{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.rescue-1943","hasFind":true,"slug":"rescue-1943","url":"/de/stories/rescue-1943/","topic":"Bulgarien und die Deportationen 1943","title":"Der Brief von Peschew und die Deportationen","summary":"Ein Brief, eine Delegation und kirchliche Proteste tragen dazu bei, die Deportation aus den alten Landesgrenzen zu stoppen. Zugleich deportieren die bulgarischen Behörden Juden aus den besetzten Gebieten, und die Nationalsozialisten ermorden fast alle in Treblinka.","cover":{"title":"Der Brief von Peschew und die Deportationen","subtitle":"Gestoppte Deportationen und verlorene Gemeinschaften","hook":"Warum wurden einige gerettet und andere nicht?","summary":"Ein Brief, eine Delegation und kirchliche Proteste tragen dazu bei, die Deportation aus den alten Landesgrenzen zu stoppen. Zugleich deportieren die bulgarischen Behörden Juden aus den besetzten Gebieten, und die Nationalsozialisten ermorden fast alle in Treblinka.","takeaway":"Wir erinnern sowohl an die geretteten Menschen als auch an die deportierten Gemeinschaften. Das Überleben hebt weder die Verfolgung noch die Verantwortung für die Verbrechen auf."},"sortYear":1943,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20. Jahrhundert","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20. Jahrhundert","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Sofia und Skopje","date":"1943","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-typewriter-cutout-480.919b11d7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-typewriter-cutout-960.919b11d7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-typewriter-cutout-1600.919b11d7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b635c","h":1820,"w":1695,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-typewriter-cutout-960.919b11d7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-typewriter-cutout-960.919b11d7.webp","id":"asset.r1943.typewriter-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Eine schwarze Schreibmaschine Adler mit runden Tasten in einer Museumsvitrine.","objectCaption":"Schreibmaschine","caption":"Eine Schreibmaschine „Adler“, die laut Museumsbeschriftung Peschew gehörte. Es gibt keinen Beleg, dass der Brief auf ihr geschrieben wurde.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Biser Todorov / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. An Adler typewriter labelled in the museum as belonging to Peshev. No evidence establishes that it was used for the letter. Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display","attributionParts":[{"text":"Biser Todorov / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. An Adler typewriter labelled in the museum as belonging to Peshev. No evidence establishes that it was used for the letter. Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Typewriter_%22Adler%22.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"rescue-1943.s1-two-fates","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Das Gesetz entzieht Rechte","body":"Im März 1941 schließt sich Bulgarien den Achsenmächten an, einem Bündnis mit dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. Die Nationalsozialisten sind Anhänger Hitlers, des Diktators Deutschlands. Die Behörden verfolgen Menschen, die sie aufgrund ihrer Herkunft als Juden einstufen.\n\nIn Bulgarien schränkt das Gesetz zum Schutz der Nation die Rechte der Juden ein. Die Behörden schließen sie vom Staatsdienst aus und begrenzen ihren Zugang zu vielen Berufen. Diese Verfolgung beginnt vor den Plänen für ihre zwangsweise Verschleppung.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-peshev-393.e47b86c8.avif","w":393}],"dominant":"#747474","h":567,"w":393,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-peshev-393.e47b86c8.webp","w":393}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-peshev-393.e47b86c8.webp","id":"asset.r1943.peshev","alt":"Schwarz-Weiß-Porträt eines Mannes mit kurzen Haaren und Schnurrbart, in Anzug und Krawatte.","objectCaption":"Dimitar Peschew 1937, laut Dateibeschreibung. Archivporträt.","caption":"Dimitar Peschew 1937, laut Dateibeschreibung. Archivporträt.","kindLabel":"Archiv","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiv","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Fotograf · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited source: Yad Vashem. Processed image. Archive photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited source: Yad Vashem. Processed image. Archive photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitar_Peshev_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitar_Peshev_2.jpg#Licensing"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.868833333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.s1-two-fates","duration":26.965,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/s1-two-fates.f35a45b0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ushmm"},{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"},{"id":"src.r1943.nazi-party"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.s7-agreement","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ein Abkommen über 20 000 Menschen","body":"Bulgarien verwaltet besetzte Teile Griechenlands und Jugoslawiens: Gebiete, die im Krieg erobert wurden. Bulgarische Bestimmungen schließen die dort lebenden Juden vom Erwerb der bulgarischen Staatsbürgerschaft aus. Staatsbürgerschaft bezeichnet die rechtliche Zugehörigkeit zu einem Staat.\n\nAm 22. Februar 1943 vereinbaren der bulgarische Beamte Alexander Belew und der deutsche Vertreter Theodor Dannecker die Deportation von 20 000 Juden. Das bedeutet die zwangsweise Verschleppung von Menschen. Der Plan bedroht auch Juden in den alten Grenzen des Königreichs. Das sind seine Gebiete vor den Besetzungen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-480.4077968c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-960.4077968c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-1024.4077968c.avif","w":1024}],"dominant":"#787878","h":640,"w":1024,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-960.4077968c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-960.4077968c.webp","id":"asset.r1943.deportation","alt":"Schwarz-Weiß-Foto: Menschen mit Gepäck neben einem offenen Güterwagen; Männer in Uniform stehen in der Nähe.","objectCaption":"Deportation mazedonischer Juden, 1943. Archivfoto. Der genaue Ort und Tag dieser Aufnahme sind hier nicht festgestellt.","caption":"Deportation mazedonischer Juden, 1943. Archivfoto. Der genaue Ort und Tag dieser Aufnahme sind hier nicht festgestellt.","kindLabel":"Archiv","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiv","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Fotograf · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited sources: Republika; Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia. Processed image. Archive photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited sources: Republika; Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia. Processed image. Archive photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria_deporting_the_Macedonian_Jews.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria_deporting_the_Macedonian_Jews.jpg#Licensing"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.59254166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.s7-agreement","duration":32.683,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/s7-agreement.24046a27.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ushmm"},{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.s2-deportation","number":3,"kind":"map","title":"Von den Wohnungen in die Lager","body":"Deportation bedeutet die zwangsweise Verschleppung von Menschen. Im März 1943 nehmen bulgarische Polizei und Militäreinheiten jüdische Familien in den besetzten Gebieten fest.\n\nAus Thrakien bringen sie sie über Sammellager in Richtung Lom und Wien. In diesen Lagern werden Menschen vor dem nächsten erzwungenen Transport gesammelt. In Skopje sperrt man Familien im Tabaklager „Monopol“ ein. Es folgen die Übergabe an die deutschen Behörden und der Transport nach Treblinka.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-480.4077968c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-960.4077968c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-1024.4077968c.avif","w":1024}],"dominant":"#787878","h":640,"w":1024,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-960.4077968c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-deportation-960.4077968c.webp","id":"asset.r1943.deportation","alt":"Schwarz-Weiß-Foto: Menschen mit Gepäck neben einem offenen Güterwagen; Männer in Uniform stehen in der Nähe.","objectCaption":"Deportation mazedonischer Juden, 1943. Archivfoto. Der genaue Ort und Tag dieser Aufnahme sind hier nicht festgestellt.","caption":"Deportation mazedonischer Juden, 1943. Archivfoto. Der genaue Ort und Tag dieser Aufnahme sind hier nicht festgestellt.","kindLabel":"Archiv","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiv","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Fotograf · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited sources: Republika; Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia. Processed image. Archive photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited sources: Republika; Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia. Processed image. Archive photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria_deporting_the_Macedonian_Jews.