{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.samuil-kleidion-1014","hasFind":true,"slug":"samuil-kleidion-1014","url":"/de/stories/samuil-kleidion-1014/","topic":"Samuil","title":"Samuil: fast vierzig Jahre Widerstand","summary":"Eine Steininschrift bewahrt die Namen einer Familie. Auf einer Münze sehen wir Basileios II., Samuils Gegner. Die Niederlage bei Kleidion beendet den Staat nicht.","cover":{"title":"Samuil: fast vierzig Jahre Widerstand","subtitle":"Samuil an den Seen und im Krieg mit Basileios II.","hook":"Wie hielt Samuil so lange stand?","summary":"Eine Steininschrift bewahrt die Namen einer Familie. Auf einer Münze sehen wir Basileios II., Samuils Gegner. Die Niederlage bei Kleidion beendet den Staat nicht.","takeaway":"Vermutlich erleichtern Festungen und die Verlegung des Zarenhofs den Widerstand. Byzanz ist zudem mit inneren Kriegen beschäftigt. Nach der Niederlage von 1014 leistet der bulgarische Staat bis 1018 Widerstand."},"sortYear":1014,"firstActivity":6,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Erstes Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"I. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Kljutsch, Prespa","date":"1014","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-480.d0246713.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-1600.d0246713.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-2400.d0246713.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#928983","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","id":"asset.sam.inscription-plate-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Historische Druckreproduktion der Platte von German mit drei Kreuzen und einer kurzen Inschrift.","objectCaption":"Familieninschrift","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Historical printed reproduction of the German slab with three crosses and a short inscription. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Historical printed reproduction of the German slab with three crosses and a short inscription. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SamuilUspenskyBGHistory.png","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s1-long-resistance","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Samuil führt Truppen an","body":"Im Jahr 971 erobern die Byzantiner Preslaw, die Hauptstadt des bulgarischen Reiches. Teile der südwestlichen Gebiete scheinen außerhalb byzantinischer Kontrolle zu bleiben. Samuil und seine Brüder führen in den folgenden Jahren den Kampf an. Von etwa 976 bis zu seinem Tod 1014 vergehen fast vierzig Jahre.\n\nDer Gegner ist Byzanz: So nennen wir das Oströmische Reich mit seiner Hauptstadt Konstantinopel. Sein Kaiser ist Basileios II. Samuil führt zunächst Truppen und wird später Zar. Wie überlebt sein Staat so lange?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-480.20032245.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-960.20032245.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-1258.20032245.avif","w":1258}],"dominant":"#8d784b","h":1580,"w":1258,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-960.20032245.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-basil-portrait-960.20032245.webp","id":"asset.sam.basil-portrait","alt":"Miniatur aus dem Psalter Basileios’ II., 11. Jahrhundert, Venedig, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. Ein Herrscherbild, keine Darstellung von Kleidion.","objectCaption":"Miniatur aus dem Psalter Basileios’ II., 11. Jahrhundert, Venedig, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. Ein Herrscherbild, keine Darstellung von Kleidion.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter mittelalterlicher Künstler · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown medieval artist / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Miniature from the Psalter of Basil II, eleventh century, Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. An image of authority, not a depiction of Kleidion. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown medieval artist / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Miniature from the Psalter of Basil II, eleventh century, Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr.Z.17, fol.3r. An image of authority, not a depiction of Kleidion. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BasilII.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.49266666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.s1-long-resistance","duration":29.611,"src":"/audio/de/samuil-kleidion-1014/s1-long-resistance.3b626bc7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-samuel"},{"id":"src.sam.naim-catalogue"},{"id":"src.sam.media.basil-portrait"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s2-lake-centres","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Paläste an zwei Seen","body":"Betrachte Ohrid und Prespa, die beiden Zentren an den Seen. In Ohrid gibt es Zarenpaläste und eine Schatzkammer, einen Ort für die Reichtümer der Herrscher. Die Festung liegt auf einem Hügel. Auch Prespa ist eine Zarenresidenz, also ein Ort, an dem der Herrscher lebt und regiert. Dort steht die große Kirche des heiligen Achillios.