{"version":2,"locale":"de","id":"story.yogurt-grigorov-1905","hasFind":true,"slug":"yogurt-grigorov-1905","url":"/de/stories/yogurt-grigorov-1905/","topic":"Stamen Grigorow","title":"Stamen Grigorow und die Probe von zu Hause","summary":"Ein junger Bulgare untersucht Joghurt in Genf. Bakterien sind winzige Lebewesen. Wie verändern sie das vertraute Lebensmittel?","cover":{"title":"Stamen Grigorow und die Probe von zu Hause","subtitle":"Wie Joghurt 1905 zur Laborprobe wurde","hook":"Was steckt im Joghurt?","summary":"Ein junger Bulgare untersucht Joghurt in Genf. Bakterien sind winzige Lebewesen. Wie verändern sie das vertraute Lebensmittel?","takeaway":"Grigorow hat den Joghurt nicht erfunden. Er untersuchte Bakterien: winzige Lebewesen, die ihn verändern."},"sortYear":1905,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20. Jahrhundert","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20. Jahrhundert","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Genf","date":"1905","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-cutout-480.24483ab1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-cutout-737.24483ab1.avif","w":737}],"dominant":"#866e55","h":2172,"w":737,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-cutout-737.24483ab1.webp","w":737}],"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-cutout-737.24483ab1.webp","id":"asset.yog.microscope-cutout","alt":"Freigestelltes Detail; Hintergrund entfernt. Messingmikroskop mit zwei Okularen, Objekttisch und Spiegel. Ein Museumsstück, das nicht nachweislich Grigorow gehörte.","objectCaption":"Historisches Mikroskop","caption":"Mikroskop von Henry Crouch, England, um 1870, aus der Sammlung Golub. Ein Museumsstück zum Vergleich mit Geräten jener Zeit. Es gehörte nicht nachweislich Grigorow.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Daderot · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Image: Daderot; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1870_circa,_binocular_compound_microscope,_Henry_Crouch,_England_-_Golub_Collection_of_Antique_Microscopes_-_DSC04870.JPG Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Daderot; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1870_circa,_binocular_compound_microscope,_Henry_Crouch,_England_-_Golub_Collection_of_Antique_Microscopes_-_DSC04870.JPG Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1870_circa,_binocular_compound_microscope,_Henry_Crouch,_England_-_Golub_Collection_of_Antique_Microscopes_-_DSC04870.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"yogurt-grigorov-1905.s1-home-sample","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Eine Probe von zu Hause","body":"Joghurt gehört bereits zur häuslichen Küche, als Stamen Grigorow ihn zu untersuchen beginnt. Was macht ihn sauer und dick? 1905 studiert der junge Bulgare Medizin und arbeitet in Genf.\n\nDem biografischen Bericht zufolge stammen die Proben aus seinem Heimatdorf Studen Iswor. Die Familienbiografie beschreibt Joghurt in einer Rukatka, einem örtlichen Milchgefäß. Was wird das Mikroskop zeigen, ein Gerät, das das Bild kleiner Gegenstände vergrößert?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-yogurt-480.381cfba1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-yogurt-960.381cfba1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-yogurt-1600.381cfba1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#767465","h":1395,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-yogurt-960.381cfba1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-yog-yogurt-960.381cfba1.webp","id":"asset.yog.yogurt","alt":"Eine heutige Schale Joghurt. Sie zeigt das Lebensmittel, nicht Grigorows Probe oder einen nachgewiesenen bulgarischen Ursprung.","objectCaption":"Eine heutige Schale Joghurt. Sie zeigt das Lebensmittel, nicht Grigorows Probe oder einen nachgewiesenen bulgarischen Ursprung.","caption":"Eine heutige Schale Joghurt. Sie zeigt das Lebensmittel, nicht Grigorows Probe oder einen nachgewiesenen bulgarischen Ursprung.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Susan Slater · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Modern photograph: Susan Slater; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yoghurt_in_bowl_011715.jpg Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Modern photograph: Susan Slater; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yoghurt_in_bowl_011715.jpg Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yoghurt_in_bowl_011715.