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria_deporting_the_Macedonian_Jews.jpg#Licensing"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Stadt des Sammellagers „Monopol“. Stadtpunkt, keine Koordinaten des Lagerhauses.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.r1943.skopje","name":"Skopje","latitude":41.99611111111111,"longitude":21.431666666666665,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.r1943.coords-skopje","src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"r1943.skopje","url":"/de/map/#r1943.skopje"},{"note":"Ort des nationalsozialistischen Vernichtungslagers im besetzten Polen; heute eine Gedenkstätte.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.r1943.treblinka","name":"Treblinka II","latitude":52.63111111111111,"longitude":22.053055555555556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":500,"sourceIds":["src.r1943.coords-treblinka","src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"r1943.treblinka","url":"/de/map/#r1943.treblinka"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-ff89d11aea737ae3.jpg?v=7dab74fa60","w":2048,"h":6738,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-ff89d11aea737ae3-dark.jpg?v=07c3022d82","w":2048,"h":6738,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Stadt des Sammellagers „Monopol“. Stadtpunkt, keine Koordinaten des Lagerhauses.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.r1943.skopje","name":"Skopje","latitude":41.99611111111111,"longitude":21.431666666666665,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.r1943.coords-skopje","src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"r1943.skopje","url":"/de/map/#r1943.skopje","number":1,"x":45.30771,"y":87.83535,"inside":true,"viewX":45.30771,"viewY":240.4283295078125},{"note":"Ort des nationalsozialistischen Vernichtungslagers im besetzten Polen; heute eine Gedenkstätte.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.r1943.treblinka","name":"Treblinka II","latitude":52.63111111111111,"longitude":22.053055555555556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":500,"sourceIds":["src.r1943.coords-treblinka","src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"r1943.treblinka","url":"/de/map/#r1943.treblinka","number":2,"x":54.69229,"y":15.48502,"inside":true,"viewX":54.69229,"viewY":-140.42832950781252}],"extent":[-0.3835416666666669,-3.00726896365826,0.8276736111111114,4.2113198217601795],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":73.855,"y":83.478,"viewX":73.855,"viewY":217.4909667734375},{"name":"Plowdiw","kind":"town","x":95.352,"y":86.974,"viewX":95.352,"viewY":235.8941292734375},{"name":"Plewen","kind":"town","x":93.259,"y":78.959,"viewX":93.259,"viewY":193.7026683359375},{"name":"Widin","kind":"town","x":66.999,"y":75.282,"viewX":66.999,"viewY":174.34671052343745},{"name":"Blagoewgrad","kind":"town","x":70.418,"y":87.682,"viewX":70.418,"viewY":239.62108552343753},{"name":"Smoljan","kind":"town","x":94.685,"y":90.413,"viewX":94.685,"viewY":253.9972402109375},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":69.564,"y":84.055,"viewX":69.564,"viewY":220.5283308359375},{"name":"Pasardschik","kind":"town","x":89.134,"y":86.619,"viewX":89.134,"viewY":234.0253870859375},{"name":"Wraza","kind":"town","x":77.344,"y":80.264,"viewX":77.344,"viewY":200.57226989843744},{"name":"Kjustendil","kind":"town","x":64.328,"y":86.054,"viewX":64.328,"viewY":231.05119177343747},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":72.392,"y":78.988,"viewX":72.392,"viewY":193.8553261484375},{"name":"Lowetsch","kind":"town","x":94.882,"y":80.725,"viewX":94.882,"viewY":202.99900271093745},{"name":"Balkangebirge","kind":"nature","x":96.178,"y":83.151,"viewX":96.178,"viewY":215.76961833593748},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":77.3,"y":87.008,"viewX":77.3,"viewY":236.07310739843746},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":75.488,"y":89.352,"viewX":75.488,"viewY":248.41206989843755},{"name":"Rhodopen","kind":"nature","x":93.158,"y":90.274,"viewX":93.158,"viewY":253.26553552343748}],"crop":{"sx":1,"sy":0.18996734936182844,"x":0,"y":0.4216181753190858},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.767416666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.s2-deportation","duration":24.875,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/s2-deportation.6750be53.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ushmm"},{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.a1-outcomes","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Was bedeutet Deportation?