{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.simeon-golden-age","hasFind":true,"slug":"simeon-golden-age","url":"/de/stories/simeon-golden-age/","topic":"Simeon und das Goldene Zeitalter","title":"Simeon: Bücher und Macht","summary":"Der Mönch Simeon wird Herrscher. Die Geschichte führt nach Preslaw, zur Schlacht am Acheloos und zu den Büchern von Johannes Exarch und Konstantin von Preslaw.","cover":{"title":"Simeon: Bücher und Macht","subtitle":"Der Schüler aus Konstantinopel und das „Goldene Zeitalter“","hook":"Wie wird der Mönch Simeon zum Herrscher?","summary":"Der Mönch Simeon wird Herrscher. Die Geschichte führt nach Preslaw, zur Schlacht am Acheloos und zu den Büchern von Johannes Exarch und Konstantin von Preslaw.","takeaway":"Simeon führt Kriege und fördert die Entstehung von Büchern. Historiker nennen die kulturelle Blüte unter ihm das „Goldene Zeitalter“."},"sortYear":893,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Erstes Bulgarisches Reich","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"I. Bulgar. Reich","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Preslaw","date":"893–927","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-cutout-480.5fe2a637.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-cutout-960.5fe2a637.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-cutout-1600.5fe2a637.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#867460","h":1255,"w":2162,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-cutout-960.5fe2a637.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-cutout-960.5fe2a637.webp","id":"asset.sim.hexameron-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Aufgeschlagenes Buch mit einer schreibenden Figur links und einer roten Überschrift unter zwei Vögeln rechts. Laut Commons eine spätere Abschrift.","objectCaption":"Abschrift des Hexaemerons","caption":"Commons beschreibt die Handschrift als russische Abschrift des „Hexameron“ aus dem 15. Jahrhundert aus der Russischen Staatsbibliothek. Die genaue Signatur wurde nicht überprüft.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Shakko · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Shakko. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Shakko. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_of_Bulgaria%27s_hexameron_(Moscow,_15th_c.,_RGB)_by_shakko.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"simeon-golden-age.s1-monk-prince","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Der Mönch wird Herrscher","body":"Simeon studiert in Konstantinopel, der Hauptstadt des benachbarten Byzantinischen Reiches. Sein Vater ist der bulgarische Herrscher Boris-Michael. Der junge Simeon studiert griechische Bücher. Er wird Mönch und verspricht, den Regeln des Klosterlebens zu folgen.\n\n893 wird sein Bruder Wladimir entmachtet. Simeon wird Herrscher Bulgariens. Er tauscht das Klosterleben gegen die Regierung eines Staates.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-480.4aa4967b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-960.4aa4967b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-1600.4aa4967b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#86877c","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-960.4aa4967b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-960.4aa4967b.webp","id":"asset.sim.walls","alt":"Heutige Aufnahme eines restaurierten Mauerabschnitts in Istanbul. Es ist nicht der genaue Ort des Treffens von 913.","objectCaption":"Heutige Aufnahme eines restaurierten Mauerabschnitts in Istanbul. Es ist nicht der genaue Ort des Treffens von 913.","caption":"Heutige Aufnahme eines restaurierten Mauerabschnitts in Istanbul. Es ist nicht der genaue Ort des Treffens von 913.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"en:User:Bigdaddy1204 · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"en:User:Bigdaddy1204. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"en:User:Bigdaddy1204. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. 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Unter Simeon wächst die Stadt zu einem Zentrum der Regierung und der Buchproduktion heran.\n\nIm Südosten liegt Konstantinopel, das heutige Istanbul. Es ist die Hauptstadt des Nachbarreiches. Suchen Sie an der Schwarzmeerküste auch den Fluss Acheloos. Die Punkte zeigen Orte, keine Grenzen der damaligen Staaten.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-480.8ff4c52a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-960.8ff4c52a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-1600.8ff4c52a.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#828184","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-960.8ff4c52a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-960.8ff4c52a.webp","id":"asset.sim.palace","alt":"Der Palastkomplex in Preslaw heute. Erhaltene und konservierte Überreste; sie zeigen den Palast nicht in seiner ursprünglichen Höhe.","objectCaption":"Der Palastkomplex in Preslaw heute. Erhaltene und konservierte Überreste; sie zeigen den Palast nicht in seiner ursprünglichen Höhe.","caption":"Der Palastkomplex in Preslaw heute. Erhaltene und konservierte Überreste; sie zeigen den Palast nicht in seiner ursprünglichen Höhe.