{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.serdica-roman-sofia","hasFind":true,"slug":"serdica-roman-sofia","url":"/de/stories/serdica-roman-sofia/","topic":"Serdica","title":"Eine Straße unter der Metro","summary":"Erhaltene Straßen und Ziegelstützen zeigen römische Bau- und Heizmethoden. Ein kaiserlicher Erlass und eine spätere Überlieferung berichten Unterschiedliches über die Herrscher.","cover":{"title":"Eine Straße unter der Metro","subtitle":"Serdica, das römische Sofia","hook":"Warum liegt eine römische Straße an der Metro?","summary":"Erhaltene Straßen und Ziegelstützen zeigen römische Bau- und Heizmethoden. Ein kaiserlicher Erlass und eine spätere Überlieferung berichten Unterschiedliches über die Herrscher.","takeaway":"Der Steinweg, der alte Text und die späte Überlieferung sind unterschiedliche Spuren. Jede sagt uns etwas, aber nicht alles."},"sortYear":311,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Antike: Thraker, Griechen, Römer","dateLabel":"1. Jt. v. Chr. – 6. Jh. n. Chr.","eraShort":"Antike","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Sofia","date":"1.–4. Jh.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-480.6c3193f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-1223.6c3193f1.avif","w":1223}],"dominant":"#69543f","h":2180,"w":1223,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Bronzekopf, als Konstantin präsentiert, MC1072, Kapitolinische Museen in Rom. Er ist nicht als Fund aus Serdica bekannt. Der Hals wurde später ergänzt.","objectCaption":"Bronzekopf","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (Fotografie, 2006); antiker Bildhauer unbekannt · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"},"scenes":[{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Unter den Füßen der Fahrgäste","body":"Die Fotos zeigen erhaltene Reste des römischen Serdica. Neben den modernen Passagen liegen Steinpflaster und Mauerreste. Das ist Serdica, die römische Stadt unter der heutigen. Beim Bau der zweiten Metrolinie untersuchten Archäologen den Bereich unter dem Boulevard „Knäginja Maria Luisa“. Die Arbeiten dort dauerten von 2010 bis 2012.\n\nUnter dem Platz „Nesawissimost“ liegt der Bereich, der Largo genannt wird. Dort ist ein Teil einer Straße zwischen dem Ost- und dem Westtor zu sehen. An ihr lagen Geschäfte für Lebensmittel und andere Waren.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-480.a73e0e35.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-1600.a73e0e35.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#463c33","h":324,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","id":"asset.serd.eastern-gate","alt":"Archäologische Überreste in der modernen Unterführung an der Station Serdika; auch moderne Eingriffe sind sichtbar.","objectCaption":"Archäologische Überreste in der modernen Unterführung an der Station Serdika; auch moderne Eingriffe sind sichtbar.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_-_The_Eastern_Gate_of_Serdica_Fortress_at_the_Serdika_Metro_Station_(Panorama).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-480.b804bf4d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-1600.b804bf4d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#4b5a57","h":1199,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","id":"asset.serd.largo","alt":"Archäologische Stätte heute. Der breite Boden unten ist modern; altes Mauerwerk ist im Hintergrund ausgestellt.","objectCaption":"Archäologische Stätte heute. Der breite Boden unten ist modern; altes Mauerwerk ist im Hintergrund ausgestellt.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für die heutige Stätte. Die Zone zeigt keine antiken Grenzen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Das Largo – unter dem Platz der Unabhängigkeit","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/de/map/#serd.largo"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.960166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","duration":28.075,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/s1-under-the-metro.09223f6c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.complex"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s2-name-and-streets","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Zwei Straßen zwischen den Toren","body":"Im 1. Jahrhundert entstand hier die römische Stadt Serdica. Zwei Hauptstraßen verbanden die Stadttore. Der Cardo maximus war die Hauptstraße von Norden nach Süden. Der Decumanus maximus war die Hauptstraße von Osten nach Westen.\n\nAuf der Karte siehst du den Largo und die nahe gelegene Rundkirche des heiligen Georg. Ein solches rundes Gebäude nennt man Rotunde.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für die heutige Stätte. Die Zone zeigt keine antiken Grenzen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Das Largo – unter dem Platz der Unabhängigkeit","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/de/map/#serd.largo"},{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für die heutige Stätte. Die Zone zeigt keine antiken Grenzen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunde des heiligen Georg","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/de/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für die heutige Stätte. 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ist der Boden geblieben?","body":"Neben der Rotunde stehen niedrige Ziegelstützen in Reihen. Sie waren keine kleinen Sitzplätze. Sie trugen den Boden eines Raumes. Darunter blieb Platz für warme Luft. So wurde der Raum von unten beheizt. Das System heißt Hypokaust.\n\nAuf dem Foto fehlt der obere Boden inzwischen und die Stützen sind sichtbar. An ihnen können wir erkennen, wie die Heizung funktionierte. Dazu müssen wir die Menschen nicht kennen, die den Raum nutzten.