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.r1943.outcomes","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Was bedeutet Deportation in dieser Geschichte?","sourceIds":["src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"items":[{"id":"opt-forced","label":"Die zwangsweise Verschleppung von Menschen."},{"id":"opt-visit","label":"Ein freiwilliger Besuch in einer anderen Stadt.","whyWrong":"Die Menschen entscheiden sich nicht für die Reise."},{"id":"opt-citizen","label":"Der Erwerb der Staatsbürgerschaft.","whyWrong":"Staatsbürgerschaft bedeutet Zugehörigkeit zu einem Staat, keine Verschleppung."}],"explanation":"Die Behörden nehmen Familien fest und verschleppen sie gegen ihren Willen. Staatsbürgerschaft ist ein eigener Rechtsstatus.","correctItemId":"opt-forced","sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.859375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.a1-outcomes","duration":2.987,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/a1-outcomes.26242e3c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.s3-delegation","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Vier Männer aus Kjustendil","body":"In Kjustendil erfahren jüdische Einwohner von den geplanten Verhaftungen und suchen Hilfe. Vier Vertreter reisen nach Sofia. Sie wenden sich an Dimitar Peschew, den stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden der Nationalversammlung. Er hilft, die Sitzungen des Parlaments zu leiten.\n\nPeschew hatte das antijüdische Gesetz unterstützt. Im März 1943 stellt er sich gegen die Deportation. Am 9. März drängt er Innenminister Petar Gabrowski, die Verhaftungen zu stoppen. Nach den Gesprächen willigt der Minister ein, sie zu verschieben. Die bedrohten Menschen gewinnen Zeit. Doch nicht alle Pläne sind endgültig aufgehoben.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-peshev-393.e47b86c8.avif","w":393}],"dominant":"#747474","h":567,"w":393,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-peshev-393.e47b86c8.webp","w":393}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-peshev-393.e47b86c8.webp","id":"asset.r1943.peshev","alt":"Schwarz-Weiß-Porträt eines Mannes mit kurzen Haaren und Schnurrbart, in Anzug und Krawatte.","objectCaption":"Dimitar Peschew 1937, laut Dateibeschreibung. Archivporträt.","caption":"Dimitar Peschew 1937, laut Dateibeschreibung. Archivporträt.","kindLabel":"Archiv","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiv","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Fotograf · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited source: Yad Vashem. Processed image. Archive photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain. Credited source: Yad Vashem. Processed image. Archive photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitar_Peshev_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitar_Peshev_2.jpg#Licensing"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Die Stadt, aus der die Delegation kam. Der Punkt bezeichnet kein bestimmtes Treffen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.r1943.kyustendil","name":"Kjustendil","latitude":42.279668,"longitude":22.687015,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2500,"sourceIds":["src.r1943.coords-kyustendil","src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"r1943.kyustendil","url":"/de/map/#r1943.kyustendil"},{"note":"Sofia war die Hauptstadt des Fürstentums Bulgarien und das Ziel der serbischen Offensive im November 1885.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.unif.sofia","name":"Sofia","latitude":42.697886,"longitude":23.321726,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.unif.coords.sofia","src.r1943.coords-sofia","src.r1943.ragaru2017","src.tar.coord.sofia","src.tar.sofia","src.ata.coord.sofia","src.ata.sendov2013"],"short":"Sofia","guideUrl":null,"slug":"unif.sofia","url":"/de/map/#unif.sofia"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.745,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.s3-delegation","duration":31.872,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/s3-delegation.63b92d02.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"},{"id":"src.r1943.silent-heroes"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.s4-letter","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Datum und handschriftliche Namen","body":"Sieh dir das Datum über den handschriftlichen Namen an: 17. März 1943. Peschew verfasst einen Brief gegen die Deportation an Ministerpräsident Bogdan Filow. Weitere 42 Abgeordnete, die die Regierung unterstützen, schließen sich ihm an. Abgeordnete sind Vertreter im Parlament.\n\nDas Foto des Dokuments zeigt die letzte Seite, nicht den ganzen Brief. Er folgt auf die Verschiebung der Verhaftungen am 9. März.