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Камен Ханджиев · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Камен Ханджиев. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Камен Ханджиев. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. 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Bleisiegel","body":"Dies ist ein Bleisiegel. Solche Gegenstände beglaubigen Dokumente. Der Katalog schreibt es Simeon zu. Die beiden Seiten zeigen Christus und die Gottesmutter, die Mutter Jesu. Simeon will einen Kaisertitel, den Titel eines Herrschers über ein Reich.\n\n913 verhandelt er bei Konstantinopel mit Patriarch Nikolaos Mystikos, einem hohen Kirchenführer. Ein alter Bericht beschreibt ein Gebet und eine Kopfbedeckung auf seinem Haupt. War dies eine Krönung oder ein Segen? Manche Historiker sehen darin eine Krönung, andere einen kirchlichen Segen. Simeon will den Titel des byzantinischen Kaisers. Das bedeutet nicht, dass der byzantinische Hof ihn ihm zuerkennt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-seal-480.e231e79f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-seal-500.e231e79f.avif","w":500}],"dominant":"#9b8f84","h":239,"w":500,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-seal-500.e231e79f.webp","w":500}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-seal-500.e231e79f.webp","id":"asset.sim.seal","alt":"Bleisiegel, das im Katalog von CNG Simeon I. zugeschrieben wird. Links ist Christus, rechts die Gottesmutter. Es ist keine Münze.","objectCaption":"Bleisiegel, das im Katalog von CNG Simeon I. zugeschrieben wird. Links ist Christus, rechts die Gottesmutter. Es ist keine Münze.","caption":"Bleisiegel, das im Katalog von CNG Simeon I. zugeschrieben wird. Links ist Christus, rechts die Gottesmutter. Es ist keine Münze.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. 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Das Gesicht ist kein Porträt Simeons.","sourceIds":["src.sim.cng.seal","src.sim.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sim-letters","x":0.25,"y":0.11,"title":"Buchstaben am Rand","body":"Am Rand steht eine Inschrift. Auf diesem kleinen Foto ist nicht jeder Buchstabe zu erkennen.","sourceIds":["src.sim.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.03216666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.simeon-golden-age.simeon-golden-age.s3-seal-and-title","duration":34.133,"src":"/audio/de/simeon-golden-age/s3-seal-and-title.61854eed.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.loud1978"},{"id":"src.sim.mladjov2015"},{"id":"src.sim.leszka2018"},{"id":"src.sim.cng.seal"},{"id":"src.sim.image.seal"},{"id":"src.sim.preslav.seals"}]},{"id":"simeon-golden-age.s4-achelous","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sieg am Fluss","body":"Am 20. August 917 kämpfen das bulgarische und das byzantinische Heer am Acheloos. Der Ort liegt an der Schwarzmeerküste. Das byzantinische Heer unter Leon Phokas erleidet eine schwere Niederlage.\n\nFür Simeon ist dies ein wichtiger Sieg gegen das Nachbarreich. Der Sieg entscheidet jedoch nicht den Streit um seinen Titel. Die gezeigten Mauern sind restaurierte Überreste im heutigen Istanbul. Sie zeigen uns die Hauptstadt, die Simeon nicht einnimmt. Der Kampf wird auch durch Verhandlungen fortgesetzt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-480.4aa4967b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-960.4aa4967b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-1600.4aa4967b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#86877c","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-960.4aa4967b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-walls-960.4aa4967b.webp","id":"asset.sim.walls","alt":"Heutige Aufnahme eines restaurierten Mauerabschnitts in Istanbul. Es ist nicht der genaue Ort des Treffens von 913.","objectCaption":"Heutige Aufnahme eines restaurierten Mauerabschnitts in Istanbul. Es ist nicht der genaue Ort des Treffens von 913.","caption":"Heutige Aufnahme eines restaurierten Mauerabschnitts in Istanbul. Es ist nicht der genaue Ort des Treffens von 913.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"en:User:Bigdaddy1204 · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"en:User:Bigdaddy1204. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"en:User:Bigdaddy1204. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Orientierungspunkt an der Flussmündung. Das Gebiet zeigt weder ein nachgewiesenes Schlachtfeld noch Truppenbewegungen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.sim.achelous","name":"Gebiet am Fluss Acheloos","latitude":42.634444444444,"longitude":27.640277777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.sim.coordinates.achelous","src.sim.paron2021"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"sim.achelous","url":"/de/map/#sim.achelous"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.868833333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.simeon-golden-age.simeon-golden-age.s4-achelous","duration":26.965,"src":"/audio/de/simeon-golden-age/s4-achelous.a6ef9a65.