{"version":2,"locale":"el","id":"story.krum-811","hasFind":true,"slug":"krum-811","url":"/el/stories/krum-811/","topic":"Κρούμος και η μάχη του 811","title":"Κρούμος, Νικηφόρος και ένα κύπελλο","summary":"Ο Νικηφόρος καταλαμβάνει τη βουλγαρική πρωτεύουσα. Ο Κρούμος όμως συνεχίζει την αντίσταση. Μια ιστορία για τη συντριβή, για ένα ασυνήθιστο κύπελλο στα χρονικά και για νόμους γνωστούς μόνο από ένα μεταγενέστερο κείμενο.","cover":{"title":"Κρούμος, Νικηφόρος και ένα κύπελλο","subtitle":"Η Πλίσκα και η συντριβή του 811","hook":"Πώς πέθανε ο Νικηφόρος;","summary":"Ο Νικηφόρος καταλαμβάνει τη βουλγαρική πρωτεύουσα. Ο Κρούμος όμως συνεχίζει την αντίσταση. Μια ιστορία για τη συντριβή, για ένα ασυνήθιστο κύπελλο στα χρονικά και για νόμους γνωστούς μόνο από ένα μεταγενέστερο κείμενο.","takeaway":"Ο θάνατος του Νικηφόρου είναι βέβαιο γεγονός. Το κύπελλο και οι νόμοι πρέπει να παρουσιάζονται με αναφορά στις πηγές και στους περιορισμούς τους."},"sortYear":811,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Πρώτο Βουλγαρικό Βασίλειο","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"Πρώτο Βασίλειο","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Πλίσκα","date":"811","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-480.0872ca3e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-1600.0872ca3e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b5e3f","h":1737,"w":1734,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","alt":"Αποκομμένη λεπτομέρεια· το φόντο αφαιρέθηκε. Χρυσό νόμισμα του Νικηφόρου Α΄ στο Νομισματικό Μουσείο Αθηνών, φωτογραφία του Francesco Bini. Διακρίνονται στέμμα, πρόσωπο και σταυρός. Δεν γνωρίζουμε πού βρέθηκε το νόμισμα.","objectCaption":"Νόμισμα του Νικηφόρου Α΄","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"krum-811.s1-pliska","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Η Πλίσκα καίγεται","body":"Το καλοκαίρι του 811 ο στρατός του αυτοκράτορα Νικηφόρου Α΄ καταλαμβάνει την Πλίσκα, τη βουλγαρική πρωτεύουσα. Κατά την αποχώρηση τα ξύλινα κτίσματα πυρπολούνται. Ο Βούλγαρος ηγεμόνας Κρούμος όμως δεν αιχμαλωτίζεται. Η απώλεια της πρωτεύουσας δεν τερματίζει την αντίστασή του.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-480.1bd1feb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-1600.1bd1feb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8a8f8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","id":"asset.krum.palace","alt":"Η ανακτορική περιοχή της Πλίσκα σήμερα. Φωτογραφία του Svilen Enev. Διακρίνονται συντηρημένα λίθινα κατάλοιπα. Μετά την πυρκαγιά η πόλη ξαναχτίστηκε και άλλαξε· πέτρινα κτίρια αντικατέστησαν ξύλινα. Οι ανασκαφές εδώ άρχισαν το 1899.","objectCaption":"Η ανακτορική περιοχή της Πλίσκα σήμερα. Φωτογραφία του Svilen Enev. Διακρίνονται συντηρημένα λίθινα κατάλοιπα. Μετά την πυρκαγιά η πόλη ξαναχτίστηκε και άλλαξε· πέτρινα κτίρια αντικατέστησαν ξύλινα. Οι ανασκαφές εδώ άρχισαν το 1899.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-480.bd8e15dc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-1600.bd8e15dc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a7c6f","h":1064,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","id":"asset.krum.reserve","alt":"Σύγχρονη άποψη του αρχαιολογικού χώρου της Πλίσκα. Ερείπια και συντηρημένη τοιχοποιία από διαφορετικές οικοδομικές φάσεις.","objectCaption":"Σύγχρονη άποψη του αρχαιολογικού χώρου της Πλίσκα. Ερείπια και συντηρημένη τοιχοποιία από διαφορετικές οικοδομικές φάσεις.