{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.revival-school-gabrovo","hasFind":true,"slug":"revival-school-gabrovo","url":"/de/stories/revival-school-gabrovo/","topic":"Schule von Gabrowo 1835","title":"Wie eine Schule eine Stadt veränderte","summary":"Vor der neuen Schule in Gabrowo gab es Zellschulen. Die Geschichte verbindet drei Themen: die Fischfibel von 1824, die Förderer der Schule in Gabrowo und die Arbeit ihres ersten Lehrers Neofit Rilski. Sie führt von der Zellschule zur ersten neubulgarischen weltlichen Schule und zu dem Gebäude, in dem heute das Nationale Museum für Bildung untergebracht ist.","cover":{"title":"Wie eine Schule eine Stadt veränderte","subtitle":"Die Fischfibel, Wasil Aprilow und die Schule von 1835","hook":"Wie lernten Kinder im Sand schreiben?","summary":"Vor der neuen Schule in Gabrowo gab es Zellschulen. Die Geschichte verbindet drei Themen: die Fischfibel von 1824, die Förderer der Schule in Gabrowo und die Arbeit ihres ersten Lehrers Neofit Rilski. Sie führt von der Zellschule zur ersten neubulgarischen weltlichen Schule und zu dem Gebäude, in dem heute das Nationale Museum für Bildung untergebracht ist.","takeaway":"Das Beispiel verbreitete sich rasch. Lehrer, die in Gabrowo bei Neofit Rilski ausgebildet worden waren, unterrichteten in Orten auf beiden Seiten des Balkangebirges. 1837 eröffnete Neofit selbst eine Schule in Kopriwschtiza. Nach den von Penka Zonewa zusammengefassten Angaben gab es Mitte der 1850er Jahre mehr als 200 Schulen für wechselseitigen Unterricht und um 1878 etwa 1 500. 1856 entstanden in Swischtow, Lom und Schumen die ersten Tschitalischta, gemeinschaftliche Lesehäuser."},"sortYear":1835,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Wiedergeburt und Befreiung","dateLabel":"18.–19. Jahrhundert","eraShort":"Wiedergeburt","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Gabrowo","date":"1835","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout-267.177c9b4e.avif","w":267}],"dominant":"#ac9075","h":549,"w":267,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout-267.177c9b4e.webp","w":267}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout-267.177c9b4e.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout","alt":"Die Delfinillustration aus der Fischfibel, freigestellt aus einer Reproduktion der Seite.","objectCaption":"Illustrationen der Fischfibel","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Photonik · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riben-bukvar-pril3-1600.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s1","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Vor 1835: Buchstaben anhand von Gebeten","body":"Vor der neuen Schule in Gabrowo gab es Zellschulen. In ihrem Überblick über die Zellschulen vom 15. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert beschreibt Penka Zonewa Lesen anhand von Gebeten und liturgischen Büchern, Schreiben und Rechnen. Das ist eine allgemeine Beschreibung der früheren Tradition, kein erhaltener Lehrplan aus Gabrowo der 1820er Jahre. In dieser Tradition konnte ein Geistlicher oder ein des Lesens und Schreibens kundiger Handwerker Lehrer sein.\n\nNikolaj Christoforow Palauzow wurde 1821 in Gabrowo geboren und besuchte dort eine Zellschule. 1830 ging er nach Odessa zu seinem Onkel Nikolaj Stefanow Palauzow, einem Mitstreiter Wasil Aprilows.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-480.2119f0ac.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-960.2119f0ac.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-1024.2119f0ac.avif","w":1024}],"dominant":"#a48d64","h":575,"w":1024,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-960.2119f0ac.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-960.2119f0ac.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.kanitz-gabrovo","alt":"Künstlerische Ansicht mit Fluss, Steinbrücke, Häusern am Ufer und einem Glockenturm.","objectCaption":"Künstlerische Ansicht mit Fluss, Steinbrücke, Häusern am Ufer und einem Glockenturm.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Felix Philipp Kanitz (Феликс Каниц) · Public domain (PD-old) · Wissenschaftliches Archiv der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-old)","attribution":"Felix Kanitz, Gabrovo, 1885. A later artistic view of the town, fifty years after the school opened. Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Felix Kanitz, Gabrovo, 1885. A later artistic view of the town, fifty years after the school opened. Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. 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Zusammengestellt wurde es von Petar Beron aus Kotel. Die Ausgabe erschien mit finanzieller Hilfe von Anton Jovanović. Sie enthält das Alphabet, Arithmetik, Physik, Fabeln, Morallehren und Gebete. Dazu kommen zwölf Tierzeichnungen. Auf dem letzten Bilderblatt stehen der Wal Nr. 11 und der Delfin Nr. 12. Die Bulgarische Nationalbank verbindet den Namen Fischfibel mit beiden Bildern, die Beschreibung der World Digital Library nennt den Wal.\n\nNach der Wiedergabe der Bulgarischen Nationalbank schreibt Beron im Vorwort über den beklagenswerten Zustand des Bildungswesens. Ihrer Beschreibung zufolge diente die Fibel Kindern und Lehrern als Hilfsmittel für den wechselseitigen Unterricht. Am Ende ist der Preis gedruckt: drei Groschen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-480.98c4e596.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-960.98c4e596.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1280.98c4e596.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#e1d4ad","h":1036,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-960.98c4e596.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-960.98c4e596.