\n\nPeschew verliert sein Amt als stellvertretender Vorsitzender. Sein Protest stoppt die Deportation aus den besetzten Gebieten nicht. Der Brief zeugt von Widerstand, bedeutet aber nicht, dass alle Bedrohten bereits geschützt sind.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-letter-396.54900fd9.avif","w":396}],"dominant":"#f1f1f1","h":742,"w":396,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-letter-396.54900fd9.webp","w":396}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-letter-396.54900fd9.webp","id":"asset.r1943.letter","alt":"Eine Seite mit Maschinenschrift, Datum und zwei Spalten handschriftlicher Namen.","objectCaption":"Brief von Peschew: letzte Seite mit dem Datum 17. März 1943 und handschriftlichen Namen. Archivdokument, nicht das gesamte Dokument.","caption":"Brief von Peschew: letzte Seite mit dem Datum 17. März 1943 und handschriftlichen Namen. 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Es gibt keinen Beleg, dass der Brief auf ihr geschrieben wurde.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Biser Todorov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Biser Todorov / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. An Adler typewriter labelled in the museum as belonging to Peshev. No evidence establishes that it was used for the letter. Processed image. Museum display","attributionParts":[{"text":"Biser Todorov / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. An Adler typewriter labelled in the museum as belonging to Peshev. No evidence establishes that it was used for the letter. Processed image. Museum display","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Typewriter_%22Adler%22.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-order-480.6a140946.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-order-960.6a140946.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-order-1600.6a140946.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8b7e69","h":2400,"w":1800,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-order-960.6a140946.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-order-960.6a140946.webp","id":"asset.r1943.order","alt":"Eine sternförmige Auszeichnung an einem hellen Band mit farbigen Rändern in einer Museumsvitrine.","objectCaption":"Der Orden ist eine staatliche Auszeichnung. Dieser Orden Stara Planina wurde Peschew posthum verliehen. Er ist im Nationalen Historischen Museum ausgestellt. Eine spätere Auszeichnung, kein Dokument von 1943.","caption":"Der Orden ist eine staatliche Auszeichnung. Dieser Orden Stara Planina wurde Peschew posthum verliehen. Er ist im Nationalen Historischen Museum ausgestellt. Eine spätere Auszeichnung, kein Dokument von 1943.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Спасимир · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0. Order of Stara Planina awarded posthumously to Peshev, displayed at the National History Museum. A later award, not a document from 1943. Processed image. Museum display","attributionParts":[{"text":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0. Order of Stara Planina awarded posthumously to Peshev, displayed at the National History Museum. A later award, not a document from 1943. Processed image. Museum display","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Order_Stara_planina-Dimitar_Peshev_01.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h.r1943.date","x":0.19,"y":0.326,"title":"Das Datum","body":"Das Datum ist der 17. März 1943. Der Brief entstand nach der Aussetzung der Verhaftungen am 9. März.","sourceIds":["src.r1943.image-letter","src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.r1943.signatures","x":0.25,"y":0.59,"title":"Die Namen","body":"Hier stehen Namen von Abgeordneten, die den Brief unterstützten. Das Foto allein belegt nicht, wer die einzelnen Zeilen schrieb.","sourceIds":["src.r1943.image-letter","src.r1943.poppetrov2020"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.r1943.archive","x":0.81,"y":0.045,"title":"Der Archivvermerk","body":"In der oberen rechten Ecke befindet sich ein Archivvermerk. Er ist weder ein Deportationsbefehl noch ein Beleg für die Zustimmung des Zaren.","sourceIds":["src.r1943.image-letter"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.99733333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.s4-letter","duration":34.091,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/s4-letter.dad9e221.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"},{"id":"src.r1943.image-letter"},{"id":"src.r1943.image-typewriter"},{"id":"src.r1943.image-order"},{"id":"src.r1943.poppetrov2020"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Ereignisse zeitlich ordnen","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.r1943.