{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.preslav-ceramic-icon","hasFind":true,"slug":"preslav-ceramic-icon","url":"/de/stories/preslav-ceramic-icon/","topic":"Keramikikone aus Preslaw","title":"Der Heilige aus Fliesen","summary":"1909 kommen bei Preslaw Stücke bemalter Tonfliesen zum Vorschein. Aus ihnen wird das Bild des heiligen Theodor zusammengesetzt. Laut dem Katalog des Metropolitan Museum von 1997 gibt es unter den erhaltenen Bildern aus bemalten Fliesen kein weiteres vergleichbarer Größe. Die Geschichte führt von der Christianisierung und der neuen Hauptstadt zu den Werkstätten, in denen Ton zur Ikone wird.","cover":{"title":"Der Heilige aus Fliesen","subtitle":"Die Tonikone des heiligen Theodor aus Preslaw","hook":"Warum besteht das Gesicht aus Fliesen?","summary":"1909 kommen bei Preslaw Stücke bemalter Tonfliesen zum Vorschein. Aus ihnen wird das Bild des heiligen Theodor zusammengesetzt. Laut dem Katalog des Metropolitan Museum von 1997 gibt es unter den erhaltenen Bildern aus bemalten Fliesen kein weiteres vergleichbarer Größe. Die Geschichte führt von der Christianisierung und der neuen Hauptstadt zu den Werkstätten, in denen Ton zur Ikone wird.","takeaway":"In mittelbyzantinischer Zeit werden zwei Kriegerheilige namens Theodor verehrt: Tiron und Stratelates. Beide werden gewöhnlich bewaffnet dargestellt. Auf dem erhaltenen Teil trägt unser Heiliger einen Mantel und keine Waffe; deshalb sind sich die Forscher uneinig, welchen der beiden er darstellt. Einer Vermutung zufolge folgte der Künstler einem älteren Vorbild aus der Zeit, als nur ein Theodor verehrt und in ziviler Kleidung dargestellt wurde. Auch der Ursprung der Technik selbst ist umstritten: Konstantinopel, die Kunst des Ostens oder eine lokale Tradition aus Preslaw. Der Katalog des Metropolitan Museum von 1997 bezeichnet die Ikone als die älteste erhaltene monumentale Ikone aus dem erst kürzlich christianisierten Staat. Preslaw bleibt etwa achtzig Jahre Hauptstadt. 971 erobert das byzantinische Heer Preslaw. Nach Ansicht der Archäologin Katja Melamed wird damals auch das Kloster in Patleina zerstört; sie verbindet das Ende der bemalten Keramik von Preslaw mit dem Niedergang der Stadt am Ende des 10. Jahrhunderts."},"sortYear":950,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Erstes Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"I. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Preslaw","date":"9.–10. Jh.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-cutout-480.5507de57.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-cutout-960.5507de57.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-cutout-1600.5507de57.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#805946","h":2027,"w":1841,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-cutout-960.5507de57.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-cutout-960.5507de57.webp","id":"asset.preslav.theodore-icon-cutout","alt":"Die Figur aus einer Reproduktion der Keramikikone des heiligen Theodor. Fehlende Bereiche wurden nicht rekonstruiert.","objectCaption":"Ikone des heiligen Theodor","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter mittelalterlicher Maler (Preslav); Fotografie laut Urheberangabe von Julian Tomanov in Atanas Boschkov, Die bulgarische Malerei (1969), p. 53 · Public domain (PD-Art, PD-old-70) · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-Art, PD-old-70)","attribution":"Reproduction from Atanas Boschkov, Die bulgarische Malerei, photographs by Julian Tomanov, 1969, p. 53. Public domain (PD-Art), via Wikimedia Commons. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Reproduction from Atanas Boschkov, Die bulgarische Malerei, photographs by Julian Tomanov, 1969, p. 53. Public domain (PD-Art), via Wikimedia Commons. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Theodore_(Ceramic_icon).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Art"},"scenes":[{"id":"preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s1","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ein Gesicht aus hundert Stücken","body":"1909 beginnt Jurdan Gospodinow, ein Lehrer aus Preslaw, Ausgrabungen in Patleina südlich der Mauern der alten Hauptstadt. In Räumen um eine kleine Kirche kommen bemalte und glasierte Fliesen aus feinem weißem Ton zum Vorschein. Einige tragen Buchstaben. Nach und nach wird aus den Stücken ein Gesicht zusammengesetzt: ein Mann mit langem spitzem Bart, großen Augen und einem runden Nimbus um den Kopf. Auf drei weiteren Fliesen sind griechische Buchstaben erhalten, aus denen der Name „Heiliger Theodor“ rekonstruiert wird. Der Katalog von 1997 beschreibt die Ikone als aus etwa hundert Fragmenten zusammengesetzt. Sie wird im Nationalen Archäologischen Institut mit Museum der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Sofia aufbewahrt. Warum ist der Heilige auf einzelne Fliesen gemalt? Und wissen wir, wer der Künstler war?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-church-480.125c8989.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-church-960.125c8989.