{"version":2,"locale":"el","id":"story.nikopol-1396","hasFind":true,"slug":"nikopol-1396","url":"/el/stories/nikopol-1396/","topic":"Νικόπολη","title":"Γιατί σταματά η εκστρατεία στη Νικόπολη;","summary":"Ο Σιγισμούνδος συγκεντρώνει συμμάχους απέναντι στην οθωμανική προέλαση. Ακολουθώντας τον Δούναβη, ο στρατός φτάνει στο Βίντιν και στη Νικόπολη. Ένα κράνος της εποχής και η αφήγηση ενός αιχμαλώτου μάς οδηγούν στα γεγονότα.","cover":{"title":"Γιατί σταματά η εκστρατεία στη Νικόπολη;","subtitle":"Ο Σιγισμούνδος, ο Βαγιαζήτ και η μάχη του 1396","hook":"Γιατί χάνουν οι σύμμαχοι στη Νικόπολη;","summary":"Ο Σιγισμούνδος συγκεντρώνει συμμάχους απέναντι στην οθωμανική προέλαση. Ακολουθώντας τον Δούναβη, ο στρατός φτάνει στο Βίντιν και στη Νικόπολη. Ένα κράνος της εποχής και η αφήγηση ενός αιχμαλώτου μάς οδηγούν στα γεγονότα.","takeaway":"Κατά τη γνώμη μας, η διαφωνία πριν από την επίθεση δείχνει πόσο δύσκολη είναι η κοινή δράση των συμμάχων. Η ήττα ενισχύει την οθωμανική εξουσία, αλλά η μοίρα όλων των βουλγαρικών εδαφών δεν συνοψίζεται σε μία ημερομηνία."},"sortYear":1396,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Δεύτερο Βουλγαρικό Βασίλειο","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Δεύτερο Βασίλειο","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Νικόπολη","date":"1396","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Αποκομμένη λεπτομέρεια· το φόντο αφαιρέθηκε. 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κράνος με μυτερή κορυφή","body":"Κοίτα το ατσάλινο κράνος. Αυτός ο τύπος ονομάζεται μπασινέ. Το μουσείο το χρονολογεί περίπου στα 1375–1400, την εποχή της εκστρατείας. Το αντικείμενο είναι ιταλικό. Η μυτερή κορυφή και το άνοιγμα για το πρόσωπο φαίνονται καθαρά. Στην επιφάνεια διακρίνονται μικρές οπές. Δεν είναι εύρημα από τη Νικόπολη. Βρέθηκε το 1840 στο φρούριο της Χαλκίδας στην Εύβοια, στη σημερινή Ελλάδα. Εκεί βρέθηκαν και άλλες πανοπλίες, η προστατευτική ενδυμασία των πολεμιστών. Δεν ξέρουμε ποιος το φορούσε.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Μυτερή ατσάλινη περικεφαλαία με άνοιγμα για το πρόσωπο και μικρές οπές στην επιφάνειά της.","objectCaption":"Περικεφαλαία","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Άγνωστος Ιταλός τεχνίτης; φωτογραφία: Μητροπολιτικό Μουσείο Τέχνης. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-helmet-point","x":0.52,"y":0.1,"title":"Μυτερή κορυφή","body":"Διακρίνεται η ψηλή κορυφή της ατσάλινης περικεφαλαίας. Το μουσείο τη χρονολογεί περίπου στο 1375–1400.","sourceIds":["src.nik.met.bascinet","src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-face","x":0.31,"y":0.66,"title":"Άνοιγμα για το πρόσωπο","body":"Στη μορφή με την οποία εκτίθεται η περικεφαλαία, το άνοιγμα αφήνει ακάλυπτο το πρόσωπο.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-holes","x":0.56,"y":0.53,"title":"Μικρές οπές","body":"Στο ατσάλι υπάρχουν μικρές οπές. Η αιτία καθεμιάς δεν έχει εξακριβωθεί εδώ.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.348,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","duration":34.475,"src":"/audio/el/nikopol-1396/s3-helmet.2d941e89.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.met.bascinet"},{"id":"src.nik.image.helmet"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s4-battle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ο Ιωάννης επιμένει να επιτεθεί πρώτος","body":"Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1396 οι στρατοί συναντιούνται κοντά στη Νικόπολη. Σύμφωνα με τον Σίλτμπεργκερ, ο Ιωάννης της Νεβέρ επιμένει να επιτεθούν πρώτοι οι μαχητές του. Ο βασιλιάς θέλει να αρχίσουν οι Ούγγροι, που έχουν ήδη πολεμήσει τους Οθωμανούς. Σε αυτή την αφήγηση οι πρώτοι επιτιθέμενοι διασπούν τις προπορευόμενες δυνάμεις, αλλά έπειτα περικυκλώνονται. Ο Σιγισμούνδος συνεχίζει τη μάχη με τις υπόλοιπες δυνάμεις. Στο πλευρό του Βαγιαζήτ πολεμά και ο Σέρβος ηγεμόνας Στέφανος Λαζάρεβιτς. Είναι υποτελής: αναγνωρίζει έναν ισχυρότερο ηγεμόνα και του οφείλει υπηρεσία. Ο στρατός του Βαγιαζήτ νικά.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Μυτερή ατσάλινη περικεφαλαία με άνοιγμα για το πρόσωπο και μικρές οπές στην επιφάνειά της.","objectCaption":"Περικεφαλαία","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Άγνωστος Ιταλός τεχνίτης; φωτογραφία: Μητροπολιτικό Μουσείο Τέχνης. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-480.1b887476.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-1097.1b887476.avif","w":1097}],"dominant":"#7d7478","h":1600,"w":1097,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","alt":"Μικρογραφία με οπλισμένους ιππείς, κανόνια και οχυρωμένα κτίρια.","objectCaption":"Μικρογραφία με οπλισμένους ιππείς, κανόνια και οχυρωμένα κτίρια.