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordne die Ereignisse, beginnend mit dem frühesten.","sourceIds":["src.r1943.ragaru2017"],"items":[{"id":"ev-axis","label":"Bündnis mit den Achsenmächten"},{"id":"ev-agreement","label":"Deportationsabkommen"},{"id":"ev-halt","label":"Peschew drängt den Minister"},{"id":"ev-letter","label":"Peschews Brief"}],"explanation":"Zuerst steht das Bündnis von 1941. Im Jahr 1943 folgen das Abkommen im Februar, die Intervention am 9. März und der Brief vom 17. März.","correctOrderIds":["ev-axis","ev-agreement","ev-halt","ev-letter"],"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3005833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.a2-timeline","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/a2-timeline.66fc10ba.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"}]},{"id":"rescue-1943.s5-church","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Telegramm und offene Tür","body":"Jüdische Vertreter suchen auch bei Kirchenführern Unterstützung. Der Metropolit Stefan von Sofia setzt sich bei Zar Boris III. ein. Ein Metropolit leitet die orthodoxen Kirchen in einem Gebiet. Stefan erklärt sich bereit, Verfolgte in Kirchen und Klöstern aufzunehmen.\n\nIn Plowdiw sendet Metropolit Kiril ein Telegramm an den Zaren und wendet sich an die örtliche Polizei. Ein Telegramm ist eine kurze Nachricht, die schnell über eine Entfernung übermittelt wird. Als der Deportationsbefehl für Plowdiw aufgehoben wird, teilt Kiril den in der Schule Festgehaltenen die Nachricht mit.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-kiril-grave-480.385c1850.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-kiril-grave-960.385c1850.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-kiril-grave-1067.385c1850.avif","w":1067}],"dominant":"#7f8082","h":1600,"w":1067,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-kiril-grave-960.385c1850.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-kiril-grave-960.385c1850.webp","id":"asset.r1943.kiril-grave","alt":"Eine helle Steinplatte mit einem Kreuz, dem Namen Kiril und den Jahreszahlen 1901–1971.","objectCaption":"Kirils Grabplatte im Kloster Batschkowo. Heutige Aufnahme.","caption":"Kirils Grabplatte im Kloster Batschkowo. Heutige Aufnahme.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Kritzolina / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. Kiril’s gravestone at Bachkovo Monastery. Modern photograph. Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Kritzolina / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. Kiril’s gravestone at Bachkovo Monastery. Modern photograph. Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gravestone_of_Patriarch_Kyril_in_Bachkovo_Monastery_01.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-plaque-480.b2fed6ec.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-plaque-960.b2fed6ec.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-plaque-1600.b2fed6ec.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a3a192","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-plaque-960.b2fed6ec.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-plaque-960.b2fed6ec.webp","id":"asset.r1943.plaque","alt":"Eine gelbliche Tafel mit bulgarischer Inschrift und dekorativen Zweigen an einer Wand.","objectCaption":"Gedenktafel für Peschew, Stefan und Kiril an der Synagoge in Plowdiw. Heutiges Gedenken.","caption":"Gedenktafel für Peschew, Stefan und Kiril an der Synagoge in Plowdiw. Heutiges Gedenken.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"יוסי נבו, Yossi Nevo · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"יוסי נבו, Yossi Nevo / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0. Commemorative plaque at the Plovdiv synagogue for Peshev, Stefan and Kiril. Modern commemoration. Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"יוסי נבו, Yossi Nevo / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0. Commemorative plaque at the Plovdiv synagogue for Peshev, Stefan and Kiril. Modern commemoration. Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Synagogue_in_Plovdiv_F.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Sofia war die Hauptstadt des Fürstentums Bulgarien und das Ziel der serbischen Offensive im November 1885.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.unif.sofia","name":"Sofia","latitude":42.697886,"longitude":23.321726,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.unif.coords.sofia","src.r1943.coords-sofia","src.r1943.ragaru2017","src.tar.coord.sofia","src.tar.sofia","src.ata.coord.sofia","src.ata.sendov2013"],"short":"Sofia","guideUrl":null,"slug":"unif.sofia","url":"/de/map/#unif.sofia"},{"note":"In Plowdiw wurde am 6. 