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.bdmundo.com · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για έναν μεγάλο αρχαιολογικό χώρο. Δεν δείχνει την ακριβή θέση του ανακτόρου ή της μάχης.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Πλίσκα — αρχαιολογική πόλη","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/el/map/#krum.pliska"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":14.54,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.krum-811.krum-811.s1-pliska","duration":14.635,"src":"/audio/el/krum-811/s1-pliska.8b698f3e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"},{"id":"src.krum.media.palace"},{"id":"src.krum.media.reserve"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s2-coin","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"Το πρόσωπο πάνω στο χρυσό","body":"Κοιτάξτε το χρυσό νόμισμα. Ο Νικηφόρος εικονίζεται με στέμμα και σταυρό. Ο αυτοκράτορας κυβερνά μια αυτοκρατορία: ένα μεγάλο κράτος με πολλές περιοχές. Σήμερα ονομάζουμε την αυτοκρατορία του Βυζάντιο. Το νόμισμα βρίσκεται σε μουσείο στην Αθήνα. Δεν γνωρίζουμε πού βρέθηκε.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-480.2e60b0f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-1600.2e60b0f1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#534832","h":1844,"w":1876,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin","alt":"Χρυσό νόμισμα του Νικηφόρου Α΄ στο Νομισματικό Μουσείο Αθηνών, φωτογραφία του Francesco Bini. Διακρίνονται στέμμα, πρόσωπο και σταυρός. Δεν γνωρίζουμε πού βρέθηκε το νόμισμα.","objectCaption":"Νόμισμα του Νικηφόρου Α΄","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-coin-face","x":0.5,"y":0.43,"title":"Το πρόσωπο","body":"Απεικόνιση του Νικηφόρου σε νόμισμα. Δεν είναι πορτρέτο που σχεδιάστηκε κατά τη μάχη.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-crown","x":0.5,"y":0.24,"title":"Το στέμμα","body":"Πάνω από το πρόσωπο διακρίνεται στέμμα με σταυρό. Είναι σύμβολο της αυτοκρατορικής εξουσίας.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-cross","x":0.23,"y":0.34,"title":"Ο σταυρός στο χέρι","body":"Στα αριστερά της φωτογραφίας υπάρχει ένας σταυρός με μακριά λαβή. Δεν είναι σπαθί.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":15.772,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.krum-811.krum-811.s2-coin","duration":15.872,"src":"/audio/el/krum-811/s2-coin.5eb21620.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.media.coin"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s3-pass","number":3,"kind":"map","title":"Ξύλινα φράγματα στο βουνό","body":"Νότια της Πλίσκας βρίσκεται ο Αίμος. Ένα ορεινό πέρασμα είναι δρόμος μέσα από τα βουνά. Το πέρασμα της Βάρμπιτσας έχει προταθεί ως τόπος της τελευταίας μάχης. Συζητούνται και άλλες τοποθεσίες. Γι’ αυτό ο χάρτης δείχνει μια κατά προσέγγιση περιοχή, χωρίς ακριβή διαδρομή των στρατευμάτων.\n\nΟ Θεοφάνης γράφει ένα χρονικό: μια αφήγηση γεγονότων κατά έτος. Σύμφωνα με αυτόν, οι Βούλγαροι κλείνουν τις εξόδους με ξύλινα φράγματα. Η κατακτημένη πρωτεύουσα μένει πίσω από τον αυτοκρατορικό στρατό, αλλά μπροστά του υπάρχουν εμπόδια. Οι αφηγήσεις διαφέρουν ως προς τη διάρκεια της εκστρατείας.