte Sturmangriff. Die rumänische Armee unter Fürst Carol I. kämpft nun an der Seite der russischen. Bei Griwiza nehmen rumänische Soldaten mit russischer Unterstützung eine Befestigung ein. Plewen wird jedoch nicht erobert.\n\nDas Gemälde zeigt Wälle, Kanonen und Rauch. Es ist eine künstlerische Darstellung. Sie hilft, sich die Befestigung vorzustellen, belegt aber nicht, wo jeder einzelne Soldat stand.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-480.f5d396e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-960.f5d396e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-1600.f5d396e6.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a0988f","h":1200,"w":2080,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-960.f5d396e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-960.f5d396e6.webp","id":"asset.ple.grivitsa-painting","alt":"Gemälde von Nikolai Dmitrijew-Orenburgski, 1885. Künstlerische Nachbildung, keine Aufnahme des Kampfes.","objectCaption":"Gemälde von Nikolai Dmitrijew-Orenburgski, 1885. Künstlerische Nachbildung, keine Aufnahme des Kampfes.","caption":"Gemälde von Nikolai Dmitrijew-Orenburgski, 1885. Künstlerische Nachbildung, keine Aufnahme des Kampfes.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zahvat_grivickogo_reduta.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-480.deb65b8f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-960.deb65b8f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-1300.deb65b8f.avif","w":1300}],"dominant":"#8d8277","h":1942,"w":1300,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-960.deb65b8f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-960.deb65b8f.webp","id":"asset.ple.skobelev","alt":"Porträtgemälde von Nikolai Dmitrijew-Orenburgski, 1883; eine spätere Darstellung.","objectCaption":"Porträtgemälde von Nikolai Dmitrijew-Orenburgski, 1883; eine spätere Darstellung.","caption":"Porträtgemälde von Nikolai Dmitrijew-Orenburgski, 1883; eine spätere Darstellung.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_Skobelev_(Dimitriev-Orenburgsky).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-redoubt-earth","x":0.59,"y":0.61,"title":"Erdwall","body":"Dieser Erdwall ist Teil der Befestigung. Der Maler zeigt den Kampf, keinen genauen Plan.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting","src.ple.akcakaya2023"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-redoubt-gun","x":0.76,"y":0.69,"title":"Geschütz","body":"Hinter dem Wall ist ein Geschütz gemalt. Soldaten kämpfen um es herum.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-redoubt-smoke","x":0.83,"y":0.46,"title":"Rauch auf dem Gemälde","body":"Der Maler fügt der Kampfszene Rauch hinzu. Das Gemälde stammt von 1885.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähre Lage des Dorfes, nicht der eroberten Schanze.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.grivitsa","name":"Griwiza","latitude":43.413207,"longitude":24.705414,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q2990475"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.grivitsa","url":"/de/map/#ple.grivitsa"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.281333333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s3-redoubt","duration":23.381,"src":"/audio/de/pleven-1877/s3-redoubt.aab1ab5a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.panorama"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting"},{"id":"src.ple.image.skobelev"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.a1-redoubt","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Redoute und Stadt","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ple.redoubt","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Was erreichen die rumänischen Truppen mit russischer Unterstützung beim dritten Sturmangriff bei Griwiza?","sourceIds":["src.ple.museum-guide","src.ple.akcakaya2023"],"items":[{"id":"opt-fort","label":"Sie nehmen eine Befestigung ein, aber nicht Plewen."},{"id":"opt-city","label":"Sie nehmen Plewen im September ein.","whyWrong":"Die Stadt fällt im Dezember, nicht beim Septemberangriff."},{"id":"opt-alone","label":"Sie kämpfen ohne jede russische Beteiligung.","whyWrong":"Die Geschichte nennt russische Unterstützung."},{"id":"opt-paint","label":"Sie bauen das Panorama während des Kampfes.","whyWrong":"Das Panorama ist ein späteres Gebäude; sein Bau ist kein militärischer Erfolg bei Griwiza."}],"explanation":"Der örtliche Erfolg bei Griwiza durchbricht nicht die gesamte Verteidigung. Plewen bleibt in osmanischer Hand.","correctItemId":"opt-fort","sources":[{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":5.436791666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.a1-redoubt","duration":5.547,"src":"/audio/de/pleven-1877/a1-redoubt.000dcac7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s4-blockade","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Der Weg der Lebensmittel","body":"Nach dem dritten Misserfolg ändern die russischen und rumänischen Truppen ihre Taktik. General Eduard Totleben leitet eine Blockade. Sie sperrt die Wege, auf denen Lebensmittel und Verstärkung eintreffen.