\n\nZum Zarenhof gehören der Herrscher und die Menschen, die ihm beim Regieren helfen. Vermutlich können sie bei Gefahr zwischen diesen Zentren wechseln.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-480.ba55119c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-1600.ba55119c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#5a5b5a","h":904,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-ohrid-960.ba55119c.webp","id":"asset.sam.ohrid","alt":"Heutige Abendansicht der Festungsanlagen mit Beleuchtung und einer modernen Flagge. Sie rekonstruiert nicht deren Aussehen zur Zeit Samuels.","objectCaption":"Heutige Abendansicht der Festungsanlagen mit Beleuchtung und einer modernen Flagge. Sie rekonstruiert nicht deren Aussehen zur Zeit Samuels.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Petar Milošević / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern evening view of the fortifications, with lighting and a modern flag. It does not reconstruct their appearance under Samuil. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Petar Milošević / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern evening view of the fortifications, with lighting and a modern flag. It does not reconstruct their appearance under Samuil. 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CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern photograph of the basilica remains: walls, arches and sanctuary without a surviving complete roof. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"StanTravels / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern photograph of the basilica remains: walls, arches and sanctuary without a surviving complete roof. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Basilica_from_the_church_entrance.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet der Festung von Ohrid, keine genaue Lage mittelalterlicher Paläste und der Schatzkammer.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.sam.ohrid","name":"Ohrid – Festungshügel","latitude":41.115,"longitude":20.791,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":800,"sourceIds":["src.sam.coords.ohrid","src.sam.komatina","src.sam.petrov"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"sam.ohrid","url":"/de/map/#sam.ohrid"},{"note":"Die Insel im Kleinen Prespasee, nicht die gesamte historische Hauptstadt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.sam.prespa","name":"Prespa – Insel Agios 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Kreuze und Familiennamen","body":"Auf dem Stein sind drei Kreuze zu sehen. Samuil gibt die kurze Inschrift daneben zum Gedenken an verstorbene Angehörige in Auftrag: seinen Vater Nikola, seine Mutter Ripsimija und seinen Bruder Dawid. Die Inschrift stammt aus den Jahren 992–993. Sie wurde im Dorf German nahe Prespa gefunden.\n\nWir betrachten eine 1899 gedruckte Abbildung der Platte. Die Platte selbst ist ein Zeugnis aus Samuils Zeit.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-480.65e2ed23.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-1600.65e2ed23.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-2400.65e2ed23.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#a7a7a7","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-inscription-plate-960.65e2ed23.webp","id":"asset.sam.inscription-plate","alt":"Historische Druckreproduktion der Platte von German mit drei Kreuzen und einer kurzen Inschrift.","objectCaption":"Familieninschrift","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Fyodor Uspensky / Wikimedia Commons. 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Ob jedes Kreuz einem bestimmten Angehörigen zugeordnet ist, wissen wir nicht.","sourceIds":["src.sam.media.inscription-plate"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sam-writing","x":0.78,"y":0.75,"title":"Kurze Inschrift","body":"Der Text erinnert an Nikola, Ripsimia und David. Der Punkt markiert das Textfeld, keinen einzelnen Namen.","sourceIds":["src.sam.komatina","src.sam.pmbz-samuel"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Das Dorf am Prespasee, in dem die Familieninschrift gefunden wurde. Die Markierung ist ungefähr und zeigt nicht die genaue Fundstelle.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.sam.german","name":"German – Agios Germanos","latitude":40.839256,"longitude":21.158974,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.sam.coords.german","src.sam.komatina"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"sam.german","url":"/de/map/#sam.german"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.512,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.s3-family-stone","duration":24.619,"src":"/audio/de/samuil-kleidion-1014/s3-family-stone.9d941045.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.komatina"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-samuel"},{"id":"src.sam.naim-exhibition"},{"id":"src.sam.media.inscription-plate"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s4-coin-and-war","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Zwei Kaiser auf einer Münze","body":"Auf der Goldmünze sind Basileios II. und Konstantin VIII. dargestellt. Beide sind Kaiser. Zwischen ihnen steht ein Kreuz. Es ist ein kleiner Gegenstand aus dem gegnerischen Staat, keine bulgarische Münze Samuils.