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-church-1600.125c8989.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6f786d","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-church-960.125c8989.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-church-960.125c8989.webp","id":"asset.preslav.patleina-church","alt":"Steinerne Mauern einer Ruine unter einem Holzdach, im Hintergrund eine Altarnische.","objectCaption":"Steinerne Mauern einer Ruine unter einem Holzdach, im Hintergrund eine Altarnische.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons (Wiki Loves Earth 2016)","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Izvora, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Izvora, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patleyna_monastery_9th_c._Iz8.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Die Kacheln der Keramikikone des heiligen Theodor wurden in den Ruinen des Klosters St. Panteleimon bei Patleina gefunden.","precision":"exact","id":"place.patleina-monastery","name":"Patleina, Kloster des heiligen Panteleimon (Ruinen)","latitude":43.12632,"longitude":26.8227,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.preslav.osm-places","src.preslav.wikidata-places","src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022","src.preslav.melamed-patleina"],"radiusMeters":100,"short":"Patleina","guideUrl":null,"slug":"patleina-monastery","url":"/de/map/#patleina-monastery"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":42.58875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s1","duration":42.709,"src":"/audio/de/preslav-ceramic-icon/preslav.s1.449532e6.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022"},{"id":"src.preslav.museum-hall"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"},{"id":"src.preslav.melamed-patleina"}]},{"id":"preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s2","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Die neue Hauptstadt","body":"Der Katalog des Metropolitan Museum von 1997 datiert die Ikone auf das Ende des 9. oder den Beginn des 10. Jahrhunderts; das Nationale Archäologische Institut mit Museum stellt sie als Werk des 10. Jahrhunderts vor. Fürst Boris I. nimmt um 864 das Christentum von Konstantinopel an. Quellen und Historiker nennen Jahre zwischen 864 und 866, und die Christianisierung der Bevölkerung dauert vermutlich mehrere Jahre. Hauptstadt ist damals Pliska. 893 kommt Boris’ Sohn Simeon auf den Thron, und das Herrschaftszentrum wird nach Preslaw verlegt. Die Stadt ist nicht neu: Unter den Bauten aus der Hauptstadtzeit wurden ältere Gebäude gefunden, die Forscher vermutlich dem ersten Viertel des 9. Jahrhunderts zuordnen. Unter Simeon und seinem Sohn Peter füllt sich Preslaw mit Palästen, Kirchen und Klöstern. Eines davon liegt in Patleina, etwa zwei Kilometer südlich der Festungsmauer.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Pliska ist ein frühmittelalterliches Zentrum. 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Heilige aus der Nähe","body":"Der Katalog von 1997 beschreibt einundzwanzig bemalte Fliesen und drei weitere mit dem Namen; das zusammengesetzte Bild ist etwa 55 Zentimeter hoch. Die Fliesen messen ungefähr 12 mal 12 Zentimeter. Der Künstler malt mit dunkelbrauner Kontur, Ocker, Braun und rötlicher Engobe und trägt darüber transparente und dunkelviolette Glasur auf. Die alte Reproduktion zeigt ein unvollständig erhaltenes Bild. Bei der Restaurierung 2014–2015 wurden frühere Konservierungsmaterialien entfernt und die originalen Fragmente auf einem neuen Träger montiert. Tippen Sie auf die Punkte, um die Details zu sehen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-480.0b06c2da.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-960.0b06c2da.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-1600.0b06c2da.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#93674b","h":2270,"w":1920,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-960.0b06c2da.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-icon-960.0b06c2da.webp","id":"asset.preslav.theodore-icon","alt":"Das Gesicht eines bärtigen Heiligen mit rundem Nimbus, auf quadratische Keramikfliesen mit vielen Rissen gemalt.","objectCaption":"Ikone des heiligen Theodor","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter mittelalterlicher Maler (Preslav); Fotografie laut Urheberangabe von Julian Tomanov in Atanas Boschkov, Die bulgarische Malerei (1969), p. 53 · Public domain (PD-Art, PD-old-70) · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-Art, PD-old-70)","attribution":"Reproduction from Atanas Boschkov, Die bulgarische Malerei, photographs by Julian Tomanov, 1969, p. 53. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Theodore_(Ceramic_icon).