\n\nDas geschieht nicht auf einmal. Laut Museumsführer schließt sich der Ring endgültig Ende Oktober. In Plewen werden die Lebensmittel knapp. Hunger und Krankheiten schwächen Osman Paschas Armee. Der Befehlshaber muss entscheiden, ob er sich ergibt oder versucht, seine Truppen durch die Blockade zu führen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-480.143652f3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-1600.143652f3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#ddd3b9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","id":"asset.ple.historical-map","alt":"Spätere Karte im Buch eines Teilnehmers an der Verteidigung. Sie zeigt keine Staatsgrenzen und beruht nicht auf einer modernen Vermessung.","objectCaption":"Spätere Karte im Buch eines Teilnehmers an der Verteidigung. Sie zeigt keine Staatsgrenzen und beruht nicht auf einer modernen Vermessung. Karte von 1895, gemeinfrei. British Library stellt diese Sammlung unter Public Domain Mark bereit.","caption":"Spätere Karte im Buch eines Teilnehmers an der Verteidigung. Sie zeigt keine Staatsgrenzen und beruht nicht auf einer modernen Vermessung. Karte von 1895, gemeinfrei. British Library stellt diese Sammlung unter Public Domain Mark bereit.","kind":"map","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"F. S. Weller (Karte); Frederick William von Herbert (Buch); British Library (Digitalisierung) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / British Library","license":"Public domain","attribution":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:424_of_%27The_Defence_of_Plevna,_1877._Written_by_One_who_took_part_in_it%27_(11232304696).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.115708333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s4-blockade","duration":25.216,"src":"/audio/de/pleven-1877/s4-blockade.b88517fb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.herbert-map"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.a2-timeline","number":6,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: zeitlich ordnen","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ple.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordnen Sie diese Ereignisse bei Plewen, beginnend mit dem frühesten.","sourceIds":["src.ple.akcakaya2023","src.ple.city","src.ple.museum-guide"],"items":[{"id":"ev-july20","label":"Russische Angriffe auf Plewen"},{"id":"ev-july30","label":"Einnahme einer Schanze bei Griwiza"},{"id":"ev-september","label":"Schließung der Versorgungswege"}],"explanation":"Die russischen Angriffe scheitern. Beim nächsten Großangriff nehmen rumänische Soldaten eine Schanze bei Griwiza ein, aber nicht Plewen. Danach schließt eine Blockade die Versorgungswege.","correctOrderIds":["ev-july20","ev-july30","ev-september"],"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.city"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.148083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.a2-timeline","duration":4.267,"src":"/audio/de/pleven-1877/a2-timeline.af4286fb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.city"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s5-two-dates","number":7,"kind":"artifact","title":"Die beiden Daten auf dem Säbel","body":"Osman Pascha versucht, seine Truppen durch die Blockade zu führen. Am 10. Dezember greift seine Armee westwärts am Fluss Wit an. Der Versuch wird abgewehrt. Der Pascha wird verwundet und ergibt sich.\n\nAuf dem gezeigten Museumssäbel stehen zwei Daten: 28. November und 10. Dezember 1877. Es ist ein Tag, nach zwei Kalendern verzeichnet. Der julianische Kalender, auch alter Stil genannt, lag damals zwölf Tage hinter dem gregorianischen, dem neuen Stil. In dieser Geschichte verwenden wir den neuen Stil.\n\nDie Inschrift verbindet den Säbel mit Edhem Pascha, nicht mit Osman Pascha.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-480.c676f9f4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-1600.c676f9f4.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-2400.c676f9f4.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#8d6a45","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.webp","id":"asset.ple.sword","alt":"Museumsaufnahme eines Säbels mit Scheide. Die Inschrift nennt Edhem Pascha und beide Daten der Gefangennahme. Es ist nicht belegt, dass dies Osman Paschas Säbel ist.","objectCaption":"Klingenfragment","caption":"Museumsaufnahme eines Säbels mit Scheide. Die Inschrift nennt Edhem Pascha und beide Daten der Gefangennahme. Es ist nicht belegt, dass dies Osman Paschas Säbel ist.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Joe Mabel · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plevna_sword.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-480.4284d7fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-960.4284d7fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-1279.4284d7fe.avif","w":1279}],"dominant":"#969198","h":885,"w":1279,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-960.4284d7fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-960.4284d7fe.webp","id":"asset.ple.sortie-print","alt":"Stich aus The Illustrated London News, Februar 1878; künstlerische Darstellung des Ausbruchs.","objectCaption":"Stich aus The Illustrated London News, Februar 1878; künstlerische Darstellung des Ausbruchs.","caption":"Stich aus The Illustrated London News, Februar 1878; künstlerische Darstellung des Ausbruchs.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Urheber · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_sortie_from_Plevna.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-480.5be23529.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-960.5be23529.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-1600.5be23529.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d8076","h":772,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-960.5be23529.