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-480.8ecf324d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-1600.8ecf324d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#848786","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","id":"asset.krum.road","alt":"Το πέρασμα της Βαρμπίτσας σήμερα, φωτογραφία του Izvora. Σύγχρονος δρόμος και δάσος· η ακριβής θέση της μάχης δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί.","objectCaption":"Το πέρασμα της Βαρμπίτσας σήμερα, φωτογραφία του Izvora. Σύγχρονος δρόμος και δάσος· η ακριβής θέση της μάχης δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-480.8f5e0841.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-1600.8f5e0841.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#74767a","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","id":"asset.krum.landscape","alt":"Δεύτερη σύγχρονη άποψη του περάσματος της Βαρμπίτσας. Συμπληρωματική φωτογραφία του εδάφους, χωρίς αναπαράσταση στρατευμάτων.","objectCaption":"Δεύτερη σύγχρονη άποψη του περάσματος της Βαρμπίτσας. Συμπληρωματική φωτογραφία του εδάφους, χωρίς αναπαράσταση στρατευμάτων.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για έναν μεγάλο αρχαιολογικό χώρο. Δεν δείχνει την ακριβή θέση του ανακτόρου ή της μάχης.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Πλίσκα — αρχαιολογική πόλη","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/el/map/#krum.pliska"},{"note":"Αυτό είναι το σημερινό πέρασμα. Η μάχη μπορεί να έγινε εδώ. Συζητούνται και άλλες τοποθεσίες· ο κύκλος δεν οριοθετεί εξακριβωμένο πεδίο μάχης.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.varbitsa-pass","name":"Πέρασμα της Βαρμπίτσας — πιθανή περιοχή της μάχης","latitude":42.9275,"longitude":26.6683333333,"radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.wikidata-pass","src.krum.runciman"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.varbitsa-pass","url":"/el/map/#krum.varbitsa-pass"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για έναν μεγάλο αρχαιολογικό χώρο. Δεν δείχνει την ακριβή θέση του ανακτόρου ή της μάχης.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Πλίσκα — αρχαιολογική πόλη","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/el/map/#krum.pliska","number":1,"x":70.18405,"y":32.58537,"inside":true,"viewX":63.06669419354838,"viewY":41.772342058064524},{"note":"Αυτό είναι το σημερινό πέρασμα. Η μάχη μπορεί να έγινε εδώ. Συζητούνται και άλλες τοποθεσίες· ο κύκλος δεν οριοθετεί εξακριβωμένο πεδίο μάχης.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.varbitsa-pass","name":"Πέρασμα της Βαρμπίτσας — πιθανή περιοχή της 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πρωινό της συντριβής","body":"Η ανώνυμη αφήγηση της εκστρατείας περιγράφει επίθεση στο στρατόπεδο, ενώ οι Βυζαντινοί στρατιώτες κοιμούνται ακόμη. Ο στρατός συντρίβεται. Ο Νικηφόρος σκοτώνεται τον Ιούλιο του 811. Ο γιος του Σταυράκιος τραυματίζεται βαριά. Μερικοί στρατιώτες καταφέρνουν να σωθούν.\n\nΠοιος ακριβώς σκοτώνει τον αυτοκράτορα; Οι σωζόμενες αφηγήσεις δεν δίνουν βέβαιη απάντηση.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-480.06602151.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-1125.06602151.avif","w":1125}],"dominant":"#c2aa6e","h":1600,"w":1125,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","id":"asset.krum.campaign","alt":"Μικρογραφία 50 από το Χρονικό του Μανασσή, 14ος αιώνας. Η εκστρατεία του Νικηφόρου και μια σκηνή που περιγράφεται ως η αιχμαλωσία του. Πρόκειται για μεταγενέστερη εικαστική αφήγηση.","objectCaption":"Μικρογραφία 50 από το Χρονικό του Μανασσή, 14ος αιώνας. Η εκστρατεία του Νικηφόρου και μια σκηνή που περιγράφεται ως η αιχμαλωσία του. Πρόκειται για μεταγενέστερη εικαστική αφήγηση.