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Άγνωστος Οθωμανός καλλιτέχνης; σάρωση: Szilas, από Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.74,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s4-battle","duration":31.829,"src":"/audio/el/nikopol-1396/s4-battle.02cba1be.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Δραστηριότητα: οι συμμαχίες","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.alliance","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Ποιος πολεμά στο πλευρό του Βαγιαζήτ;","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"opt-sigismund","label":"Σιγισμούνδος, βασιλιάς της Ουγγαρίας","whyWrong":"Ο Σιγισμούνδος οδηγεί τον αντίπαλο στρατό που πολιορκεί τη Νικόπολη."},{"id":"opt-stefan","label":"Στέφανος Λαζάρεβιτς"},{"id":"opt-nevers","label":"Ιωάννης της Νεβέρ","whyWrong":"Ο Ιωάννης της Νεβέρ οδηγεί το βουργουνδικό σώμα των σταυροφόρων."}],"explanation":"Ο Λαζάρεβιτς είναι υποτελής του Βαγιαζήτ και πολεμά με τον στρατό του. Ένας χριστιανός πολεμά στο πλευρό του σουλτάνου. Από αυτό μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι η θρησκεία από μόνη της δεν εξηγεί τις συμμαχίες.","correctItemId":"opt-stefan","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.764,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","duration":2.859,"src":"/audio/el/nikopol-1396/a1-alliance.57540117.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s5-witness","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Ο αιχμάλωτος που αφηγείται","body":"Ο Γιόχαν Σίλτμπεργκερ αιχμαλωτίζεται. Αφού επιστρέφει το 1427, αφηγείται όσα έζησε. Το φύλλο που βλέπουμε είναι η αρχή ενός μεταγενέστερου χειρόγραφου αντιγράφου. Χειρόγραφο αντίγραφο σημαίνει κείμενο αντιγραμμένο με το χέρι. Δεν είναι σημειωματάριο γραμμένο στο πεδίο της μάχης. Η αφήγηση ενός συμμετέχοντος είναι σημαντική, αλλά δεν είναι ακριβής κάθε λεπτομέρειά της. Δεν γνωρίζουμε τον ακριβή αριθμό των μαχητών.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-480.1f6bd018.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-1159.1f6bd018.avif","w":1159}],"dominant":"#9f9d8d","h":1631,"w":1159,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","alt":"Χειρόγραφο φύλλο με μεγάλο κόκκινο αρχικό γράμμα και σειρές σκούρου κειμένου.","objectCaption":"Χειρόγραφο φύλλο με μεγάλο κόκκινο αρχικό γράμμα και σειρές σκούρου κειμένου.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Άγνωστος αντιγραφέας; κείμενο: Γιόχαν Σίλτμπεργκερ; ψηφιοποίηση: Βιβλιοθήκη του Πανεπιστημίου της Χαϊδελβέργης; περικομμένη έκδοση από το Commons. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-witness-initial","x":0.15,"y":0.12,"title":"Αρχικό γράμμα","body":"Το μεγάλο κόκκινο γράμμα σηματοδοτεί την αρχή της αφήγησης σε αυτό το αντίγραφο. Χειρόγραφο είναι ένα βιβλίο αντιγραμμένο με το χέρι.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-witness-name","x":0.48,"y":0.07,"title":"Το όνομα του αφηγητή","body":"Στην πρώτη γραμμή βρίσκεται το όνομα Γιόχαν Σίλτμπεργκερ.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.676,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s5-witness","duration":23.765,"src":"/audio/el/nikopol-1396/s5-witness.240bf321.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.barany2015"},{"id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Δραστηριότητα: τι έγινε νωρίτερα","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Βάλε τα γεγονότα στη σειρά σύμφωνα με την αφήγηση.","sourceIds":["src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"ev-vidin","label":"Ο στρατός φτάνει στο Βίντιν"},{"id":"ev-siege","label":"Οι σταυροφόροι πολιορκούν τη Νικόπολη"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Ο στρατός του Βαγιαζήτ νικά"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Επιστροφή του Σίλτμπεργκερ"}],"explanation":"Το Βίντιν βρίσκεται πριν από τη Νικόπολη στην πορεία του στρατού. Η πολιορκία έχει ήδη αρχίσει όταν φτάνει ο Βαγιαζήτ. Ο Σίλτμπεργκερ αιχμαλωτίζεται στη μάχη και επιστρέφει χρόνια αργότερα.","correctOrderIds":["ev-vidin","ev-siege","ev-battle","ev-return"],"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.644,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","duration":3.755,"src":"/audio/el/nikopol-1396/a2-sequence.7e019bfe.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ο Σιγισμούνδος διαφεύγει με πλοίο","body":"Ο Σιγισμούνδος διαφεύγει με πλοίο. Για πολλούς άλλους η υποχώρηση καταλήγει σε θάνατο ή αιχμαλωσία. Μερικοί αιχμάλωτοι σκοτώνονται. Άλλοι γίνονται δούλοι: χάνουν την ελευθερία τους και μπορούν να πουληθούν. Για την απελευθέρωση ορισμένων ευγενών ζητούνται χρήματα, τα λύτρα. Αιχμαλωτίζεται και ο Ιβάν Σρατσιμίρ. 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