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-480.d55e5ff7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-960.d55e5ff7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-1600.d55e5ff7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#d7b775","h":1131,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-960.d55e5ff7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-coin-960.d55e5ff7.webp","id":"asset.sam.coin","alt":"Beide Seiten einer Goldmünze, um 1005–1025. Links Christus, rechts die beiden Kaiser mit einem Kreuz.","objectCaption":"Beide Seiten einer Goldmünze, um 1005–1025. 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Das Foto zeigt beide Seiten eines Gegenstands.","sourceIds":["src.sam.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":12.356333333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.s4-coin-and-war","duration":12.459,"src":"/audio/de/samuil-kleidion-1014/s4-coin-and-war.e08bf4b8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.media.coin"},{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-samuel"},{"id":"src.sam.stephenson2008"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s7-basil-in-pass","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Basileios’ Heer im Pass","body":"Der Krieg bringt beiden Seiten Siege und Niederlagen. Im Jahr 986 schlagen die Bulgaren Basileios’ Heer am Trajanstor. Ein Gebirgspass ist ein schmaler Weg zwischen Höhen. Ein solcher Ort kann einem großen Heer Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Später nehmen die Byzantiner Festungen und Städte ein. 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Der byzantinische Feldherr Nikephoros Xiphias umgeht die Verteidigung. Seine Soldaten greifen die Bulgaren von hinten an. Das bulgarische Heer wird geschlagen; als Datum wird gewöhnlich der 29. Juli genannt.\n\nEinem späteren Bericht zufolge befiehlt Basileios, gefangene Soldaten zu blenden. Wir wissen nicht mit Sicherheit, wie viele Menschen betroffen sind und ob sich alles so zugetragen hat. Demselben späteren Bericht zufolge hilft sein Sohn Gawril Radomir Samuil bei der Flucht.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-480.9934324e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-1600.9934324e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#798a86","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-belasitsa-960.9934324e.webp","id":"asset.sam.belasitsa","alt":"Heutige Landschaftsansicht des Gebirges vom Kerkini-See aus. Sie zeigt weder das Schlachtfeld noch den genauen Weg der Umgehung.","objectCaption":"Heutige Landschaftsansicht des Gebirges vom Kerkini-See aus. Sie zeigt weder das Schlachtfeld noch den genauen Weg der Umgehung.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Anton Lefterov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Anton Lefterov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern landscape of the mountains seen from Kerkini. It does not show the battlefield or the exact flanking route. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anton Lefterov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern landscape of the mountains seen from Kerkini. It does not show the battlefield or the exact flanking route. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Belasica_mountain_range_from_Lake_Kerkini.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Ungefähres Gebiet, nicht die genaue Lage der Sperranlage.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.sam.kleidion","name":"Kleidion – Gebiet um Klutsch","latitude":41.36222222222222,"longitude":23.0175,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.sam.coords.kleidion","src.sam.ziemann"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"sam.kleidion","url":"/de/map/#sam.kleidion"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.431541666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.s5-kleidion","duration":31.531,"src":"/audio/de/samuil-kleidion-1014/s5-kleidion.64187d42.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.naim-catalogue"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-xiphias"},{"id":"src.sam.lykaki"},{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.stephenson2000"},{"id":"src.sam.stephenson2008"},{"id":"src.sam.skylitzes"},{"id":"src.sam.media.belasitsa"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.a2-timeline","number":8,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Zeitlich ordnen","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.sam.story-timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordne die Ereignisse, beginnend mit dem frühesten.","sourceIds":["src.sam.ziemann","src.sam.komatina"],"items":[{"id":"ev-gates","label":"Sieg am Trajanstor"},{"id":"ev-stone","label":"Die Familieninschrift"},{"id":"ev-kleidion","label":"Niederlage bei Kleidion"}],"explanation":"Der Sieg von 986 liegt vor der Inschrift, die Schlacht von 1014 danach.","correctOrderIds":["ev-gates","ev-stone","ev-kleidion"],"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.komatina"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3005833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.a2-timeline","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/de/samuil-kleidion-1014/a2-timeline.af8a3175.