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Άγνωστος μικρογράφος του 14ου αιώνα; σάρωση από Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures. 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Ο ακριβής δράστης και η ακριβής τοποθεσία δεν είναι. Η μεταγενέστερη εικόνα δεν αντικαθιστά μαρτυρία από την εποχή της μάχης.","correctItemId":"e-death","sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.564,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.krum-811.krum-811.a1-evidence","duration":3.669,"src":"/audio/el/krum-811/a1-evidence.d638f0c7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s5-cup","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Το σκεύος στο χέρι","body":"Στη μικρογραφία ο Κρούμος κάθεται αριστερά και στα δεξιά του τού προσφέρουν ένα σκεύος. Μικρογραφία είναι μια μικρή ζωγραφιά σε βιβλίο. Αυτή είναι του 14ου αιώνα, αιώνες μετά τη μάχη. Ο Θεοφάνης αναφέρει ότι από το κρανίο του Νικηφόρου κατασκευάστηκε ένα κύπελλο με ασήμι εξωτερικά. Σύμφωνα με αυτόν, από το κύπελλο έπιναν Σλάβοι αρχηγοί.\n\nΔεν γνωρίζουμε αν υπήρξε τέτοιο κύπελλο. Η αφήγηση μπορεί να επαναλαμβάνει παλαιότερες ιστορίες για εχθρούς. Η μεταγενέστερη εικόνα δεν λύνει το ζήτημα.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-480.852c1d5d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-1600.852c1d5d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#bf9c63","h":2400,"w":1785,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","id":"asset.krum.feast","alt":"Μικρογραφία 51 από το Χρονικό του Μανασσή, 14ος αιώνας. Ο Κρούμος με καλεσμένους και ένα σκεύος που του προσφέρεται· μεταγενέστερη απεικόνιση της αφήγησης για το κύπελλο, όχι τεκμήριο σωζόμενου αντικειμένου.","objectCaption":"Μικρογραφία 51 από το Χρονικό του Μανασσή, 14ος αιώνας. Ο Κρούμος με καλεσμένους και ένα σκεύος που του προσφέρεται· μεταγενέστερη απεικόνιση της αφήγησης για το κύπελλο, όχι τεκμήριο σωζόμενου αντικειμένου.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Άγνωστος μικρογράφος του 14ου αιώνα; σάρωση από Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-feast-ruler","x":0.23,"y":0.59,"title":"Ο Κρούμος στην παράσταση","body":"Ο καθιστός ηγεμόνας στα αριστερά είναι ο Κρούμος σύμφωνα με την περιγραφή της μικρογραφίας. Δεν είναι εξακριβωμένο πορτρέτο από την εποχή του.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-vessel","x":0.64,"y":0.59,"title":"Το προσφερόμενο σκεύος","body":"Η όρθια μορφή κρατά ένα σκεύος. Η εικόνα παρουσιάζει την αφήγηση για το κύπελλο· δεν αποδεικνύει το υλικό ή το σχήμα ενός πραγματικού αντικειμένου.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast","src.krum.nikolov"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-guests","x":0.45,"y":0.53,"title":"Οι καλεσμένοι","body":"Μια ομάδα ανθρώπων είναι συγκεντρωμένη γύρω από το τραπέζι. Τα ονόματά τους δεν έχουν εξακριβωθεί εδώ.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.236,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.krum-811.krum-811.s5-cup","duration":26.325,"src":"/audio/el/krum-811/s5-cup.db9b5874.