{"version":2,"locale":"el","id":"story.magura-cave","hasFind":true,"slug":"magura-cave","url":"/el/stories/magura-cave/","topic":"Σπήλαιο Μαγκούρα","title":"Χρώμα από νυχτερίδες, σημάδια του χρόνου","summary":"Σκούρες μορφές από γκουανό νυχτερίδων, σκηνές που ερμηνεύονται ως κυνήγι και ένα πιθανό ημερολόγιο. Εξετάζουμε τα ορατά σχήματα και τις σημασίες που τους έχουν αποδοθεί.","cover":{"title":"Χρώμα από νυχτερίδες, σημάδια του χρόνου","subtitle":"Τα σχέδια στη Μαγκούρα κοντά στη Ραμπίσα","hook":"Ημερολόγιο από περιττώματα νυχτερίδων;","summary":"Σκούρες μορφές από γκουανό νυχτερίδων, σκηνές που ερμηνεύονται ως κυνήγι και ένα πιθανό ημερολόγιο. Εξετάζουμε τα ορατά σχήματα και τις σημασίες που τους έχουν αποδοθεί.","takeaway":"Τα σχέδια είναι πραγματικά ίχνη, αλλά το νόημά τους παραμένει ανοιχτό σε έλεγχο. Η διαφορά ανάμεσα στο «βλέπω έναν κύκλο» και στο «αυτό είναι ημερολόγιο» είναι μέρος όσων μας μαθαίνει η Μαγκούρα να παρατηρούμε."},"sortYear":-3000,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.bronze","styleId":"bronze","sortOrder":7,"title":"Εποχή του Χαλκού","dateLabel":"4η–2η χιλιετία π.Χ. · κατά προσέγγιση","eraShort":"Εποχή του Χαλκού","slug":"bronze","fill":"#7A5E4C","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#6A5242","dark":"#705E51"},"epochId":"epoch.bronze","placeShort":"Ραμπίσα","date":"Χαλκολιθική–Εποχή του Χαλκού","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.avif","w":436}],"dominant":"#8c6d58","h":733,"w":436,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","w":436}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting-cutout","alt":"Απομονωμένη μορφή από βραχογραφία της Μαγκούρα· δεν είναι φορητό αντικείμενο.","objectCaption":"Ζωγραφισμένη μορφή","caption":"Σύνθεση που ερμηνεύεται ως κυνήγι και χορός","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"magura-cave.s1-guano","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Χρώμα από το σπήλαιο","body":"Στον ανοιχτόχρωμο τοίχο είναι ζωγραφισμένες σκούρες μορφές ανθρώπων και ζώων και διάφορα σημάδια. Το χρώμα τους φτιάχτηκε με γκουανό νυχτερίδων, δηλαδή συσσωρευμένα περιττώματα νυχτερίδων. Τα ίχνη παραμένουν εδώ.\n\nΒρισκόμαστε στη Μαγκούρα, κοντά στο χωριό Ραμπίσα, στην περιοχή του Βίντιν. Εκατοντάδες εικόνες καλύπτουν ένα μέρος του σπηλαίου. Δεν γνωρίζουμε τα ονόματα των δημιουργών. Μπορούμε όμως να εξετάσουμε όσα άφησαν. Βρες μια μορφή με σηκωμένα χέρια. Έπειτα αναζήτησε ένα ζώο δίπλα στον άνθρωπο της κάτω σειράς. Τι άραγε κάνουν αυτές οι μορφές;","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Σκούρες ανθρώπινες μορφές και μορφές ζώων σε δύο σειρές πάνω στον βράχο.","objectCaption":"Ζωγραφισμένη μορφή","caption":"Σύνθεση που ερμηνεύεται ως κυνήγι και χορός","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.076,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.magura-cave.magura-cave.s1-guano","duration":30.165,"src":"/audio/el/magura-cave/s1-guano.ab7d9d2a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.museum.cave"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s2-dating","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Πόσο παλιά είναι τα σχέδια;","body":"Τα σχέδια είναι χιλιάδων ετών. Οι ερευνητές προτείνουν διαφορετικές χρονολογήσεις. Μια επιστημονική ανασκόπηση τα τοποθετεί στην πέμπτη έως τρίτη χιλιετία π.Χ. Κάθε χιλιετία είναι χίλια χρόνια. Υπάρχουν και προτάσεις για παλαιότερες χρονολογίες. Δεν μπορούμε να δώσουμε μία χρονολογία σε όλες τις μορφές. Το παλιό γκουανό και η επαναζωγράφιση μπορεί να δυσκολεύουν τον έλεγχο. Η κατοικία που βρέθηκε δεν χρονολογεί κάθε σχέδιο. Πρέπει να αποδειχθεί η σχέση ανάμεσά τους.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Κατά προσέγγιση περιοχή της εισόδου. Το σημείο δεν δείχνει την υπόγεια στοά.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Σπήλαιο Μαγκούρα — είσοδος","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/el/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/el/map/#mag.cave"},{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για τη λίμνη, όχι σημείο πρόσβασης στην όχθη.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Λίμνη Ράμπισα","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/el/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/el/map/#mag.lake"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Κατά προσέγγιση περιοχή της εισόδου. Το σημείο δεν δείχνει την υπόγεια στοά.