{"version":2,"locale":"el","id":"story.atanasoff-computer","hasFind":true,"slug":"atanasoff-computer","url":"/el/stories/atanasoff-computer/","topic":"Τζον Βίνσεντ Ατανάσοφ","title":"Ο Ατανάσοφ και η διαμάχη για τον υπολογιστή","summary":"Ο Τζον Ατανάσοφ και ο Κλίφορντ Μπέρι κατασκευάζουν στην Αϊόβα μια μηχανή για δύσκολους υπολογισμούς. Δεκαετίες αργότερα, οι ιδέες τους γίνονται μέρος μιας διαμάχης για το δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας ενός άλλου υπολογιστή.","cover":{"title":"Ο Ατανάσοφ και η διαμάχη για τον υπολογιστή","subtitle":"Μια υπολογιστική μηχανή και μια δικαστική διαμάχη για δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας","hook":"Τι δημιούργησαν ο Ατανάσοφ και ο Μπέρι;","summary":"Ο Τζον Ατανάσοφ και ο Κλίφορντ Μπέρι κατασκευάζουν στην Αϊόβα μια μηχανή για δύσκολους υπολογισμούς. Δεκαετίες αργότερα, οι ιδέες τους γίνονται μέρος μιας διαμάχης για το δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας ενός άλλου υπολογιστή.","takeaway":"Η απόφαση για ένα συγκεκριμένο δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας δεν κατανέμει όλα τα εύσημα για τη δημιουργία των υπολογιστών."},"sortYear":1942,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20ός αιώνας","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20ός αιώνας","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Έιμς","date":"1939–1942","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-480.e7075786.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.avif","w":660}],"dominant":"#937a61","h":811,"w":660,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","w":660}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","id":"asset.ata.add-subtract-cutout","alt":"Αποκομμένη λεπτομέρεια· το φόντο αφαιρέθηκε. 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Ο Ιβάν Ατανάσοφ κατάγεται από το Μπογιατζίκ, στην περιοχή του Γιάμπολ. Το 1889 φεύγει για τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Ο γιος του Τζον εργάζεται στην Αμερική· η μηχανή κατασκευάζεται στην Αϊόβα.\n\nΤο 1970 ο Τζον Ατανάσοφ επισκέπτεται τη Βουλγαρία. Στις αναμνήσεις του περιγράφει μια διάλεξη στη Σόφια και συναντήσεις με συγγενείς στο Μπογιατζίκ. Αυτό συμβαίνει πριν από τη δικαστική απόφαση με την οποία θα συνδεθεί αργότερα το όνομά του.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-480.0e7a8d7f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-960.0e7a8d7f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-1195.0e7a8d7f.avif","w":1195}],"dominant":"#8e868b","h":1600,"w":1195,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-960.0e7a8d7f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-960.0e7a8d7f.webp","id":"asset.ata.portrait-side","alt":"Τζον Βίνσεντ Ατανάσοφ, δεύτερο πορτρέτο. 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το τύμπανο αποθηκεύει αριθμούς","body":"Κοιτάξτε τον κύλινδρο πάνω αριστερά. Είναι ένα τύμπανο μνήμης. Η φωτογραφία δείχνει μια ανακατασκευή και όχι τη διατηρημένη μηχανή της εποχής του πολέμου. Στον ABC οι αριθμοί αναπαρίστανται με μηδενικά και μονάδες. Αυτό ονομάζεται δυαδικό σύστημα.\n\nΟι πυκνωτές, μικρές διατάξεις που αποθηκεύουν ηλεκτρικό φορτίο, φυλάσσουν αυτά τα ψηφία. Το φορτίο εξασθενεί και πρέπει να ανανεώνεται τακτικά. Έτσι η μνήμη δεν χάνει τους αριθμούς μεταξύ των πράξεων. Ο άνθρωπος καθορίζει τι θα υπολογιστεί. Η μηχανή δεν αποθηκεύει πρόγραμμα, δηλαδή μια σειρά εντολών για αυτόματη εκτέλεση.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-480.d6fb8a96.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-1600.d6fb8a96.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-2400.d6fb8a96.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#856e55","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-close","alt":"Ανακατασκευή του υπολογιστή Ατανάσοφ–Μπέρι: τύμπανο, πίνακας χειρισμού και λυχνίες.","objectCaption":"Ανακατασκευή του υπολογιστή Ατανάσοφ–Μπέρι: τύμπανο, πίνακας χειρισμού και λυχνίες.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_%E3%83%BC_Computer_History_Museum_(30781535612).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-480.ba43816e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-960.ba43816e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-1600.ba43816e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#767069","h":1350,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-960.ba43816e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-960.ba43816e.webp","id":"asset.ata.memory-circuit","alt":"Αναπαραγωγή τυμπάνου μνήμης και ηλεκτρονικού κυκλώματος σε προθήκη.","objectCaption":"Οι πηγές διαφωνούν για την προέλευση των λυχνιών στην προθήκη. Δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί ποιες είναι αυθεντικές.","caption":"Οι πηγές διαφωνούν για την προέλευση των λυχνιών στην προθήκη. Δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί ποιες είναι αυθεντικές.","kindLabel":"Φωτογραφία","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"WilliamSnail · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic circuit in a display case. