{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.unification-1885","hasFind":true,"slug":"unification-1885","url":"/de/stories/unification-1885/","topic":"Vereinigung Bulgariens 1885","title":"Eine Nacht in Plowdiw","summary":"Eine Kutsche, zwei Dokumente und eine Allegorie zeichnen die Vereinigung von Plowdiw über Sliwniza bis zur diplomatischen Einigung nach.","cover":{"title":"Eine Nacht in Plowdiw","subtitle":"Die Vereinigung, 1885","hook":"Warum folgte auf die Vereinigung Krieg?","summary":"Eine Kutsche, zwei Dokumente und eine Allegorie zeichnen die Vereinigung von Plowdiw über Sliwniza bis zur diplomatischen Einigung nach.","takeaway":"Die Vereinigung wird in Plowdiw ausgerufen, im Krieg verteidigt und später diplomatisch geregelt. Der Tophane-Akt von 1886 überträgt dem bulgarischen Fürsten die Verwaltung Ostrumeliens. Es ist ein Kompromiss, der osmanische Rechte wahrt, keine Erklärung der vollständigen Unabhängigkeit."},"sortYear":1885,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Wiedergeburt und Befreiung","dateLabel":"18.–19. Jahrhundert","eraShort":"Wiedergeburt","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Plowdiw","date":"1885","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-alexander-cutout-480.72f51cff.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-alexander-cutout-960.72f51cff.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-alexander-cutout-1029.72f51cff.avif","w":1029}],"dominant":"#705744","h":2400,"w":1029,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-alexander-cutout-960.72f51cff.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-alexander-cutout-960.72f51cff.webp","id":"asset.unif.alexander-cutout","alt":"Ein gemaltes Porträt Alexanders von Battenberg: eine freigestellte Figur, kein Foto der Ereignisse von 1885.","objectCaption":"Porträt Alexanders I.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zeichnung","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Zeichnung","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Konrad Dielitz · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Portrait of Alexander I, Konrad Dielitz, 1881. Painted portrait, oil on canvas. Konrad Dielitz / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cut-out detail; background removed. Painted portrait — oil on canvas","attributionParts":[{"text":"Portrait of Alexander I, Konrad Dielitz, 1881. Painted portrait, oil on canvas. Konrad Dielitz / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cut-out detail; background removed. Painted portrait — oil on canvas","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Alexander_I_von_Battenberg.png","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"unification-1885.s1-carriage","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Die Kutsche des Gouverneurs","body":"Plowdiw, in der Nacht vom 5. auf den 6. September 1885. Soldaten und bewaffnete Gruppen umstellen die Residenz des Generalgouverneurs Gawril Krastewitsch. Die Truppen führt Major Danail Nikolajew; unter den Bewaffneten sind die Männer von Tschardafon aus Goljamo Konare. Krastewitsch wird abgesetzt. Der Historiker Ilija Todew beschreibt, wie man ihn danach in einer Kutsche durch die Stadt fährt, bevor man ihn nach Goljamo Konare bringt.\n\nDie Absetzung des Gouverneurs verläuft ohne Kampf, doch das Wort „unblutig“ hat Grenzen: Bei denselben Ereignissen gibt es Tote, darunter Rajtscho Nikolow in Plowdiw. Die Vereinigung ist ausgerufen. Warum beginnt dann nur zwei Monate später ein Krieg?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press687-480.9bfcd353.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press687-960.9bfcd353.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press687-1600.9bfcd353.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#969696","h":1116,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press687-960.9bfcd353.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-press687-960.9bfcd353.webp","id":"asset.unif.press687","alt":"Plowdiw in „Schiwopisnoje obosrenije“, 1885. Zeitgenössische Presseillustration, keine Fotografie des Ereignisses.","objectCaption":"Plowdiw in „Schiwopisnoje obosrenije“, 1885. Zeitgenössische Presseillustration, keine Fotografie des Ereignisses.