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-960.5be23529.webp","id":"asset.ple.surrender-print","alt":"Historische fotografische Weitwinkelansicht mit einer Nahtstelle, als Kapitulation katalogisiert. Fotograf und genauer Aufnahmezeitpunkt sind unbekannt; das Ereignisdatum belegt nicht das Aufnahmedatum.","objectCaption":"Historische fotografische Weitwinkelansicht mit einer Nahtstelle, als Kapitulation katalogisiert. Fotograf und genauer Aufnahmezeitpunkt sind unbekannt; das Ereignisdatum belegt nicht das Aufnahmedatum.","caption":"Historische fotografische Weitwinkelansicht mit einer Nahtstelle, als Kapitulation katalogisiert. Fotograf und genauer Aufnahmezeitpunkt sind unbekannt; das Ereignisdatum belegt nicht das Aufnahmedatum.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Urheber · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are Unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are Unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0310_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B,_10_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_1877.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-sword-name","x":0.22,"y":0.32,"title":"Der Name","body":"Die Inschrift lautet „Edhem Pascha“. Dieser Name unterscheidet sich von Osman Pascha.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.sword"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sword-dates","x":0.55,"y":0.32,"title":"Die beiden Daten","body":"Genannt werden der 28. November und der 10. Dezember 1877: derselbe Tag nach altem und neuem Kalender.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.sword","src.ple.city"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sword-scabbard","x":0.66,"y":0.75,"title":"Säbelscheide","body":"Unter der Klinge ist die Scheide zu sehen, die Hülle des Säbels. Das Foto zeigt ein Museumsdetail, nicht die Übergabe.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.sword"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähre Lage der Stadt, nicht der Verlauf der Befestigungen von 1877.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.pleven","name":"Plewen","latitude":43.413188,"longitude":24.616916,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q165420"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.pleven","url":"/de/map/#ple.pleven"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.76825,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s5-two-dates","duration":31.872,"src":"/audio/de/pleven-1877/s5-two-dates.ab55a9c9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.city"},{"id":"src.ple.romanian2007"},{"id":"src.ple.image.sword"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s6-memory","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die 115 Meter lange Leinwand","body":"Das Panorama wurde am 10. Dezember 1977 eröffnet. Seine 115 Meter lange Leinwand stellt den Sturmangriff im September dar. Die gemalte Landschaft wird mit einem Geländemodell davor verbunden. Der Kampf im Dezember wird gesondert gezeigt: als Gemälde mit einem Geländemodell davor. Das Panorama hilft Besuchern, sich den Kampf vorzustellen. Das riesige Bild wurde zur Erinnerung an den Krieg geschaffen. Es ist keine Fotografie der Vergangenheit.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-480.47b770d5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-960.47b770d5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-1600.47b770d5.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#878f6c","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-960.47b770d5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-960.47b770d5.webp","id":"asset.ple.park03","alt":"Für Besucher im Skobelew-Park ausgestellte Geschütze.","objectCaption":"Später wurde ein Teil des Schlachtfelds zum Skobelew-Park. Dort steht ein Beinhaus mit den sterblichen Überresten von Gefallenen. Die Schanze „Issa Aga“ wurde restauriert. Die Geschütze sind für Besucher im Park aufgestellt. Das Foto zeigt nicht ihre Stellung während des Kampfes. Modell und Einsatzgeschichte jedes einzelnen Geschützes sind nicht geklärt.","caption":"Später wurde ein Teil des Schlachtfelds zum Skobelew-Park. Dort steht ein Beinhaus mit den sterblichen Überresten von Gefallenen. Die Schanze „Issa Aga“ wurde restauriert. Die Geschütze sind für Besucher im Park aufgestellt. Das Foto zeigt nicht ihre Stellung während des Kampfes. Modell und Einsatzgeschichte jedes einzelnen Geschützes sind nicht geklärt.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Спасимир · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Later, part of the battlefield becomes Skobelev Park. It has an ossuary, a building holding remains of the dead. Issa Aga redoubt is restored. The guns are displayed in the park for visitors. The photograph does not show their positions during the battle. The model and combat history of each gun have not been established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Later, part of the battlefield becomes Skobelev Park. It has an ossuary, a building holding remains of the dead. Issa Aga redoubt is restored. The guns are displayed in the park for visitors. The photograph does not show their positions during the battle. The model and combat history of each gun have not been established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Scobelev_03.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet des späteren Parks. Geschütze sind für Besucher ausgestellt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.skobelev-park","name":"Skobelew-Park","latitude":43.39861111,"longitude":24.60611111,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":500,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q7536057","src.ple.park"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#skobelev-park","slug":"ple.skobelev-park","url":"/de/map/#ple.skobelev-park"},{"note":"Ungefähre Lage des Museums. 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