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin","alt":"Seite mit Stichen aus der Fischfibel: zwei Vögel mit den Nummern 9 und 10, ein Delfin mit der Nummer 12 und ein großer Wal mit der Nummer 11","objectCaption":"Illustrationen der Fischfibel","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Photonik · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riben-bukvar-pril3-1600.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-480.29f46dab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-960.29f46dab.avif","w":960}],"dominant":"#bba380","h":1344,"w":960,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-960.29f46dab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-960.29f46dab.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-title","alt":"Titelseite mit der Aufschrift „Fibel mit verschiedenen Belehrungen“, dem Namen Petra Ch. Berowitscha und der Jahreszahl 1824","objectCaption":"Titelseite mit der Aufschrift „Fibel mit verschiedenen Belehrungen“, dem Namen Petra Ch. Berowitscha und der Jahreszahl 1824","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Петър Берон (Buchautor) · Public domain · World Digital Library / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Title page of the Fish Primer, 1824. World Digital Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Title page of the Fish Primer, 1824. World Digital Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beron_Primer_title_page.png","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-US"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-480.93d2b43e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-960.93d2b43e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-1280.93d2b43e.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#beb595","h":1000,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-960.93d2b43e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-960.93d2b43e.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan","alt":"Vergilbte Seite aus einem Exemplar der Fischfibel von 1824 mit Wal, Delfin und zwei Vögeln","objectCaption":"Vergilbte Seite aus einem Exemplar der Fischfibel von 1824 mit Wal, Delfin und zwei Vögeln","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Петър Берон (Buchautor) · Public domain (PD-old-70-1923) · Bulgarische Nationalbibliothek / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-old-70-1923)","attribution":"Petar Beron, Primer with Various Instructions, 1824, page with drawings 9–12. St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Petar Beron, Primer with Various Instructions, 1824, page with drawings 9–12. St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petar_Beron_-_Bukvar_s_razlichni_pouchenija_(Riben_bukvar,_1824).pdf","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old-70-1923"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-480.6c36c5e3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-500.6c36c5e3.avif","w":500}],"dominant":"#4a3c25","h":678,"w":500,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-500.6c36c5e3.webp","w":500}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-500.6c36c5e3.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.beron-portrait","alt":"Ein Mann mit Brille und schwarzer Mütze liest ein Blatt an einem Schreibtisch mit Büchern. Unten links steht eine Armillarsphäre.","objectCaption":"Ein Mann mit Brille und schwarzer Mütze liest ein Blatt an einem Schreibtisch mit Büchern. Unten links steht eine Armillarsphäre.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Николай Павлович · Public domain (PD-Art | PD-old-auto-expired) · Nationalgalerie / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-Art | PD-old-auto-expired)","attribution":"Nikolai Pavlovich, Portrait of Dr Petar Beron, c. 1886. Posthumous portrait. National Gallery, Sofia / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Pavlovich, Portrait of Dr Petar Beron, c. 1886. Posthumous portrait. National Gallery, Sofia / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolai_Pavlovich_-_Portret_na_d-r_Petar_Beron.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Art"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"gabrovo.s2.dolphin","x":0.8,"y":0.37,"title":"Der Delfin, Nr. 12","body":"Die letzte Zeichnung im Buch. Die Bulgarische Nationalbank verbindet den Beinamen der Fibel mit den Bildern von Wal und Delfin.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-nlib-pdf"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"gabrovo.s2.whale","x":0.51,"y":0.8,"title":"Der Wal, Nr. 11","body":"Die größte Zeichnung am Ende der Fibel. Die Beschreibung der World Digital Library verbindet den Beinamen mit dem Wal.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-wdl-scan"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"gabrovo.s2.numbers","x":0.55,"y":0.22,"title":"Die Nummern","body":"Jedes Tier trägt eine Nummer. Das Buch enthält zwölf Zeichnungen; diese Seite zeigt die letzten vier.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-nlib-pdf"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Das Museum der Ersten Rumänischen Schule in Brașov bewahrt eine Druckerpresse, die mit der Fischfibel verbunden wird.","precision":"exact","id":"place.gabrovo.brasov-press","name":"Museum „Erste Rumänische Schule“, Stadtteil Șchei, Kronstadt (Druckpresse der Fischfibel)","latitude":45.635869,"longitude":25.5812131,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.mfa-brasov-2016","src.gabrovo.osm"],"short":"Kronstadt","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.brasov-press","url":"/de/map/#gabrovo.brasov-press"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":43.76133333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s2","duration":43.861,"src":"/audio/de/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s2.8decdb97.