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-480.f4def431.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-1600.f4def431.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7e7571","h":1284,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-excavations","alt":"Ziegelstützen neben der Rotunde, die als Teil einer Fußbodenheizung gedeutet werden. Der obere Boden fehlt.","objectCaption":"Ziegelstützen neben der Rotunde, die als Teil einer Fußbodenheizung gedeutet werden. Der obere Boden fehlt.","caption":"Ziegelstützen neben der Rotunde, die als Teil einer Fußbodenheizung gedeutet werden. Der obere Boden fehlt.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Bjoertvedt · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Excavations_Church_St_Georg_Rotunda_IMG_0612.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-serd-support","x":0.45,"y":0.55,"title":"Ziegelstütze","body":"Solche Stützen trugen den oberen Boden. Er fehlt heute.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-gap","x":0.51,"y":0.47,"title":"Raum unter dem Boden","body":"Zwischen den Stützen blieb Platz für warme Luft. Dies ist Teil des Hypokausts.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-wall","x":0.08,"y":0.43,"title":"Dicke Mauer","body":"Auf dem Foto sind Reihen aus Ziegeln und Steinen zu erkennen. Die Aufnahme allein datiert nicht jede Reparatur.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für die heutige Stätte. Die Zone zeigt keine antiken Grenzen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunde des heiligen Georg","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/de/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":20.796791666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s3-warm-floor","duration":20.907,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/s3-warm-floor.1e690341.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Wärme unter den Füßen","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.hypocaust","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Wozu dienten die niedrigen Ziegelstützen?","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"items":[{"id":"opt-seats","label":"Als Sitzplätze an der Straße.","whyWrong":"Die Stützen befanden sich unter dem Boden und waren keine zugänglichen Sitzplätze."},{"id":"opt-floor","label":"Für einen Boden, unter dem warme Luft strömt."},{"id":"opt-writing","label":"Zum Aufschreiben kaiserlicher Anordnungen.","whyWrong":"Die Geschichte zeigt eine Heizung, keine Inschrift."}],"explanation":"Die Stützen hielten den Boden über dem Raum für warme Luft. Das ist ein Hypokaust.","correctItemId":"opt-floor","sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.68525,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","duration":2.773,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/a1-hypocaust.c5b54902.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Galerius erlaubt christliche Versammlungen","body":"Im Jahr 311 erlaubte Kaiser Galerius den Christen, ihren Glauben wieder auszuüben. Er erlaubte ihnen auch, sich zu versammeln. Die Anordnung wird Edikt genannt. Bedingung war, dass sie die Ordnung wahrten und für den Herrscher und den Staat beteten.\n\nDas Dokument ist auch als „Edikt von Serdica“ bekannt. Der erhaltene Bericht nennt jedoch einen anderen Ort: Nikomedia. Dort wurde die Anordnung am 30. April 311 öffentlich verkündet. Wo sie verfasst wurde, bleibt ungewiss.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-480.a0fbec0c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-1600.a0fbec0c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#888c98","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-obverse","alt":"Das Profil des Galerius laut Beschreibung des Fotografen; eine Münze aus Kyzikos, nicht das Edikt selbst und kein gesicherter Fund aus Sofia.","objectCaption":"Das Profil des Galerius laut Beschreibung des Fotografen; eine Münze aus Kyzikos, nicht das Edikt selbst und kein gesicherter Fund aus Sofia.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Obverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-480.9e5b5e27.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-1600.9e5b5e27.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#868a96","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-reverse","alt":"Münzrückseite mit stehender Figur. Derselbe Münztyp wie auf der Aufnahme mit Galerius; kein Dokument des Edikts.","objectCaption":"Münzrückseite mit stehender Figur. Derselbe Münztyp wie auf der Aufnahme mit Galerius; kein Dokument des Edikts.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Reverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.60333333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","duration":25.728,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/s4-edict.21993003.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.dimitrov2017"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Konstantin und sein „Rom“","body":"Auch Konstantin hielt sich in Serdica auf. Ihm werden die Worte „Serdica ist mein Rom“ zugeschrieben.\n\nDer Ausspruch ist in einem späteren Bericht erhalten, nicht in einer Aufzeichnung des Gesprächs selbst. Deshalb stellen wir ihn als Überlieferung vor. Es sind Worte über die Vergangenheit, die weitergegeben wurden und deren Genauigkeit wir nicht bestätigen können.