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.ziemann"},{"id":"src.sam.komatina"}]},{"id":"samuil-kleidion-1014.s6-after-samuil","number":9,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die Nachfolger setzen den Krieg fort","body":"Samuil stirbt im Herbst 1014. Der Krieg geht weiter. Nach Samuil regiert sein Sohn Gawril Radomir. Dann tötet ihn sein Cousin Iwan Wladislaw und besteigt den Thron.\n\nIwan Wladislaw fällt 1018 bei einem Angriff auf die Stadt Dyrrachion. Danach erkennen viele bulgarische Feldherren Basileios’ Herrschaft an. Das Erste Bulgarische Reich verliert seine Unabhängigkeit. Eine verlorene Schlacht und das Ende des Staates sind verschiedene Ereignisse.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-480.389b093b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-1600.389b093b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#605c5a","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-960.389b093b.webp","id":"asset.sam.bitola","alt":"Die Inschrift von Bitola auf einer Platte in zwei großen Teilen, in einer Museumsvitrine. Sie wird gewöhnlich mit Iwan Wladislaw verbunden.","objectCaption":"Die Inschrift von Bitola auf einer Platte in zwei großen Teilen, in einer Museumsvitrine. Sie wird gewöhnlich mit Iwan Wladislaw verbunden.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Протогер · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Протогер / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. The Bitola inscription on a slab in two large pieces, in a museum case. Usually associated with Ivan Vladislav. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Протогер / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. The Bitola inscription on a slab in two large pieces, in a museum case. Usually associated with Ivan Vladislav. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bitola_Inscription,_Museum_of_Bitola.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-480.160c97f6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-960.160c97f6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-1600.160c97f6.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c4bb92","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-960.160c97f6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sam-bitola-copy-960.160c97f6.webp","id":"asset.sam.bitola-copy","alt":"Museumskopie der Inschrift von Bitola aus Marmor in Sofia; sie ist nicht die Originalplatte.","objectCaption":"Museumskopie der Inschrift von Bitola aus Marmor in Sofia; sie ist nicht die Originalplatte.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum copy of the Bitola inscription. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum copy of the Bitola inscription. 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Die Münze zeigt zwei byzantinische Kaiser. Xiphias ist der Feldherr, der das Umgehungsmanöver ausführt.","sources":[{"id":"src.sam.komatina"},{"id":"src.sam.media.coin"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-xiphias"}],"columns":["Person","Rolle"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.26575,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.samuil-kleidion-1014.samuil-kleidion-1014.a3-matching","duration":3.371,"src":"/audio/de/samuil-kleidion-1014/a3-matching.ae78f914.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sam.komatina"},{"id":"src.sam.media.coin"},{"id":"src.sam.pmbz-xiphias"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2023,"url":"https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2023/0584-98882302789K.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Predrag Komatina","id":"src.sam.komatina","title":"The Diocesan Structure of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in the Charters of Basil II: Historical Development until the Early 11th Century","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","container":"Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta","volume":"60","issue":"2","pages":"789–821","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI2360789K","authors":["Predrag Komatina"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/byzantion/n39/0718-8471-byzantion-39-00229.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Marilia Lykaki","id":"src.sam.lykaki","title":"The Byzantine masculinity at war: An approach on the manliness of the army in the Middle Byzantine Era","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","container":"Byzantion Nea Hellás","issue":"39","pages":"229–253","authors":["Marilia Lykaki"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BasilII.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unknown medieval artist","id":"src.sam.media.basil-portrait","title":"File:BasilII.jpg","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","container":"Wikimedia Commons; 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