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bnb-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-wdl-scan"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-nlib-pdf"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.mfa-brasov-2016"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s3","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"Der Kaufmann aus Odessa","body":"Wasil Aprilow wurde 1789 in Gabrowo geboren. 1809 oder 1811 ließ er sich in Odessa nieder und gründete mit seinem Bruder eine Handelsfirma. 1826 zog Aprilow sein Kapital aus der Firma ab und legte es bei einer Bank an. Die Historikerin Teodoritschka Gotowska-Henze verbindet seine Hinwendung zum bulgarischen Bildungswesen ab 1831 mit dem Einfluss von Juri Wenelins Buch „Die alten und heutigen Bulgaren“.\n\nZusammen mit Nikolaj Stefanow Palauzow unterstützte Aprilow die Gründung der Schule in Gabrowo. Zu den Förderern gehörte auch Wasil Rascheew. Dem Kalender der bulgarischen Nachrichtenagentur BTA zufolge übernahm die bulgarische Bevölkerung den Unterhalt der Schule.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-480.5332e922.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-960.5332e922.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-1105.5332e922.avif","w":1105}],"dominant":"#525044","h":1600,"w":1105,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-960.5332e922.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-960.5332e922.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.aprilov-portrait","alt":"Porträt von Wasil Aprilow mit dunklem Haar, weißem Kragen und dunklem Jackett.","objectCaption":"Porträt von Wasil Aprilow mit dunklem Haar, weißem Kragen und dunklem Jackett.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Urheber · Public domain (PD-old) · Staatliche Archivagentur Bulgariens / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-old)","attribution":"Vasil Aprilov, portrait by an Unknown artist, undated. 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Januar 1835","body":"Die Schule öffnete am 2. Januar 1835. Das Datum entspricht dem alten Kalenderstil; nach dem heutigen Kalender ist es der 14. Januar. Der erste Lehrer war Neofit Rilski, ein in Bansko geborener Mönch des Rila-Klosters. Ein Jahr zuvor war er nach Bukarest gereist, um die Methode des wechselseitigen Unterrichts zu erlernen, und bereitete Lehrtafeln und Schulbücher für die neue Schule vor.\n\nHeimatkundlichen Angaben zufolge war das erste Gebäude ein altes zweistöckiges Haus neben der Dreifaltigkeitskirche. Es steht heute nicht mehr. Die Schule gilt als erste neubulgarische weltliche Schule: Unterrichtet wurde auf Bulgarisch und nicht nur anhand kirchlicher Bücher.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-480.ea737ee5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-960.ea737ee5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-1280.ea737ee5.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#302a21","h":1530,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-960.ea737ee5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-960.ea737ee5.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.neofit-rilski-photo","alt":"Schwarz-Weiß-Foto eines älteren Mönchs mit weißem Bart und schwarzer Mönchskopfbedeckung","objectCaption":"Schwarz-Weiß-Foto eines älteren Mönchs mit weißem Bart und schwarzer Mönchskopfbedeckung","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Fotograf · Public domain (PD-anon-70-EU) · Staatliche Archivagentur Bulgariens / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-anon-70-EU)","attribution":"Neofit Rilski, photograph before 1881, not from the time the school opened. 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Ihr Gebäude von 1835 ist nicht erhalten.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.first-premises","name":"Erstes Schulgebäude (1835), neben der Dreifaltigkeitskirche, Gabrowo","latitude":42.8727784,"longitude":25.3197884,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.virtual-museum","src.gabrovo.osm"],"radiusMeters":150,"short":"Gabrowo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.first-premises","url":"/de/map/#gabrovo.first-premises"},{"note":"In Bukarest erlernte Neofit Rilski die Methode des gegenseitigen Unterrichts, bevor er sie in Gabrowo anwandte.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.bucharest","name":"Bukarest","latitude":44.4361414,"longitude":26.102684,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-rila-2023","src.gabrovo.visit-bansko","src.gabrovo.osm"],"radiusMeters":5000,"short":"Bukarest","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.bucharest","url":"/de/map/#gabrovo.bucharest"},{"note":"Das Rila-Kloster verbindet Hreljos mittelalterlichen Turm mit Kirche und Wohnflügeln aus dem Wiederaufbau im 19. 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Hier wirkte Neofit Rilski als Gelehrter und Lehrer.