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.803791666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.yogurt-grigorov-1905.yogurt-grigorov-1905.s1-home-sample","duration":23.893,"src":"/audio/de/yogurt-grigorov-1905/s1-home-sample.6d3174fc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.yog.stoilova2014"},{"id":"src.yog.grigoroff1905.reprint2020"},{"id":"src.yog.photo.portrait"},{"id":"src.yog.photo.yogurt"}]},{"id":"yogurt-grigorov-1905.s2-three-cities","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Vom Dorf ins Labor","body":"Die Karte verbindet drei Orte. Studen Iswor ist das Dorf, aus dem die Proben dem biografischen Bericht zufolge stammen. Genf ist die Stadt der Forschung. Dort arbeitet Grigorow in einem Labor. 1905 veröffentlicht er seine Untersuchung.\n\nIn Paris interessiert sich ein anderer Wissenschaftler, Metschnikow, für bulgarischen Joghurt. Er arbeitet am Pasteur-Institut. Die Punkte verbinden Menschen und Labore. Sie zeigen nicht den genauen Weg eines Gefäßes.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-university-480.a310dc30.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-university-960.a310dc30.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-university-1600.a310dc30.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6c7677","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-university-960.a310dc30.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-yog-university-960.a310dc30.webp","id":"asset.yog.university","alt":"Die Universität Genf auf einer Aufnahme von 2015. Stadtkontext; dieses Gebäude ist hier nicht als Standort des Labors von 1905 nachgewiesen.","objectCaption":"Die Universität Genf auf einer Aufnahme von 2015. Stadtkontext; dieses Gebäude ist hier nicht als Standort des Labors von 1905 nachgewiesen.","caption":"Die Universität Genf auf einer Aufnahme von 2015. Stadtkontext; dieses Gebäude ist hier nicht als Standort des Labors von 1905 nachgewiesen.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Dmitry A. Mottl · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Dmitry A. Mottl; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Geneva_2015.jpg Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Dmitry A. Mottl; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Geneva_2015.jpg Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Geneva_2015.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Dem biografischen Bericht zufolge stammen die Proben von hier. Das Museum liegt nahe Grigorows Geburtshaus. Der Punkt bezeichnet das Dorf, nicht die Gebäude.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.yog.studen","name":"Studen Iswor","latitude":42.791939,"longitude":22.596777,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.yog.coords.studen","src.yog.stoilova2014","src.yog.tran2018","src.yog.local-museum"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"yog.studen","url":"/de/map/#yog.studen"},{"note":"Stadt der Untersuchung von 1905. Der Standort des Labors ist nicht nachgewiesen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.yog.geneva","name":"Genf","latitude":46.2,"longitude":6.15,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.yog.coords.geneva","src.yog.stoilova2014","src.yog.grigoroff1905.reprint2020"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"yog.geneva","url":"/de/map/#yog.geneva"},{"note":"Stadt des Institut Pasteur. Der Punkt bezeichnet nicht Metschnikows Arbeitszimmer.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.yog.paris","name":"Paris","latitude":48.85666666666667,"longitude":2.352222222222222,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":10000,"sourceIds":["src.yog.coords.paris","src.yog.stoilova2014","src.yog.pasteur"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"yog.paris","url":"/de/map/#yog.paris"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-2eca5286e03409f1.jpg?v=59c66d770f","w":2048,"h":1132,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-2eca5286e03409f1-dark.jpg?v=c12d0bd57d","w":2048,"h":1132,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Dem biografischen Bericht zufolge stammen die Proben von hier. Das Museum liegt nahe Grigorows Geburtshaus. Der Punkt bezeichnet das Dorf, nicht die Gebäude.