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Einzelner Illustrator nicht ermittelt; Живописное обозрение стран света; Digitalisierung: Russische Nationalbibliothek / kmv20120 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Plovdiv in Zhivopisnoye Obozreniye, 1885. Period press illustration, not an event photograph. Individual illustrator not established; Живописное обозрение стран света; digitisation: Russian National Library / kmv20120 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Plovdiv in Zhivopisnoye Obozreniye, 1885. Period press illustration, not an event photograph. Individual illustrator not established; Живописное обозрение стран света; digitisation: Russian National Library / kmv20120 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_1885,_%E2%84%96_01-26_(6_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2._-_30_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F);_%E2%84%96_27-52_(7_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F_-_29_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA.)_Page_687.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.367333333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.s1-carriage","duration":35.456,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/s1-carriage.a56456e9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.todev"},{"id":"src.unif.preparation"},{"id":"src.unif.mitev"}]},{"id":"unification-1885.s2-two-regimes","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Eine Grenze, zwei Herrschaftsordnungen","body":"Um die Nacht in Plowdiw zu verstehen, müssen wir zum Berliner Vertrag von 1878 zurückgehen. Er errichtet das Fürstentum Bulgarien als autonomes Fürstentum unter der Oberhoheit des Sultans. Ostrumelien bleibt unter dessen unmittelbarer politischer und militärischer Gewalt, erhält aber Verwaltungsautonomie. Ein christlicher Generalgouverneur verwaltet die Provinz.\n\nPlowdiw ist das Zentrum der Aktion im September; Sofia ist die Hauptstadt des Fürstentums. Sliwniza liegt westlich von Sofia, an der Route, auf der die serbische Armee vorrücken wird. Die Vereinigung hebt die Trennung der beiden Verwaltungen faktisch auf. Sie macht Bulgarien nicht über Nacht zu einem vollständig unabhängigen Staat.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"In Plowdiw wurde am 6. 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der Nacht","body":"Hinter der kurzen Aktion stehen Monate der Arbeit. Im Februar 1885 wird in Plowdiw das geheime Komitee gegründet, das als Bulgarisches Geheimes Zentrales Revolutionskomitee, kurz BTZRK, bekannt ist. Sein Vorsitzender ist Sachari Stojanow. Seine Zeitung „Borba“ wirbt für die Vereinigung. Das Komitee gewinnt Offiziere und bereitet ein gemeinsames Vorgehen der Truppen und bewaffneten Gruppen vor.\n\nDas Porträt Sachari Stojanows ist eine Archivfotografie. Das Gruppenporträt ist auf einem Gedenkblatt von 1925 wiedergegeben, vierzig Jahre nach der Vereinigung. Nach der Absetzung Krastewitschs übernimmt Dr. Georgi Stranski die Leitung der provisorischen Regierung.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-zahari-480.df34363a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-zahari-898.df34363a.avif","w":898}],"dominant":"#979797","h":1245,"w":898,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-zahari-898.df34363a.webp","w":898}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-zahari-898.df34363a.webp","id":"asset.unif.zahari","alt":"Historische Porträtfotografie von Sachari Stojanow, vor 1889.","objectCaption":"Historische Porträtfotografie von Sachari Stojanow, vor 1889.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Archiv","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archiv","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Dimitar Karastoyanov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Zahari Stoyanov, photograph before 1889. Archival photograph. Dimitar Karastoyanov / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Zahari Stoyanov, photograph before 1889. Archival photograph. Dimitar Karastoyanov / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zahari_Stoyanov_portrait.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-committee-480.fe009f46.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-committee-960.fe009f46.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-committee-1340.fe009f46.avif","w":1340}],"dominant":"#909485","h":936,"w":1340,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-committee-960.fe009f46.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-committee-960.fe009f46.webp","id":"asset.unif.committee","alt":"Gedenkblatt von 1925 mit einem älteren fotografischen Gruppenporträt von Mitwirkenden an der Vereinigung.","objectCaption":"Gedenkblatt von 1925 mit einem älteren fotografischen Gruppenporträt von Mitwirkenden an der Vereinigung.