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Δραστηριότητα: βάλτε τα γεγονότα στη σειρά","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Βάλτε τα γεγονότα σε χρονολογική σειρά, από το παλαιότερο στο νεότερο.","sourceIds":["src.krum.pliska-museum","src.krum.nikolov","src.krum.media.feast"],"items":[{"id":"ev-pliska","label":"Ο βυζαντινός στρατός καταλαμβάνει την Πλίσκα"},{"id":"ev-defeat","label":"Ο Νικηφόρος πεθαίνει στη μάχη"},{"id":"ev-miniature","label":"Ζωγραφίζεται η μικρογραφία του συμποσίου"},{"id":"ev-excavations","label":"Αρχίζουν οι ανασκαφές στην Πλίσκα"}],"explanation":"Η Πλίσκα καταλαμβάνεται πριν από τη συντριβή του 811. Η μικρογραφία είναι του 14ου αιώνα. Οι ανασκαφές αρχίζουν το 1899. Για αυτή τη σειρά δεν χρειάζεται να γνωρίζουμε τον ακριβή αριθμό ημερών ανάμεσα στην κατάληψη και τη μάχη.","correctOrderIds":["ev-pliska","ev-defeat","ev-miniature","ev-excavations"],"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.444,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.krum-811.krum-811.a2-timeline","duration":4.565,"src":"/audio/el/krum-811/a2-timeline.803ea416.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s6-laws","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Εντολές σε ένα παλιό βιβλίο","body":"Για τους «νόμους του Κρούμου» διαθέτουμε μόνο μια αφήγηση στη Σούδα, βυζαντινή εγκυκλοπαίδεια του 10ου αιώνα. Εγκυκλοπαίδεια είναι ένα βιβλίο με πολλά σύντομα άρθρα. Περιγράφει ποινές για ψευδή κατηγορία και κλοπή. Μιλά επίσης για εκρίζωση αμπελιών και επαρκή βοήθεια στους απόρους.\n\nΣύμφωνα με τη Σούδα, ο Κρούμος εκδίδει αυτές τις εντολές ύστερα από συνομιλία με αιχμαλώτους από τον λαό των Αβάρων. Οι Άβαροι είχαν δικό τους κράτος. Δεν γνωρίζουμε αν έγινε η συνομιλία. Οι ίδιοι οι νόμοι του Κρούμου δεν έχουν διασωθεί.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-480.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-1600.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#cdcdcd","h":1158,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","id":"asset.krum.suda","alt":"Σελίδα 144 της έντυπης έκδοσης της Σούδας, Μιλάνο, 1499, μέσω Gallica και Commons. Εδώ βρίσκεται το λήμμα για τον Αριστοτέλη, όχι η αφήγηση για τους νόμους του Κρούμου.","objectCaption":"Σελίδα 144 της έντυπης έκδοσης της Σούδας, Μιλάνο, 1499, μέσω Gallica και Commons. Εδώ βρίσκεται το λήμμα για τον Αριστοτέλη, όχι η αφήγηση για τους νόμους του Κρούμου.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ανώνυμοι συντάκτες· τυπογράφοι του Μιλάνου Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus και Benedictus Mangius; ψηφιοποίηση μέσω Gallica · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. 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Ο Θεοφάνης είναι ο συγγραφέας του χρονικού. Η Σούδα είναι η εγκυκλοπαίδεια με την αφήγηση για τους νόμους. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"}},{"id":"asset.krum.coin","src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","alt":"Χρυσό νόμισμα του Νικηφόρου Α΄ στο Νομισματικό Μουσείο Αθηνών, φωτογραφία του Francesco Bini. Διακρίνονται στέμμα, πρόσωπο και σταυρός. Δεν γνωρίζουμε πού βρέθηκε το νόμισμα.","w":1876,"h":1844,"caption":"","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. 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Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"}},{"id":"asset.krum.campaign","src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","alt":"Μικρογραφία 50 από το Χρονικό του Μανασσή, 14ος αιώνας. Η εκστρατεία του Νικηφόρου και μια σκηνή που περιγράφεται ως η αιχμαλωσία του. 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