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.yog.studen","name":"Studen Iswor","latitude":42.791939,"longitude":22.596777,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.yog.coords.studen","src.yog.stoilova2014","src.yog.tran2018","src.yog.local-museum"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"yog.studen","url":"/de/map/#yog.studen","number":1,"x":88.56906,"y":81.49914,"inside":true,"viewX":88.56906,"viewY":81.49914},{"note":"Stadt der Untersuchung von 1905. Der Standort des Labors ist nicht nachgewiesen.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.yog.geneva","name":"Genf","latitude":46.2,"longitude":6.15,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.yog.coords.geneva","src.yog.stoilova2014","src.yog.grigoroff1905.reprint2020"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"yog.geneva","url":"/de/map/#yog.geneva","number":2,"x":25.90167,"y":48.53695,"inside":true,"viewX":25.90167,"viewY":48.53695},{"note":"Stadt des Institut Pasteur. 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Grigorow unterscheidet in seiner Untersuchung drei. Eines nennt er Bazillus A. Ein Bazillus ist ein stäbchenförmiges Bakterium. Bakterien sind winzige Lebewesen. Bazillus A lässt Milch eindicken.\n\nDie Form zu sehen, ist erst ein Anfang. Es folgen Versuche, die zeigen, was diese Organismen bewirken. Das fotografierte Mikroskop ist ein Museumsstück. Es ist nicht belegt, dass es Grigorow gehörte.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-480.56878672.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-960.56878672.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-1600.56878672.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#948262","h":2400,"w":1732,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-960.56878672.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-yog-microscope-960.56878672.webp","id":"asset.yog.microscope","alt":"Messingmikroskop mit zwei Okularen, Objekttisch und Spiegel. Ein Museumsstück, das nicht nachweislich Grigorow gehörte.","objectCaption":"Historisches Mikroskop","caption":"Mikroskop von Henry Crouch, England, um 1870, aus der Sammlung Golub. Ein Museumsstück zum Vergleich mit Geräten jener Zeit. Es gehörte nicht nachweislich Grigorow.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Daderot · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Image: Daderot; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1870_circa,_binocular_compound_microscope,_Henry_Crouch,_England_-_Golub_Collection_of_Antique_Microscopes_-_DSC04870.JPG Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Daderot; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1870_circa,_binocular_compound_microscope,_Henry_Crouch,_England_-_Golub_Collection_of_Antique_Microscopes_-_DSC04870.JPG Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1870_circa,_binocular_compound_microscope,_Henry_Crouch,_England_-_Golub_Collection_of_Antique_Microscopes_-_DSC04870.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-yog-eyepiece","x":0.45,"y":0.09,"title":"Okular","body":"Durch das Okular blickt man in das Mikroskop. Das abgebildete Gerät ist ein Museumsstück. Es gehörte nicht nachweislich Grigorow.","sourceIds":["src.yog.photo.microscope","src.yog.microscope-parts","src.yog.golub"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-yog-stage","x":0.47,"y":0.72,"title":"Objekttisch","body":"Hier wird die Probe aufgelegt. Das Foto zeigt keine Originalprobe aus der Untersuchung von 1905.","sourceIds":["src.yog.photo.microscope","src.yog.microscope-parts","src.yog.golub"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-yog-mirror","x":0.48,"y":0.85,"title":"Spiegel","body":"Der Spiegel befindet sich unter dem Objekttisch und lenkt Licht auf die Probe.","sourceIds":["src.yog.photo.microscope","src.yog.microscope-parts","src.yog.golub"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.96325,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.yogurt-grigorov-1905.yogurt-grigorov-1905.s3-microscope","duration":26.069,"src":"/audio/de/yogurt-grigorov-1905/s3-microscope.5e7706a8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.yog.stoilova2014"},{"id":"src.yog.grigoroff1905.reprint2020"},{"id":"src.yog.photo.microscope"},{"id":"src.yog.microscope-parts"},{"id":"src.yog.golub"}]},{"id":"yogurt-grigorov-1905.s4-fermentation","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ein kleiner Löffel Starterkultur","body":"Etwas Joghurt aus einer früheren Charge wird zur vorbereiteten Milch gegeben. Er dient als Starterkultur: Er enthält Bakterien, die die Veränderung in Gang setzen. Sie wandeln Milchzucker in Milchsäure um. Diese macht die Milch sauer. Der Vorgang heißt Fermentation.