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-480.530ad4f8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-1062.530ad4f8.avif","w":1062}],"dominant":"#9a9080","h":1600,"w":1062,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head","alt":"Bronzekopf, als Konstantin präsentiert, MC1072, Kapitolinische Museen in Rom. Er ist nicht als Fund aus Serdica bekannt. Der Hals wurde später ergänzt.","objectCaption":"Bronzekopf","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (Fotografie, 2006); antiker Bildhauer unbekannt · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":17.743375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","duration":17.835,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/s5-my-rome.d4c8499c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline-provenance"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Ordne die Spuren","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordne die Ereignisse, beginnend mit dem frühesten.","sourceIds":["src.serd.antiquity","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.complex"],"items":[{"id":"ev-town","label":"Die römische Stadt entsteht"},{"id":"ev-edict","label":"Das Edikt des Galerius"},{"id":"ev-metro","label":"Ausgrabungen für die zweite Metrolinie"}],"explanation":"Die römische Stadt entstand im 1. Jahrhundert. Es folgen das Edikt von 311 und die Ausgrabungen von 2010 bis 2012.","correctOrderIds":["ev-town","ev-edict","ev-metro"],"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3005833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/a2-timeline.0a4c34e9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"Das runde Gebäude bleibt","body":"Im Hof des Präsidentenamts steht die Kirche des heiligen Georg. Die Stadtverwaltung datiert das runde Gebäude auf den Anfang des 4. Jahrhunderts. Es wird angenommen, dass es in frühchristlicher Zeit als Baptisterium diente. Das ist ein Ort für die christliche Taufe.\n\nNach einer Deutung war die Rotunde selbst ursprünglich ein heißer Raum in einem römischen Bad. Ihre ursprüngliche Bestimmung kennen wir nicht mit Sicherheit.\n\nSieh dir die runde Ziegelmauer und die Ruinen davor an. Das heutige Dach und die großen Gebäude ringsum gehören zur späteren Geschichte.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-480.119086ed.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-1600.119086ed.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#766b5d","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda","alt":"Runde Ziegelkirche zwischen jüngeren Gebäuden und archäologischen Überresten; heutige Ansicht.","objectCaption":"Runde Ziegelkirche zwischen jüngeren Gebäuden und archäologischen Überresten; heutige Ansicht.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_Sveti_Georgi%2C_Sofia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-480.eece903c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-1600.eece903c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#806459","h":1594,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-detail","alt":"Detail des heutigen Ziegelmauerwerks der Rotunde. Die Aufnahme datiert nicht jede Reparatur.","objectCaption":"Detail des heutigen Ziegelmauerwerks der Rotunde. Die Aufnahme datiert nicht jede Reparatur.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StGeorgi-Rotundata-Sofia30.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-480.6bab5c3b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-1600.6bab5c3b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f7d6f","h":1536,"w":2048,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","id":"asset.serd.fortress","alt":"Ziegelbogen und Steinelemente in einer Unterführung. Nicht alle sichtbaren Elemente sind unberührtes antikes Mauerwerk.","objectCaption":"Ziegelbogen und Steinelemente in einer Unterführung. Nicht alle sichtbaren Elemente sind unberührtes antikes Mauerwerk.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. 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So sieht das Gebäude heute aus.","sourceIds":["src.serd.municipality-rotunda","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-bricks","x":0.53,"y":0.51,"title":"Ziegel","body":"Reihen roter Ziegel sind zu sehen. Das Foto belegt nicht, dass jede Reihe aus dem 4. Jahrhundert stammt.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-neighbours","x":0.35,"y":0.68,"title":"Überreste vor der Kirche","body":"Die Rotunde gehört zu einem größeren archäologischen Komplex. Nicht jede Mauer wird als Palast bezeichnet.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.desena2014","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt für die heutige Stätte. Die Zone zeigt keine antiken Grenzen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunde des heiligen Georg","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/de/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/de/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.658291666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","duration":27.776,"src":"/audio/de/serdica-roman-sofia/s6-rotunda.b2db8b73.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"},{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Was bedeutet was?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Verbinde jedes Wort oder jeden Ausspruch mit seiner Bedeutung in der Geschichte.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.desena2014","src.serd.municipality-rotunda"],"items":[{"id":"m-heat","label":"Hypokaust","pairedLabel":"Heizung unter dem Boden"},{"id":"m-edict","label":"Edikt","pairedLabel":"Kaiserliche Anordnung"},{"id":"m-tradition","label":"„Serdica ist mein Rom“","pairedLabel":"Ein spät überlieferter Ausspruch"},{"id":"m-rotunda","label":"Rotunde","pairedLabel":"Rundes Gebäude"}],"explanation":"Die Ziegelstützen gehören zu einer Heizung. Das Edikt ist eine Anordnung. Der Ausspruch wird Konstantin in einem späten Text zugeschrieben. 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