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.paron2021"},{"id":"src.sim.leszka2018"},{"id":"src.sim.coordinates.achelous"}]},{"id":"simeon-golden-age.a1-ceremony","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Was bleibt umstritten?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.sim.ceremony","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Worüber streiten Historiker im Zusammenhang mit dem Treffen von 913?","sourceIds":["src.sim.loud1978","src.sim.mladjov2015","src.sim.leszka2011","src.sim.cng.seal"],"items":[{"id":"opt-meaning","label":"Ob die Zeremonie eine Krönung oder einen Segen bedeutete"},{"id":"opt-river","label":"Ob Simeon am Acheloos studierte","whyWrong":"Simeon studierte in Konstantinopel; darum geht es bei dem Streit über die Zeremonie nicht."},{"id":"opt-coin","label":"Ob der gezeigte Gegenstand eine Münze ist","whyWrong":"Der Gegenstand wird im Katalog als Siegel beschrieben; hier geht es um das Treffen."}],"explanation":"Wir kennen das Treffen aus alten Berichten. Historiker verstehen die Zeremonie jedoch unterschiedlich: als Krönung oder als kirchlichen Segen. Ihre Bedeutung bleibt daher umstritten.","correctItemId":"opt-meaning","sources":[{"id":"src.sim.loud1978"},{"id":"src.sim.mladjov2015"},{"id":"src.sim.leszka2011"},{"id":"src.sim.cng.seal"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":5.1117083333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.simeon-golden-age.simeon-golden-age.a1-ceremony","duration":5.205,"src":"/audio/de/simeon-golden-age/a1-ceremony.b8f0e0f9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.loud1978"},{"id":"src.sim.mladjov2015"},{"id":"src.sim.leszka2011"},{"id":"src.sim.cng.seal"}]},{"id":"simeon-golden-age.s5-books","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Ein Buch wird abgeschrieben","body":"Laut der Beschreibung auf Commons sehen wir eine russische Abschrift des „Hexameron“ aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Eine Abschrift ist eine handgefertigte Kopie. Das Buch entstand viel später als Simeons Zeit.\n\nIm „Hexameron“ erklärt Johannes Exarch den biblischen Bericht über die Erschaffung der Welt. Er verbindet griechische Schriften mit eigenem Text. Konstantin von Preslaw stellt das „Lehrevangelium“ mit Unterweisungen zu den Erzählungen über Jesus Christus zusammen. Er verwendet griechische Auslegungen und ergänzt eigene Ansprachen und Erklärungen.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-480.9fc726f0.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-960.9fc726f0.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-1600.9fc726f0.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-2400.9fc726f0.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#5e5549","h":1398,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-960.9fc726f0.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-hexameron-960.9fc726f0.webp","id":"asset.sim.hexameron","alt":"Aufgeschlagenes Buch mit einer schreibenden Figur links und einer roten Überschrift unter zwei Vögeln rechts. Laut Commons eine spätere Abschrift.","objectCaption":"Abschrift des Hexaemerons","caption":"Commons beschreibt die Handschrift als russische Abschrift des „Hexameron“ aus dem 15. Jahrhundert aus der Russischen Staatsbibliothek. Die genaue Signatur wurde nicht überprüft.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Shakko · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Shakko. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Shakko. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_of_Bulgaria%27s_hexameron_(Moscow,_15th_c.,_RGB)_by_shakko.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-sim-writer","x":0.413,"y":0.53,"title":"Schreibende Figur","body":"Auf der linken Seite ist ein schreibender Mensch dargestellt. Die Zeichnung stammt aus der späteren Handschrift.","sourceIds":["src.sim.image.hexameron"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sim-heading","x":0.658,"y":0.35,"title":"Rote Überschrift","body":"Rote Buchstaben heben die Überschrift von den dunklen Zeilen darunter ab. Laut Commons ist das Buch eine Abschrift des „Hexameron“ aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.","sourceIds":["src.sim.image.hexameron","src.sim.miltenova.exarch"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sim-birds","x":0.649,"y":0.247,"title":"Vogelschmuck","body":"Über der Überschrift stehen sich zwei Vögel gegenüber. Sie schmücken diese Seite. Ob Bücher aus Simeons Zeit so verziert waren, wissen wir nicht.","sourceIds":["src.sim.image.hexameron"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.437708333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.simeon-golden-age.simeon-golden-age.s5-books","duration":27.563,"src":"/audio/de/simeon-golden-age/s5-books.67d8a502.