\n\nIn der Starterkultur können verschiedene Bakterien zusammenwirken. Das mit der Entdeckung verbundene Bakterium wurde als Lactobacillus bulgaricus bekannt. Die kleine Zugabe verändert die gesamte Milch.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-bacteria-480.cdbc0852.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-bacteria-960.cdbc0852.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-bacteria-1200.cdbc0852.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#979aa0","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-bacteria-960.cdbc0852.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-yog-bacteria-960.cdbc0852.webp","id":"asset.yog.bacteria","alt":"Heutige Mikroskopaufnahme einer gefärbten Joghurtprobe. Der Autor bestimmt sie als Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Die Form allein belegt die Art nicht; dies ist nicht die Probe von 1905.","objectCaption":"Heutige Mikroskopaufnahme einer gefärbten Joghurtprobe. Der Autor bestimmt sie als Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Die Form allein belegt die Art nicht; dies ist nicht die Probe von 1905.","caption":"Heutige Mikroskopaufnahme einer gefärbten Joghurtprobe. Der Autor bestimmt sie als Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Die Form allein belegt die Art nicht; dies ist nicht die Probe von 1905.","kindLabel":"Foto","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Abbildungen","source":"Quelle öffnen","full":"Vollständige Bildangabe"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bondarev.gal · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Modern micrograph: Bondarev.gal; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus_in_yogurt.jpg Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Modern micrograph: Bondarev.gal; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 4.0. 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Grigorow untersuchte die Bakterien darin. Eines nannte er Bazillus A: ein stäbchenförmiges Bakterium.","correctItemId":"opt-microbes","sources":[{"id":"src.yog.stoilova2014"},{"id":"src.yog.grigoroff1905.reprint2020"},{"id":"src.yog.pasteur"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.556,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"de_DE-thorsten-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.de.yogurt-grigorov-1905.yogurt-grigorov-1905.a1-discovery","duration":3.669,"src":"/audio/de/yogurt-grigorov-1905/a1-discovery.badf6ac8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.yog.stoilova2014"},{"id":"src.yog.grigoroff1905.reprint2020"},{"id":"src.yog.pasteur"}]},{"id":"yogurt-grigorov-1905.s5-metchnikoff","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Joghurt und ein langes Leben","body":"In Paris fragt Metschnikow, ob Joghurt mit einem langen Leben zusammenhängt. Das ist eine Hypothese: eine mögliche Erklärung, die überprüft werden muss. In den Untersuchungen dieser Geschichte bleibt der Zusammenhang unbewiesen. Sie verspricht kein langes Leben.\n\n1908 erhält Metschnikow gemeinsam mit einem anderen Forscher einen Nobelpreis für Untersuchungen zur Immunität. Immunität ist die Abwehr des Körpers. Der Preis wurde nicht für Joghurt vergeben.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-metchnikoff-480.9bb093ac.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-metchnikoff-960.9bb093ac.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-yog-metchnikoff-1169.9bb093ac.avif","w":1169}],"dominant":"#473d35","h":1600,"w":1169,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-yog-metchnikoff-960.9bb093ac.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-yog-metchnikoff-960.9bb093ac.webp","id":"asset.yog.metchnikoff","alt":"Ilja Metschnikow. Historisches Porträt aus der Wellcome Collection; es dokumentiert kein Treffen mit Grigorow.","objectCaption":"Ilja Metschnikow. Historisches Porträt aus der Wellcome Collection; es dokumentiert kein Treffen mit Grigorow.","caption":"Ilja Metschnikow. 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