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Σπήλαιο Μαγκούρα — είσοδος","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/el/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/el/map/#mag.cave","number":1,"x":13.53343,"y":23.50252,"inside":true,"viewX":16.76399070967742,"viewY":30.128714348387103},{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για τη λίμνη, όχι σημείο πρόσβασης στην όχθη.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Λίμνη Ράμπισα","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/el/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/el/map/#mag.lake","number":2,"x":13.5625,"y":23.20699,"inside":true,"viewX":25.76399070967742,"viewY":36.128714348387106}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Σόφια","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Φιλιππούπολη","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Βάρνα","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Μπουργκάς","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Ρούσε","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Βέλικο Τάρνοβο","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":52.370910322580656},{"name":"Πλέβεν","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":40.7604206451613},{"name":"Στάρα Ζαγόρα","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":74.30354451612905},{"name":"Σούμεν","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":45.7279206451613},{"name":"Βίντιν","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":20.905803870967745},{"name":"Μπλαγκόεβγκραντ","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":87.85232064516131},{"name":"Χάσκοβο","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":90.73539354838711},{"name":"Σμόλιαν","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":102.59457870967745},{"name":"Σλίβεν","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":65.69534774193549},{"name":"Ντόμπριτς","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":35.445516129032264},{"name":"Πέρνικ","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":68.27203806451614},{"name":"Γιάμπολ","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":72.34218322580647},{"name":"Πάζαρτζικ","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":82.11053161290324},{"name":"Βράτσα","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":47.8033741935484},{"name":"Γκάμπροβο","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":59.19593483870968},{"name":"Κάρτζαλι","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":100.72551677419357},{"name":"Κιουστεντίλ","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":79.06080709677421},{"name":"Μοντάνα","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":40.914252903225815},{"name":"Λόβετς","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":50.29032903225807},{"name":"Σιλίστρα","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":16.736949677419354},{"name":"Ταργκόβιστε","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":46.40862838709678},{"name":"Ράζγκραντ","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":36.78898451612904},{"name":"Καζανλάκ","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":67.79387612903227},{"name":"Δούναβης","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":30.66902451612904},{"name":"Μαύρη Θάλασσα","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":58.322936774193565},{"name":"Αίμος","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":63.39170967741937},{"name":"Ρίλα","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":84.21034193548388},{"name":"Πίριν","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":96.86945483870969},{"name":"Ροδόπη","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":101.84592838709679},{"name":"Στράντζα","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":86.88189548387099}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.644,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.magura-cave.magura-cave.s2-dating","duration":27.733,"src":"/audio/el/magura-cave/s2-dating.8423e1e0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.antic2020"},{"id":"src.mag.tourism"},{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s3-figures","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Χέρια πάνω από το κεφάλι","body":"Στην κάτω σειρά βλέπεις έναν άνθρωπο και ένα τετράποδο ζώο. Πιο πάνω υπάρχουν μορφές με τα χέρια πάνω από το κεφάλι. Τα χέρια μερικές φορές κλείνουν έναν κύκλο. Τα σώματα ορισμένων μορφών μοιάζουν με δύο ενωμένα τρίγωνα.