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Doch die Verfolgung geht weiter. Die Behörden weisen Juden aus Sofia in die Provinz aus. Männer werden zur Zwangsarbeit herangezogen.\n\nDie bulgarischen Behörden deportieren über 11 000 Juden aus den besetzten Gebieten. Fast alle werden von den Nationalsozialisten in Treblinka ermordet. Dies ist ein Vernichtungslager im besetzten Polen. Dorthin werden Menschen gebracht, um sie zu töten.\n\nDas heutige Denkmal erinnert an die Ermordeten. Wir gedenken ihrer gemeinsam mit den Überlebenden.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-treblinka-480.e5db6e47.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-treblinka-960.e5db6e47.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-treblinka-1600.e5db6e47.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#889496","h":1068,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-r1943-treblinka-960.e5db6e47.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-r1943-treblinka-960.e5db6e47.webp","id":"asset.r1943.treblinka","alt":"Ein hohes steinernes Denkmal mit rauer Oberfläche, umgeben von vielen kleineren Steinen.","objectCaption":"Die heutige Gedenkstätte am Ort von Treblinka II. Ein Denkmal aus der Nachkriegszeit, kein erhaltenes Lagergebäude.","caption":"Die heutige Gedenkstätte am Ort von Treblinka II. Ein Denkmal aus der Nachkriegszeit, kein erhaltenes Lagergebäude.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Adrian Grycuk · CC BY-SA 3.0 pl · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0 pl","attribution":"Photo: Adrian Grycuk; editing: Jacek Halicki / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 PL. Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Adrian Grycuk; editing: Jacek Halicki / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 PL. Processed image. 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Stefan setzt sich in Sofia ein und bietet Schutz an. Kiril handelt in Plowdiw und besucht die Schule.","sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"},{"id":"src.r1943.huji-clergy"},{"id":"src.r1943.yv-clergy"}],"columns":["Person","Rolle"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.9042916666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.rescue-1943.rescue-1943.a3-matching","duration":4.011,"src":"/audio/de/rescue-1943/a3-matching.48dd6eb4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.r1943.ragaru2017"},{"id":"src.r1943.huji-clergy"},{"id":"src.r1943.yv-clergy"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2025,"url":"https://cja.huji.ac.il/browser.php?id=58073&mode=set","institutionOrAuthor":"Liza Schwartz / Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew University of Jerusalem","id":"src.r1943.huji-clergy","authors":["Liza Schwartz / Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew University of Jerusalem"],"title":"Gratitude Plaque to Patriarch Kiril and Exarch Stefan on the Gates of Bachkovo Monastery in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 2009","container":"The Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art and Material Culture, object 58073","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DPeshev_Letter.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Lea Cohen","id":"src.r1943.image-letter","authors":["Lea Cohen"],"title":"File:DPeshev Letter.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","license":"CC0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Order_Stara_planina-Dimitar_Peshev_01.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Спасимир","id":"src.r1943.image-order","authors":["Спасимир"],"title":"File:NHMB-Order Stara planina-Dimitar Peshev 01.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Typewriter_%22Adler%22.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Biser Todorov","id":"src.r1943.image-typewriter","authors":["Biser Todorov"],"title":"File:Typewriter \"Adler\".jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-party-1","institutionOrAuthor":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","id":"src.r1943.nazi-party","authors":["United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"],"title":"The Nazi Party","container":"Holocaust Encyclopedia","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2020,"url":"https://api.bulgarianhistory.shop/uploads/pdf/1601885839991_otkusdimiturpeshev02.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Николай Поппетров","id":"src.r1943.poppetrov2020","authors":["Николай Поппетров"],"title":"Една винаги актуална история. 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