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Dimitar Kavra (zugrunde liegende Fotografie laut Archivmetadaten); Gestalter des Blatts unbekannt · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / Staatliche Archivagentur Bulgariens","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Commemorative sheet for the fortieth anniversary of Unification, 1925, with an earlier group portrait. Underlying photograph: Dimitar Kavra according to the archival metadata; the sheet’s designer is not established. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, fonds 1599K, inventory 1, archival unit 1995, sheet 1 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Commemorative sheet for the fortieth anniversary of Unification, 1925, with an earlier group portrait. Underlying photograph: Dimitar Kavra according to the archival metadata; the sheet’s designer is not established. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, fonds 1599K, inventory 1, archival unit 1995, sheet 1 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-1599K-1-1995-1-Bulgarian_Secret_Central_Revolutionary_Committee.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.98266666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.s3-committee","duration":36.096,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/s3-committee.f6797cac.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.committee"},{"id":"src.unif.preparation"},{"id":"src.unif.image.zahari"},{"id":"src.unif.image.committee"}]},{"id":"unification-1885.s4-manifesto","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Der Fürst stimmt zu","body":"Vor uns liegt das Manifest von Fürst Alexander I., herausgegeben am 8. September 1885 in Weliko Tarnowo. Die große Überschrift nennt ihn Fürst von Nord- und Südbulgarien. Er erkennt die vollzogene Vereinigung an und übernimmt die Verwaltung der Provinz. Das Dokument verspricht den Schutz der friedlichen Bewohner ungeachtet ihres Glaubens und ihrer Nationalität; das Versprechen allein belegt nicht, wie es eingelöst wurde.\n\nVergleichen Sie es mit der Proklamation vom 6. September aus Plowdiw. Sie verkündet die provisorische Regierung, während das Manifest den nächsten Schritt zeigt: die Unterstützung des Fürsten. Am 9. September trifft er in Plowdiw ein. Die Zustimmung im Land bedeutet jedoch noch keine internationale Regelung.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-manifesto-480.17649871.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-manifesto-715.17649871.avif","w":715}],"dominant":"#d0b885","h":1044,"w":715,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-manifesto-715.17649871.webp","w":715}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-manifesto-715.17649871.webp","id":"asset.unif.manifesto","alt":"Das Manifest Alexanders I., 8. September 1885. Archivbild.","objectCaption":"Das Manifest Alexanders I., 8. September 1885. Archivbild.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unbekannter Urheber · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / Staatliche Archivagentur Bulgariens","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Alexander I’s manifesto, 8 September 1885. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, fonds 1599K, inventory 1, archival unit 811, sheet 4 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Alexander I’s manifesto, 8 September 1885. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, fonds 1599K, inventory 1, archival unit 811, sheet 4 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. 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Painted portrait — oil on canvas","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Alexander_I_von_Battenberg.png","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":38.20016666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.s4-manifesto","duration":38.315,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/s4-manifesto.ea469793.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"},{"id":"src.unif.image.proclamation"},{"id":"src.unif.library"},{"id":"src.unif.preparation"}]},{"id":"unification-1885.a1-two-documents","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: zwei verschiedene Schritte","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.unif.documents","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Was zeigt das Manifest vom 8. September nach der Proklamation von Plowdiw?","sourceIds":["src.unif.image.manifesto","src.unif.image.proclamation"],"items":[{"id":"opt-prince","label":"Der Fürst erkennt die Vereinigung an und übernimmt die Verwaltung."