\n\nΟι ερευνητές ερμηνεύουν τις ομάδες ως κυνήγι, χορό ή τελετουργία. Τελετουργία είναι μια πράξη που οι άνθρωποι επαναλαμβάνουν λόγω των πεποιθήσεών τους. Όμως ο τοίχος δεν διασώζει κάποια εξήγηση από τους δημιουργούς. Δεν μπορούμε να ονομάσουμε τη γιορτή ή τους ανθρώπους. Κοίταξε πρώτα το σχήμα. Έπειτα σκέψου τι είναι ορατό και τι προσθέτουμε ως ερμηνεία.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Σκούρες ανθρώπινες μορφές και μορφές ζώων σε δύο σειρές πάνω στον βράχο.","objectCaption":"Ζωγραφισμένη μορφή","caption":"Σύνθεση που ερμηνεύεται ως κυνήγι και χορός","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-person","x":0.369,"y":0.755,"title":"Ανθρώπινη μορφή","body":"Μορφή με απλωμένα χέρια στην κάτω σειρά. Ο χαρακτηρισμός «κυνηγός» είναι ερμηνεία της σκηνής.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-animal","x":0.488,"y":0.741,"title":"Τετράποδο ζώο","body":"Δίπλα στην ανθρώπινη μορφή υπάρχει ένα τετράποδο ζώο. Από τη σιλουέτα δεν προσδιορίζουμε το ακριβές είδος.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-raised","x":0.398,"y":0.251,"title":"Υψωμένα χέρια","body":"Η πάνω μορφή έχει τα χέρια πάνω από το κεφάλι. Ο χορός ή η τελετή είναι πιθανή ερμηνεία, όχι διασωμένη αφήγηση του ζωγράφου.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.348,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.magura-cave.magura-cave.s3-figures","duration":30.464,"src":"/audio/el/magura-cave/s3-figures.c85af886.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.hunting"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.figures"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s4-calendar","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Ο κύκλος με τις ακτίνες","body":"Σε έναν άλλο τοίχο υπάρχει ένας μεγάλος κύκλος με ακτίνες. Κάτω του εναλλάσσονται σκούρα και ανοιχτόχρωμα τετραγωνάκια. Γύρω του υπάρχουν σημάδια σε σχήμα Τ. Ο κύκλος ερμηνεύεται ως ήλιος. Τα σχήματα Τ έχουν συγκριθεί με τσεκούρια, αλλά ούτε αυτό είναι βέβαιο.\n\nΣύμφωνα με μία ερμηνεία, η σύνθεση είναι ημερολόγιο: τα σημάδια δηλώνουν ημέρες και γιορτές. Η ημερολογιακή σημασία είναι μια προτεινόμενη ερμηνεία. Μπορείς να μετρήσεις τις κηλίδες στη φωτογραφία. Αυτό από μόνο του δεν αποδεικνύει πώς τις μετρούσε ο δημιουργός. Τι άλλο θα χρειαζόσουν για να δεχτείς την ημερολογιακή ερμηνεία;","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-480.ed7f21ce.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-1600.ed7f21ce.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-2400.ed7f21ce.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e6f5d","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","id":"asset.mag.calendar","alt":"Σκούροι κύκλοι με ακτίνες, σχήματα Τ και μια σειρά τετραγώνων σε ανοιχτόχρωμο βράχο.","objectCaption":"Τα σημάδια που ονομάζονται «ημερολόγιο»","caption":"Τα σημάδια που ονομάζονται «ημερολόγιο»","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_calendar_1528.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-rays","x":0.535,"y":0.565,"title":"Κύκλος με ακτίνες","body":"Κύκλος με γραμμές που απλώνονται προς τα έξω. Ερμηνεύεται ως ηλιακό σύμβολο.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-checks","x":0.489,"y":0.75,"title":"Σειρά τετραγώνων","body":"Τα εναλλασσόμενα σκούρα και ανοιχτόχρωμα τετράγωνα αποτελούν μέρος της ημερολογιακής ερμηνείας. Δεν ξέρουμε με βεβαιότητα πώς μετρήθηκαν.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-t","x":0.35,"y":0.471,"title":"Σημάδι σε σχήμα Τ","body":"Το σχήμα είναι ορατό. Η σύγκριση τέτοιων σημαδιών με πέλεκεις είναι υπόθεση.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.98,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.magura-cave.magura-cave.s4-calendar","duration":32.085,"src":"/audio/el/magura-cave/s4-calendar.dc52ad98.