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Art"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-copy-preslav-480.c051d77f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-copy-preslav-960.c051d77f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-copy-preslav-1600.c051d77f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#86846a","h":1440,"w":1920,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-copy-preslav-960.c051d77f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-theodore-copy-preslav-960.c051d77f.webp","id":"asset.preslav.theodore-copy-preslav","alt":"Gerahmte Keramikikone eines bärtigen Heiligen an einer weißen Museumswand, links ein Schild.","objectCaption":"Gerahmte Keramikikone eines bärtigen Heiligen an einer weißen Museumswand, links ein Schild.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_41.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"preslav.s3.eye","x":0.61,"y":0.38,"title":"Der Blick","body":"Große mandelförmige Augen und eine leichte Asymmetrie von Brauen und Nase verleihen dem Gesicht einen konzentrierten, fast finsteren Ausdruck.","sourceIds":["src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022","src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"preslav.s3.nimbus","x":0.22,"y":0.3,"title":"Der Nimbus","body":"Der Kreis um den Kopf ist ein Nimbus, ein Zeichen der Heiligkeit. Das Museum beschreibt ihn als ockergelb; die Farben dieser alten Fotografie können vom Original abweichen.","sourceIds":["src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022","src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"preslav.s3.seams","x":0.34,"y":0.61,"title":"Die Fliesenkanten","body":"Die geraden Linien sind die Kanten der quadratischen Fliesen von jeweils etwa 12 cm. Die unregelmäßigen Risse sind Bruchstellen; der Katalog von 1997 beschreibt etwa hundert Fragmente.","sourceIds":["src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222","src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"preslav.s3.mantle","x":0.19,"y":0.91,"title":"Linien in Dreiergruppen","body":"Ein dunkler Mantel liegt über einer ockerfarbenen Tunika. Was die in Dreiergruppen gemalten Linien bedeuten, ist unklar: Stofffalten oder Fransen am Mantel, wie sie asketische Heilige tragen.","sourceIds":["src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222","src.preslav.melamed-patleina"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.731875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s3","duration":32.853,"src":"/audio/de/preslav-ceramic-icon/preslav.s3.d70b23e1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"},{"id":"src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022"},{"id":"src.preslav.melamed-patleina"},{"id":"src.preslav.naim-conservation-2015"},{"id":"src.preslav.conservation-report-2015"}]},{"id":"preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s4","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ton, Wasser und Feuer","body":"Patleina ist nicht nur ein Kloster, sondern auch eine Werkstatt. Archäologen entdecken dort Becken, in denen der weiße Ton gewaschen und abgesetzt wird, sowie Brennöfen. Der Ton stammt aus der Gegend und ist reich an Kaolin. Die Fliesen werden geformt und gebrannt, dann bemalt, glasiert und ein zweites Mal gebrannt. Um Preslaw sind etwa ein Dutzend Werkstätten aus dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert bekannt. Eine liegt direkt an der Rundkirche oder Goldenen Kirche, deren Schmuck Marmorschnitzerei, Glasmosaik und bemalte Fliesen verbindet. Die Handwerker fertigen Wandverkleidungen, Gesimse, Bodeneinlagen und kleine Ikonen. Als die ersten Fliesen ans Licht kommen, halten viele sie für Importe aus Byzanz. Die Ausgrabungen zeigen, dass sie vor Ort hergestellt wurden.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-kilns-480.9c50ec51.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-kilns-960.9c50ec51.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-kilns-1600.9c50ec51.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#747661","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-kilns-960.9c50ec51.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-patleina-kilns-960.9c50ec51.webp","id":"asset.preslav.patleina-kilns","alt":"Niedrige Überreste aus Lehm und Stein unter einem Schutzdach, von einem Metallzaun umgeben.","objectCaption":"Niedrige Überreste aus Lehm und Stein unter einem Schutzdach, von einem Metallzaun umgeben.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain (PD-self, released by the author) · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-self, released by the author)","attribution":"Photo: Izvora, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Izvora, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceramik_kilns_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-painted-tiles-480.64a0d5db.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-painted-tiles-960.64a0d5db.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-painted-tiles-1200.64a0d5db.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#707071","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-painted-tiles-960.64a0d5db.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-painted-tiles-960.64a0d5db.webp","id":"asset.preslav.painted-tiles","alt":"Vitrine mit Dutzenden Fragmenten bemalter Fliesen mit geometrischen und pflanzlichen Motiven.","objectCaption":"Vitrine mit Dutzenden Fragmenten bemalter Fliesen mit geometrischen und pflanzlichen Motiven.