},{"id":"opt-serbia","label":"Serbien hat die Vereinigung bereits anerkannt.","whyWrong":"Das Dokument stammt von Alexander und ist keine serbische Anerkennung."},{"id":"opt-independence","label":"Bulgarien ist bereits vollständig unabhängig.","whyWrong":"Die Geschichte unterscheidet die Vereinigung von der vollständigen Unabhängigkeit."},{"id":"opt-governor","label":"Krastewitsch behält die Regierung.","whyWrong":"Er wurde abgesetzt; der Fürst übernimmt die Verwaltung der Provinz."}],"explanation":"Die Proklamation verkündet die provisorische Regierung; das Manifest dokumentiert die Zustimmung des Fürsten zwei Tage später.","correctItemId":"opt-prince","sources":[{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"},{"id":"src.unif.image.proclamation"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.833083333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.a1-two-documents","duration":4.949,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/a1-two-documents.bce807d7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"},{"id":"src.unif.image.proclamation"}]},{"id":"unification-1885.s5-slivnitsa","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Der Angriff kommt aus dem Westen","body":"Nach der Vereinigung sind bulgarische Truppen im Süden konzentriert: Ein osmanischer Angriff wird erwartet. Stattdessen erklärt Serbien am 2. November 1885 den Krieg. Zu den Gründen, mit denen die serbische Regierung den Krieg rechtfertigt, gehört das aus ihrer Sicht durch die Vereinigung gestörte Gleichgewicht auf dem Balkan.\n\nTruppen müssen rasch von Süden nach Westen verlegt werden, einen großen Teil des Weges zu Fuß. Bei Sliwniza, vor Sofia, halten sie die serbischen Hauptkräfte in den Kämpfen vom 5. bis 7. November auf. Eine bulgarische Gegenoffensive folgt. Die Daten folgen hier dem alten Kalender: Nach dem neuen Kalender findet die Schlacht vom 17. bis 19. November statt. Die Illustration aus der damaligen Presse ist eine Zeichnung über den Krieg, keine Fotografie vom Schlachtfeld.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press864-480.6171a698.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press864-960.6171a698.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press864-1116.6171a698.avif","w":1116}],"dominant":"#a2a2a2","h":1600,"w":1116,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-press864-960.6171a698.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-press864-960.6171a698.webp","id":"asset.unif.press864","alt":"Illustrationen zum Serbisch-Bulgarischen Krieg, 1885. Zeitgenössische Presseillustration, keine Fotografie des Ereignisses.","objectCaption":"Illustrationen zum Serbisch-Bulgarischen Krieg, 1885. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_1885,_%E2%84%96_01-26_(6_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2._-_30_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F);_%E2%84%96_27-52_(7_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F_-_29_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA.)_Page_864.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Sofia war die Hauptstadt des Fürstentums Bulgarien und das Ziel der serbischen Offensive im November 1885.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.unif.sofia","name":"Sofia","latitude":42.697886,"longitude":23.321726,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.unif.coords.sofia","src.r1943.coords-sofia","src.r1943.ragaru2017","src.tar.coord.sofia","src.tar.sofia","src.ata.coord.sofia","src.ata.sendov2013"],"short":"Sofia","guideUrl":null,"slug":"unif.sofia","url":"/de/map/#unif.sofia"},{"note":"Bei Sliwniza stoppte die bulgarische Armee im November 1885 die serbische Offensive nach der Vereinigung.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.unif.slivnitsa","name":"Sliwniza","latitude":42.851542,"longitude":23.038311,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":10000,"sourceIds":["src.unif.coords.slivnitsa"],"short":"Sliwniza","guideUrl":null,"slug":"unif.slivnitsa","url":"/de/map/#unif.slivnitsa"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.230375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.s5-slivnitsa","duration":41.344,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/s5-slivnitsa.473034aa.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.warmap"},{"id":"src.unif.war"},{"id":"src.unif.warbook"}]},{"id":"unification-1885.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Aufgabe: zeitlich ordnen","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.unif.