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.a1-reading","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Δραστηριότητα: τι αποδεικνύει ο κύκλος","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.mag.reading","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Τι μπορούμε να πούμε για το «ημερολόγιο»;","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"items":[{"id":"opt-reading","label":"Είναι μια πιθανή ερμηνεία των σημείων."},{"id":"opt-agreed","label":"Η ίδια η φωτογραφία αποδεικνύει ότι είναι ημερολόγιο.","whyWrong":"Η φωτογραφία δείχνει τα σχήματα, αλλά δεν αποδεικνύει τη σημασία τους."},{"id":"opt-count","label":"Η μέθοδος με την οποία ο ζωγράφος μετρούσε τα σημεία είναι γνωστή.","whyWrong":"Το δικό μας άθροισμα δεν αποδεικνύει τον αρχαίο τρόπο μέτρησης."}],"explanation":"Ο κύκλος και τα τετραγωνάκια είναι ορατά. Η ημερολογιακή τους σημασία είναι ερμηνεία.","correctItemId":"opt-reading","sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.652,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.magura-cave.magura-cave.a1-reading","duration":2.773,"src":"/audio/el/magura-cave/a1-reading.24bcb4eb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s5-care","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Πώς προστατεύονται τα σχέδια","body":"Το 1984 η Μαγκούρα προτάθηκε για τον ενδεικτικό κατάλογο της UNESCO. Ο οργανισμός στηρίζει την εκπαίδευση, την επιστήμη και τον πολιτισμό. Ο κατάλογος περιλαμβάνει πιθανά μελλοντικά μνημεία παγκόσμιας κληρονομιάς. Άρθρο του 2017 αναφέρει περιορισμό της μαζικής πρόσβασης από το 2008. Επιτρέπονταν επισκέψεις υπό επίβλεψη. Οι λόγοι περιλαμβάνουν σκόπιμες φθορές και αλλοιώσεις από τους επισκέπτες και τον φωτισμό. Στην έρευνα παρατηρήθηκαν ορατές συγκεντρώσεις μυκήτων στις αποθέσεις γκουανό. Στους ζωγραφισμένους τοίχους οι μύκητες ήταν λιγοστοί. Οι συγγραφείς συνιστούν παρακολούθηση και όχι συνήθη αντιμυκητιακά σκευάσματα.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-480.5f9091a1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-960.5f9091a1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-1600.5f9091a1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d3c15","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-960.5f9091a1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-960.5f9091a1.webp","id":"asset.mag.panel","alt":"Τοίχωμα με ζωγραφιές και σύγχρονος φωτισμός","objectCaption":"Τοίχωμα με ζωγραφιές και σύγχρονος φωτισμός","caption":"Τοίχωμα με ζωγραφιές και σύγχρονος φωτισμός","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Painted wall and modern lighting. 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Η σύγχρονη υποψηφιότητα είναι του 1984· ο περιορισμός που περιγράφουν οι επιστήμονες ισχύει από το 2008.","correctOrderIds":["ev-paint","ev-tentative","ev-restrict"],"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.antic2020"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.82,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.magura-cave.magura-cave.a2-timeline","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/el/magura-cave/a2-timeline.e2031f0d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.antic2020"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s6-visit","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ταινία και ζωγραφιές στους τοίχους","body":"Ένα ρεπορτάζ περιγράφει μια ταινία για τις ζωγραφιές της Μαγκούρα. Περιέχει ψηφιακές αναπαραστάσεις: εικόνες που αναδημιουργήθηκαν με υπολογιστή. Δεν είναι οι ίδιοι οι τοίχοι.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-formations-480.25b19c2c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-formations-960.25b19c2c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-formations-1600.25b19c2c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#3e3b36","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-formations-960.25b19c2c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-formations-960.25b19c2c.webp","id":"asset.mag.formations","alt":"Βραχώδεις σχηματισμοί στη Μαγκούρα","objectCaption":"Βραχώδεις σχηματισμοί στη Μαγκούρα","caption":"Βραχώδεις σχηματισμοί στη Μαγκούρα","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Красимир Косев · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Красимир Косев, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. Unmodified. Rock formations in Magura. 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Το ημερολόγιο είναι ερμηνεία των σχεδίων. 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