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.rila.monastery","name":"Rila-Kloster","latitude":42.134379,"longitude":23.339551,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-rila-2023","src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024","src.gabrovo.osm","src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.rila"],"short":"Rila-Kloster","guideUrl":null,"slug":"rila.monastery","url":"/de/map/#rila.monastery"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.425375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s4","duration":35.541,"src":"/audio/de/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s4.ebe852f8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.nag-history"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.virtual-museum"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-en"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-rila-2023"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nim-seal"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.visit-bansko"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a1","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Der erste Lehrer","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Wer war 1835 der erste Lehrer der Schule in Gabrowo?","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg","src.gabrovo.nim-seal","src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa","src.gabrovo.visit-bansko","src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"],"items":[{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.neofit","label":"Neofit Rilski"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.beron","label":"Petar Beron","whyWrong":"Petar Beron stellte die Fischfibel zusammen. Zum ersten Lehrer der Schule in Gabrowo wurde 1835 Neofit Rilski ernannt."},{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.aprilov","label":"Wasil Aprilow","whyWrong":"Wasil Aprilow gehörte zu den Förderern und Organisatoren. Zum ersten Lehrer wurde Neofit Rilski ernannt."},{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.palauzov","label":"Nikolaj Stefanow Palauzow","whyWrong":"Gemeint ist der Förderer Nikolaj Stefanow Palauzow, der Onkel des zuvor erwähnten Schülers. Der erste Lehrer war Neofit Rilski."}],"explanation":"Der erste Lehrer war Neofit Rilski. Vor der Eröffnung lernte er in Bukarest die Methode des wechselseitigen Unterrichts.","correctItemId":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.neofit","sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nim-seal"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bnb-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.visit-bansko"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":5.100125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a1","duration":5.205,"src":"/audio/de/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.a1.1c619695.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nim-seal"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bnb-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.visit-bansko"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s5","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Wie der wechselseitige Unterricht funktioniert","body":"Es gab einen Lehrer und viele Kinder. Deshalb unterrichtete er die Fortgeschrittensten, die es den anderen zeigten. Die Methode ist mit den Namen Andrew Bell und Joseph Lancaster verbunden, die unterschiedliche Varianten entwickelten.\n\nDie Rekonstruktion einer Schule für wechselseitigen Unterricht in Bansko zeigt Rollen wie die der Pokaswateli und der Türhüter. Pokaswateli sind Schüler, die den anderen helfen. Die Türhüter prüfen das Erscheinungsbild der Schüler und die benötigten Materialien. Gezeigt werden auch die Stufen des Schreibens: zuerst im Sand, dann mit einem Griffel auf einer Schiefertafel und schließlich mit einer Feder auf Papier. Die Fortgeschrittensten schreiben mit Feder und Tinte auf Papier. Über dem Lehrertisch hängen in der Rekonstruktion weiße Schilder für Lob und schwarze für Tadel. 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The precise period reconstructed is not established. Photo: Mihal Orela / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Museum classroom in Gabrovo, photographed on 12 June 2006. The precise period reconstructed is not established. Photo: Mihal Orela / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_first_Bulgarian_School,_Gabrovo.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":45.51445833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s5","duration":45.611,"src":"/audio/de/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s5.71cc3ff8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.dcb-lancaster"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-bansko-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a2","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Sand, Schiefertafel, Tinte","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools","kind":"matching","prompt":"Ordnen Sie anhand der beschriebenen Rekonstruktion in Bansko jedem Gegenstand oder jeder Rolle die passende Beschreibung zu.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-bansko-2024"],"items":[{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.sand","label":"Sandkasten","pairedLabel":"Erste Stufe: Schreiben im Sand"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.slate","label":"Schiefertafel","pairedLabel":"Zweite Stufe: Schreiben mit dem Griffel"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.ink","label":"Tinte, Feder und Papier","pairedLabel":"Dritte Stufe: Schreiben auf Papier"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.monitor","label":"Pokaswatel","pairedLabel":"Ein Schüler, der den anderen hilft"}],"explanation":"In der beschriebenen Rekonstruktion führt das Schreiben vom Sand zur Schiefertafel und dann zum Papier. 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Nach den von Penka Zonewa zusammengefassten Angaben gab es Mitte der 1850er Jahre mehr als 200 Schulen für wechselseitigen Unterricht und um 1878 etwa 1 500. 1856 entstanden in Swischtow, Lom und Schumen die ersten Tschitalischta, gemeinschaftliche Lesehäuser.\n\nIn Gabrowo wurde ab 1851 ein großes neues Gebäude errichtet; 1872 wurde die Schule zum Gymnasium. 1897 wurden Aprilows sterbliche Überreste im Schulhof umgebettet. 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