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_39.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-480.c9d4a84d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-960.c9d4a84d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-1600.c9d4a84d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7b797a","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-960.c9d4a84d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-960.c9d4a84d.webp","id":"asset.preslav.small-icons","alt":"Sechs quadratische Heiligenbilder aus Keramikteilen an einer Ausstellungswand; darunter liegen Fragmente in durchsichtigen Kästen.","objectCaption":"Sechs quadratische Heiligenbilder aus Keramikteilen an einer Ausstellungswand; darunter liegen Fragmente in durchsichtigen Kästen.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_42.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-golden-church-480.34719d90.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-golden-church-960.34719d90.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-golden-church-1600.34719d90.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7b756c","h":1059,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-golden-church-960.34719d90.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-golden-church-960.34719d90.webp","id":"asset.preslav.golden-church","alt":"Rekonstruierte Bögen und Säulen über erhaltenem Mauerwerk der Rundkirche.","objectCaption":"Rekonstruierte Bögen und Säulen über erhaltenem Mauerwerk der Rundkirche.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons (from Flickr)","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Site today · partial reconstruction. Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Site today · partial reconstruction. Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Preslav_Golden_Church_Klearchos_3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Die Kacheln der Keramikikone des heiligen Theodor wurden in den Ruinen des Klosters St. Panteleimon bei Patleina gefunden.","precision":"exact","id":"place.patleina-monastery","name":"Patleina, Kloster des heiligen Panteleimon (Ruinen)","latitude":43.12632,"longitude":26.8227,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.preslav.osm-places","src.preslav.wikidata-places","src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022","src.preslav.melamed-patleina"],"radiusMeters":100,"short":"Patleina","guideUrl":null,"slug":"patleina-monastery","url":"/de/map/#patleina-monastery"},{"note":"Die Runde Kirche bei Preslaw ist ein Denkmal frühchristlicher Architektur. Ihr heutiges Erscheinungsbild umfasst eine moderne Teilrekonstruktion.","precision":"exact","id":"place.round-church-preslav","name":"Rundkirche (Goldene Kirche), Weliki Preslaw","latitude":43.14226,"longitude":26.81317,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.preslav.osm-places","src.preslav.wikidata-places","src.preslav.museum-inner-city"],"radiusMeters":50,"short":"Weliki Preslaw","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#round-church-preslav","slug":"round-church-preslav","url":"/de/map/#round-church-preslav"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":39.05929166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s4","duration":39.168,"src":"/audio/de/preslav-ceramic-icon/preslav.s4.5c14e5ab.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.preslav.melamed-patleina"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"},{"id":"src.preslav.museum-inner-city"},{"id":"src.preslav.museum-hall"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-essay"}]},{"id":"preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.a1","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Woraus besteht die Ikone","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.preslav.material","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Woraus besteht die Ikone des heiligen Theodor aus Patleina?","sourceIds":["src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022","src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222","src.preslav.museum-inner-city"],"items":[{"id":"q.preslav.material.tiles","label":"Aus bemalten und glasierten Fliesen aus weißem Ton"},{"id":"q.preslav.material.mosaic","label":"Aus Mosaiksteinchen aus Glas","whyWrong":"Mosaik: Glasmosaik gehört zum Schmuck der Rundkirche, doch die Ikone aus Patleina ist gemalt und nicht aus Steinchen zusammengesetzt."},{"id":"q.preslav.material.wood","label":"Aus Farbe auf einer Holztafel","whyWrong":"Holztafel: Die erhaltenen Teile des Bildes sind auf Keramikfliesen gemalt, nicht auf Holz."},{"id":"q.preslav.material.marble","label":"Aus geschnitztem Marmor","whyWrong":"Marmor: Marmorschnitzerei gibt es in der Rundkirche, die Ikone besteht jedoch aus Ton."}],"explanation":"Das Bild ist auf quadratische Fliesen aus weißem Ton gemalt, glasiert und gebrannt. Der Katalog von 1997 beschreibt einundzwanzig bemalte Fliesen und drei weitere mit dem Namen.","correctItemId":"q.preslav.material.tiles","sources":[{"id":"src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"},{"id":"src.preslav.museum-inner-city"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.7649583333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.a1","duration":3.883,"src":"/audio/de/preslav-ceramic-icon/preslav.a1.75744cd6.