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic circuit in a display case. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_circuit_display,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-480.5ae6ea69.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-960.5ae6ea69.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-1600.5ae6ea69.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7d766d","h":1350,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-960.5ae6ea69.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-960.5ae6ea69.webp","id":"asset.ata.drum-close","alt":"Αναπαραγωγή τυμπάνου μνήμης· δεν είναι το σωζόμενο πρωτότυπο.","objectCaption":"Αναπαραγωγή τυμπάνου μνήμης· δεν είναι το σωζόμενο πρωτότυπο.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"WilliamSnail · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_drum_reproduction,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-480.2c82494b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-960.2c82494b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-1600.2c82494b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8c847b","h":1350,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-960.2c82494b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-960.2c82494b.webp","id":"asset.ata.drum-wide","alt":"Αναπαραγωγή τυμπάνου μνήμης και ηλεκτρονικά εξαρτήματα, γενική άποψη.","objectCaption":"Οι πηγές διαφωνούν για την προέλευση των λυχνιών στην προθήκη. Δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί ποιες είναι αυθεντικές.","caption":"Οι πηγές διαφωνούν για την προέλευση των λυχνιών στην προθήκη. Δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί ποιες είναι αυθεντικές.","kindLabel":"Φωτογραφία","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"WilliamSnail · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic parts, wider view. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic parts, wider view. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_drum_reproduction_2,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-ata-drum","x":0.374,"y":0.229,"title":"Τύμπανο μνήμης","body":"Ο κύλινδρος πάνω αριστερά είναι τύμπανο μνήμης. Στη μηχανή, πυκνωτές διατηρούν φορτία που αναπαριστούν αριθμούς. Πρόκειται για ανακατασκευή.","sourceIds":["src.ata.gustafson2000","src.ata.chm"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-ata-controls","x":0.747,"y":0.23,"title":"Πίνακας χειρισμού","body":"Με τα κουμπιά και τους διακόπτες ο χειριστής επιλέγει πράξεις. Η μηχανή δεν διαβάζει πρόγραμμα αποθηκευμένο στη μνήμη.","sourceIds":["src.ata.gustafson2000","src.ata.chm"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-ata-tubes","x":0.731,"y":0.664,"title":"Ηλεκτρονικές λυχνίες","body":"Αυτά τα γυάλινα εξαρτήματα ελέγχουν ηλεκτρικά σήματα. Ονομάζονται ηλεκτρονικές λυχνίες. Σε όλη τη μηχανή υπάρχουν περίπου τριακόσιες.","sourceIds":["src.ata.gustafson2000"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.316,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s3-memory","duration":32.427,"src":"/audio/el/atanasoff-computer/s3-memory.50d0eda0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.operation"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.chm"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.abc-close"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.memory-circuit"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.drum-close"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.drum-wide"},{"id":"src.ata.isu2010"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.a1-purpose","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Άσκηση: σε τι χρησιμεύει η μηχανή","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ata.purpose","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Για ποιον σκοπό κατασκευάζουν ο Ατανάσοφ και ο Μπέρι τον ABC;","sourceIds":["src.ata.court1973","src.ata.gustafson2000"],"items":[{"id":"opt-text","label":"Για αυτόματη μετάφραση επιστολών","whyWrong":"Η μετάφραση επιστολών δεν είναι η εργασία για την οποία περιγράφεται ο ABC."},{"id":"opt-equations","label":"Για την επίλυση συνδεδεμένων εξισώσεων"},{"id":"opt-games","label":"Για την εκτέλεση διαφορετικών παιχνιδιών από τη μνήμη","whyWrong":"Η μηχανή δεν έχει αποθηκευμένο πρόγραμμα για διαφορετικές εργασίες· τα παιχνίδια δεν είναι ο σκοπός της."}],"explanation":"Η μηχανή δημιουργήθηκε για συνδεδεμένες εξισώσεις με κοινούς άγνωστους αριθμούς.","correctItemId":"opt-equations","sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.804,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.a1-purpose","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/el/atanasoff-computer/a1-purpose.c6ebda43.