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Ordnen Sie die Ereignisse vom frühesten zum spätesten.","sourceIds":["src.unif.berlin","src.unif.image.proclamation","src.unif.image.manifesto","src.unif.war"],"items":[{"id":"ev-berlin","label":"Der Berliner Vertrag"},{"id":"ev-plovdiv","label":"Die Verkündung der Vereinigung in Plowdiw"},{"id":"ev-manifesto","label":"Das Manifest von Fürst Alexander"},{"id":"ev-slivnitsa","label":"Die Kämpfe bei Sliwniza"}],"explanation":"Der Vertrag schafft 1878 die beiden Herrschaftsordnungen. 1885 geht die Aktion in Plowdiw dem Manifest voraus; die Kämpfe finden im November statt. Alle Daten von 1885 folgen hier dem alten Kalender.","correctOrderIds":["ev-berlin","ev-plovdiv","ev-manifesto","ev-slivnitsa"],"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.berlin"},{"id":"src.unif.image.proclamation"},{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"},{"id":"src.unif.war"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4282916666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.a2-timeline","duration":3.541,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/a2-timeline.187ffdf2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.berlin"},{"id":"src.unif.image.proclamation"},{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"},{"id":"src.unif.war"}]},{"id":"unification-1885.s6-united-image","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"Zwei Frauen, ein politischer Wandel","body":"Die Vereinigung wird in Plowdiw ausgerufen, im Krieg verteidigt und später diplomatisch geregelt. Der Tophane-Akt von 1886 überträgt dem bulgarischen Fürsten die Verwaltung Ostrumeliens. Es ist ein Kompromiss, der osmanische Rechte wahrt, keine Erklärung der vollständigen Unabhängigkeit.\n\nIn der Lithografie von Nikolaj Pawlowitsch erscheinen das Fürstentum und Ostrumelien als Frauen. Oben ist ein Schriftband zur Vereinigung zu sehen, ein weiteres erwähnt Pirot und die Kämpfe im November. Dies ist eine Allegorie, keine in der Nacht des Umsturzes beobachtete Szene. Nach unserer Lesart vereint der Künstler die politische Vereinigung und ihre militärische Verteidigung in einem Bild. Die Vereinbarung trennt jedoch bestimmte muslimische Ortschaften im Gebiet von Kardschali und in den Rhodopen von der Provinz ab und stellt sie unter direkte osmanische Verwaltung.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-lithograph-480.a742eb58.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-unif-lithograph-774.a742eb58.avif","w":774}],"dominant":"#858585","h":1024,"w":774,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-unif-lithograph-774.a742eb58.webp","w":774}],"src":"/media/asset-unif-lithograph-774.a742eb58.webp","id":"asset.unif.lithograph","alt":"Lithografie mit zwei weiblichen allegorischen Figuren und Schriftbändern zur Vereinigung und zu Pirot.","objectCaption":"Lithografie mit zwei weiblichen allegorischen Figuren und Schriftbändern zur Vereinigung und zu Pirot.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zeichnung","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Zeichnung","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Николай Павлович (Künstler) (1835-1894) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"United Bulgaria, an allegory by Nikolai Pavlovich. 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Krastewitsch wird in Plowdiw abgesetzt; Alexander übernimmt die Verwaltung und gibt das Manifest heraus.","sources":[{"id":"src.unif.committee"},{"id":"src.unif.preparation"},{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"}],"columns":["Person","Rolle"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4863333333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.unification-1885.unification-1885.a3-matching","duration":3.584,"src":"/audio/de/unification-1885/a3-matching.bdf14701.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.unif.committee"},{"id":"src.unif.preparation"},{"id":"src.unif.image.manifesto"}]}],"minutes":5,"sources":[{"year":1878,"url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1878/d523","institutionOrAuthor":"Treaty plenipotentiaries; Horace Maynard (transmitting diplomat); U.S. Department of State (digital edition)","id":"src.unif.berlin","authors":["Treaty plenipotentiaries","Horace Maynard (transmitting diplomat)","U.S. Department of State (digital edition)"],"title":"The Treaty of Berlin","container":"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, document 518","doi":"not assigned / not found","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","license":"Public-domain treaty text; 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