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.preslav.naim-exhibit-2022"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"},{"id":"src.preslav.museum-inner-city"}]},{"id":"preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s5","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Buchstaben im Ton","body":"Die Fliesen erzählen auch von der Schriftkultur. 886 nimmt Boris Kliment, Naum und Angelarius in Bulgarien auf, Schüler von Kyrill und Method, die aus Mähren vertrieben wurden. Mit Unterstützung von Boris und seinen Nachfolgern entwickeln sich in Pliska, Preslaw und Ohrid Zentren der slawischen Schriftkultur. Allmählich hält die slawische Sprache Einzug in Gottesdienst und Schriftleben. In den Klöstern von Preslaw wird aus dem Griechischen übersetzt und werden neue Texte verfasst. Einige Keramikfliesen tragen kirchliche Texte in kyrillischer Schrift. Die kyrillische Schrift wird mit der Tätigkeit der Schüler von Kyrill und Method in Bulgarien gegen Ende des 9. und Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts verbunden; sie beruht auf griechischen Großbuchstaben. Wer genau sie schuf und in welchem Zentrum, bleibt umstritten. Der Name des heiligen Theodor auf unserer Ikone wird jedoch aus einer griechischen Inschrift rekonstruiert.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-480.c9d4a84d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-960.c9d4a84d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-1600.c9d4a84d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7b797a","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-960.c9d4a84d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-preslav-small-icons-960.c9d4a84d.webp","id":"asset.preslav.small-icons","alt":"Sechs quadratische Heiligenbilder aus Keramikteilen an einer Ausstellungswand; darunter liegen Fragmente in durchsichtigen Kästen.","objectCaption":"Sechs quadratische Heiligenbilder aus Keramikteilen an einer Ausstellungswand; darunter liegen Fragmente in durchsichtigen Kästen.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_42.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Pliska ist ein frühmittelalterliches Zentrum. Die Steinbauten belegen keine Hauptstadt unter Asparuch.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pliska","name":"Pliska","latitude":43.387,"longitude":27.132,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.preslav.wikidata-places","src.preslav.osm-places","src.preslav.britannica-boris","src.asp.coord.pliska","src.pli.coord.q12287850"],"radiusMeters":3000,"short":"Pliska","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pliska","url":"/de/map/#pliska"},{"note":"Das mittelalterliche Preslaw war die Hauptstadt von Zar Simeon und ein Zentrum der Schriftkultur und bemalten Keramik.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.veliki-preslav","name":"Weliki Preslaw","latitude":43.16667,"longitude":26.817,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.preslav.wikidata-places","src.preslav.museum-history"],"radiusMeters":2500,"short":"Weliki Preslaw","guideUrl":null,"slug":"veliki-preslav","url":"/de/map/#veliki-preslav"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":47.63908333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s5","duration":47.744,"src":"/audio/de/preslav-ceramic-icon/preslav.s5.25514dba.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.preslav.britannica-boris"},{"id":"src.preslav.britannica-cyrillic"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-essay"},{"id":"src.preslav.museum-history"},{"id":"src.preslav.melamed-patleina"},{"id":"src.preslav.glory-1997-cat222"},{"id":"src.preslav.theophylact-clement"}]},{"id":"preslav-ceramic-icon.preslav.s6","number":7,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wer ist Theodor","body":"In mittelbyzantinischer Zeit werden zwei Kriegerheilige namens Theodor verehrt: Tiron und Stratelates. Beide werden gewöhnlich bewaffnet dargestellt. Auf dem erhaltenen Teil trägt unser Heiliger einen Mantel und keine Waffe; deshalb sind sich die Forscher uneinig, welchen der beiden er darstellt. Einer Vermutung zufolge folgte der Künstler einem älteren Vorbild aus der Zeit, als nur ein Theodor verehrt und in ziviler Kleidung dargestellt wurde. Auch der Ursprung der Technik selbst ist umstritten: Konstantinopel, die Kunst des Ostens oder eine lokale Tradition aus Preslaw. Der Katalog des Metropolitan Museum von 1997 bezeichnet die Ikone als die älteste erhaltene monumentale Ikone aus dem erst kürzlich christianisierten Staat. Preslaw bleibt etwa achtzig Jahre Hauptstadt. 971 erobert das byzantinische Heer Preslaw. Nach Ansicht der Archäologin Katja Melamed wird damals auch das Kloster in Patleina zerstört; sie verbindet das Ende der bemalten Keramik von Preslaw mit dem Niedergang der Stadt am Ende des 10. 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