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.miltenova.exarch"},{"id":"src.sim.taseva2024"},{"id":"src.sim.mitov.catenae"},{"id":"src.sim.image.hexameron"}]},{"id":"simeon-golden-age.a2-chronology","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: Zeitlich ordnen","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.sim.chronology","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordnen Sie vom frühesten zum spätesten Ereignis.","sourceIds":["src.sim.leszka2011","src.sim.loud1978","src.sim.paron2021"],"items":[{"id":"ev-accession","label":"Simeon wird Herrscher"},{"id":"ev-ceremony","label":"Treffen mit dem Patriarchen"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Die Schlacht von Acheloos"}],"explanation":"893 liegt vor 913 und 913 vor 917. Die umstrittene Bedeutung der Zeremonie ändert diese Reihenfolge nicht.","correctOrderIds":["ev-accession","ev-ceremony","ev-battle"],"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.leszka2011"},{"id":"src.sim.loud1978"},{"id":"src.sim.paron2021"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3237916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.simeon-golden-age.simeon-golden-age.a2-chronology","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/de/simeon-golden-age/a2-chronology.b23c01c7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.leszka2011"},{"id":"src.sim.loud1978"},{"id":"src.sim.paron2021"}]},{"id":"simeon-golden-age.s6-golden-age","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die Bücher nach Simeon","body":"Historiker nennen die kulturelle Blüte unter Simeon das „Goldene Zeitalter“. Damals werden Bücher geschaffen und übersetzt. Dies ist eine spätere Bewertung durch Historiker. Sie bezeichnet nicht genau hundert Jahre. Sie beweist auch nicht, dass alle Menschen gut leben: Es gibt auch Kriege.\n\nSimeon stirbt 927. Nach ihm regiert Peter. Bücher werden noch lange danach abgeschrieben. Simeon fördert das Schrifttum; Johannes Exarch und Konstantin von Preslaw schaffen und übersetzen Werke.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-detail-480.8db93287.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-detail-960.8db93287.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-detail-1600.8db93287.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#88817d","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-detail-960.8db93287.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-sim-palace-detail-960.8db93287.webp","id":"asset.sim.palace-detail","alt":"Steinmauern des Palastkomplexes in Preslaw heute.","objectCaption":"Steinmauern des Palastkomplexes in Preslaw heute.","caption":"Steinmauern des Palastkomplexes in Preslaw heute.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Камен Ханджиев · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Камен Ханджиев. Wikimedia Commons. 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Johannes Exarch verbindet im „Hexameron“ Quellen und eigenen Text. Konstantin stellt die Predigten des „Lehrevangeliums“ zusammen.","sources":[{"id":"src.sim.leszka2018"},{"id":"src.sim.miltenova.exarch"},{"id":"src.sim.mitov.catenae"}],"columns":["Person","Rolle"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4863333333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.simeon-golden-age.simeon-golden-age.a3-people-and-works","duration":3.584,"src":"/audio/de/simeon-golden-age/a3-people-and-works.593d044e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.sim.leszka2018"},{"id":"src.sim.miltenova.exarch"},{"id":"src.sim.mitov.catenae"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2010,"url":"https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=167235","institutionOrAuthor":"Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.","id":"src.sim.cng.seal","title":"Seal of Simeon I: Electronic Auction 236, lot 545","container":"CNG Research Coins catalogue","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Classical Numismatic Group, Inc."],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3623138","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.sim.coordinates.achelous","title":"Achelous river area: geographical records","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.sim.coordinates.constantinople","title":"Constantinople, present-day Istanbul: geographical records","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243616","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.sim.coordinates.preslav","title":"Preslav: geographical records","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":2016,"url":"https://conf.uni-ruse.bg/bg/docs/cp16/11/11-22.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Petko Dobrev / Петко Добрев","id":"src.sim.dobrev2016","title":"“The Golden Age” of Simeon – Myth or Reality / „Златният век“ на Симеон – мит или реалност","container":"Proceedings of University of Ruse / Научни трудове на Русенския университет","volume":"55","issue":"11","pages":"101–105","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Petko Dobrev / Петко Добрев"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_of_Bulgaria%27s_hexameron_(Moscow,_15th_c.,_RGB)_by_shakko.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Shakko","id":"src.sim.image.hexameron","title":"John of Bulgaria’s Hexameron: Moscow copy, 15th century","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","authors":["Shakko"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. 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