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s4-patent","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Το δικαστήριο ακυρώνει το δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας","body":"Το 1973 ο δικαστής Ερλ Λάρσον ακυρώνει το δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας του ENIAC, ενός άλλου ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή. Το δίπλωμα προστατεύει τα δικαιώματα σε μια εφεύρεση. Ο κάτοχός του ζητά πληρωμές από έναν ανταγωνιστή. Υποστηρίζει ότι οι δημιουργοί του ENIAC εργάστηκαν ανεξάρτητα. Ο ανταγωνιστής αντιτείνει ότι χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ιδέες του Ατανάσοφ. Το δικαστήριο δέχεται ότι η εφεύρεση που δηλώθηκε προερχόταν από τον Ατανάσοφ. Η απόφαση καταργεί τα δικαιώματα που απορρέουν από αυτό το δίπλωμα. Δεν ορίζει έναν μοναδικό δημιουργό όλων των υπολογιστών.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.316,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s4-patent","duration":30.421,"src":"/audio/el/atanasoff-computer/s4-patent.f542c0f8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.penn"},{"id":"src.ata.chm"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s5-limits","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Σπινθήρες τρυπούν το χαρτί","body":"Η μηχανή μπορεί να χωρέσει αριθμούς, αλλά να κάνει λάθος στον υπολογισμό. Ο ABC καταγράφει ενδιάμεσα αποτελέσματα σε χαρτί. Ηλεκτρικοί σπινθήρες καίνε μικρές τρύπες, τις οποίες η μηχανή διαβάζει στη συνέχεια. Έτσι το αποτέλεσμα ενός βήματος μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί στο επόμενο.\n\nΣύμφωνα με μελέτη της ανακατασκευής, η καταγραφή στο χαρτί παρουσιάζει σφάλματα. Αυτά εμποδίζουν την αξιόπιστη επίλυση των μεγαλύτερων συστημάτων εξισώσεων. Ο αριθμός 29 δείχνει για πόσους αγνώστους σχεδιάστηκε η μηχανή. Δεν αποδεικνύει ότι λύνει ένα τέτοιο πρόβλημα χωρίς λάθη.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-480.f1014075.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-960.f1014075.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-1600.f1014075.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#978168","h":1064,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-960.f1014075.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-960.f1014075.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-unpacked","alt":"Ανακατασκευή του υπολογιστή κατά την προετοιμασία μουσειακής έκθεσης· ένα μέρος της είναι καλυμμένο.","objectCaption":"Ανακατασκευή του υπολογιστή κατά την προετοιμασία μουσειακής έκθεσης· ένα μέρος της είναι καλυμμένο.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Digital_Electronic_Computer_(5111068123).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.468,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s5-limits","duration":31.573,"src":"/audio/el/atanasoff-computer/s5-limits.01b4c1cd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.abc-unpacked"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Άσκηση: τρεις στιγμές","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ata.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Βάλτε τα γεγονότα σε σειρά, αρχίζοντας από το παλαιότερο.","sourceIds":["src.ata.court1973","src.ata.sendov2013"],"items":[{"id":"ev-prototype","label":"Το πειραματικό μοντέλο λειτουργεί."},{"id":"ev-bulgaria","label":"Ο Ατανάσοφ επισκέπτεται τη Βουλγαρία."},{"id":"ev-ruling","label":"Το δίπλωμα ευρεσιτεχνίας ακυρώνεται."}],"explanation":"Η εργασία στην Αϊόβα προηγείται της επίσκεψης· η επίσκεψη προηγείται της δικαστικής απόφασης.","correctOrderIds":["ev-prototype","ev-bulgaria","ev-ruling"],"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.sendov2013"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.804,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.a2-timeline","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/el/atanasoff-computer/a2-timeline.26610af8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.sendov2013"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s6-what-survives","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"Λυχνίες πάνω σε μεταλλική πλάκα","body":"Ο αρχικός ABC αποσυναρμολογήθηκε στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1940 και σχεδόν ολόκληρος πετάχτηκε. Το 1997 μια ομάδα παρουσίασε μια λειτουργική ανακατασκευή. Η φωτογραφία δείχνει ένα ανακατασκευασμένο εξάρτημα. Η μικρή μεταλλική βάση με τις γυάλινες λυχνίες είναι μια μονάδα πρόσθεσης και αφαίρεσης, όχι ολόκληρος ο υπολογιστής.\n\nΗ ανακατασκευή βοηθά να δοκιμαστεί μια ιδέα. Το συμπέρασμά μας είναι ότι το «ποιος ήταν πρώτος» εξαρτάται από την ερώτηση. 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