{"version":2,"locale":"el","id":"story.serdica-roman-sofia","hasFind":true,"slug":"serdica-roman-sofia","url":"/el/stories/serdica-roman-sofia/","topic":"Σερδική","title":"Ένας δρόμος κάτω από το μετρό","summary":"Σωζόμενοι δρόμοι και πλίνθινα στηρίγματα δείχνουν ρωμαϊκές μεθόδους δόμησης και θέρμανσης. Ένα αυτοκρατορικό διάταγμα και μια μεταγενέστερη παράδοση λένε διαφορετικά πράγματα για τους ηγεμόνες.","cover":{"title":"Ένας δρόμος κάτω από το μετρό","subtitle":"Σερδική, η ρωμαϊκή Σόφια","hook":"Γιατί υπάρχει ρωμαϊκός δρόμος στο μετρό;","summary":"Σωζόμενοι δρόμοι και πλίνθινα στηρίγματα δείχνουν ρωμαϊκές μεθόδους δόμησης και θέρμανσης. Ένα αυτοκρατορικό διάταγμα και μια μεταγενέστερη παράδοση λένε διαφορετικά πράγματα για τους ηγεμόνες.","takeaway":"Ο πέτρινος δρόμος, το παλιό κείμενο και η μεταγενέστερη παράδοση είναι διαφορετικά τεκμήρια. Το καθένα μας λέει κάτι, αλλά κανένα δεν μας λέει τα πάντα."},"sortYear":311,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Αρχαιότητα: Θράκες, Έλληνες, Ρωμαίοι","dateLabel":"1η χιλιετία π.Χ. – 6ος αιώνας μ.Χ.","eraShort":"Αρχαιότητα","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Σόφια","date":"1ος–4ος αι.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-480.6c3193f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-1223.6c3193f1.avif","w":1223}],"dominant":"#69543f","h":2180,"w":1223,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","alt":"Αποκομμένη λεπτομέρεια· το φόντο αφαιρέθηκε. Χάλκινη κεφαλή που παρουσιάζεται ως ο Κωνσταντίνος, MC1072, Καπιτωλινά Μουσεία στη Ρώμη. Δεν είναι γνωστή ως εύρημα από τη Σερδική. Ο λαιμός προστέθηκε αργότερα.","objectCaption":"Χάλκινη κεφαλή","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (φωτογραφία, 2006); άγνωστος αρχαίος γλύπτης · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"},"scenes":[{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Κάτω από τα πόδια των επιβατών","body":"Οι φωτογραφίες δείχνουν σωζόμενα κατάλοιπα της ρωμαϊκής Σερδικής. Δίπλα στα σύγχρονα περάσματα υπάρχουν λιθόστρωτα και κατάλοιπα τοίχων. Είναι η Σερδική, η ρωμαϊκή πόλη κάτω από τη σημερινή. Κατά την κατασκευή της δεύτερης γραμμής του μετρό, αρχαιολόγοι ερεύνησαν την περιοχή κάτω από τη λεωφόρο «Πριγκίπισσα Μαρία Λουίζα». Οι εργασίες εκεί συνεχίστηκαν το 2010–2012.\n\nΚάτω από την πλατεία «Ανεξαρτησίας» βρίσκεται ο χώρος που ονομάζεται Λάργκο. Εκεί εκτίθεται μέρος ενός δρόμου ανάμεσα στην ανατολική και τη δυτική πύλη. 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Δύο κύριοι δρόμοι συνδέουν τις πύλες της πόλης. Ο κάρντο μάξιμους είναι ο κύριος δρόμος από βορρά προς νότο. Ο ντεκουμάνους μάξιμους είναι ο κύριος δρόμος από ανατολή προς δύση.\n\nΣτον χάρτη βλέπεις το Λάργκο και τον κοντινό κυκλικό ναό του Αγίου Γεωργίου. Ένα τέτοιο κυκλικό κτίριο ονομάζεται ροτόντα.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για τον σημερινό χώρο. Η ζώνη δεν οριοθετεί αρχαία σύνορα.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Λάργκο — κάτω από την πλατεία Ανεξαρτησίας","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/el/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/el/map/#serd.largo"},{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για τον σημερινό χώρο. 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Δεν ήταν μικρά καθίσματα. Στήριζαν το δάπεδο ενός χώρου. Από κάτω έμενε χώρος για θερμό αέρα. Έτσι το δωμάτιο θερμαινόταν από κάτω. Το σύστημα ονομάζεται υπόκαυστο.\n\nΣτη φωτογραφία το επάνω δάπεδο λείπει πια και τα στηρίγματα φαίνονται. Από αυτά μπορούμε να καταλάβουμε πώς λειτουργούσε η θέρμανση. Δεν χρειάζεται να γνωρίζουμε τους ανθρώπους που χρησιμοποιούσαν τον χώρο.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-480.f4def431.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-1600.f4def431.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7e7571","h":1284,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-excavations","alt":"Πλίνθινα στηρίγματα δίπλα στη ροτόντα, που ερμηνεύονται ως μέρος ενδοδαπέδιας θέρμανσης. 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Η ίδια η εικόνα δεν χρονολογεί κάθε επισκευή.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Σημείο αναφοράς για τον σημερινό χώρο. Η ζώνη δεν οριοθετεί αρχαία σύνορα.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Ροτόντα του Αγίου Γεωργίου","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/el/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/el/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.508,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s3-warm-floor","duration":24.619,"src":"/audio/el/serdica-roman-sofia/s3-warm-floor.68323cbf.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Δραστηριότητα: ζεστασιά κάτω από τα πόδια","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.hypocaust","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Σε τι χρησίμευαν τα χαμηλά πλίνθινα στηρίγματα;","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"items":[{"id":"opt-seats","label":"Ως καθίσματα δίπλα στον δρόμο.","whyWrong":"Τα στηρίγματα βρίσκονταν κάτω από το δάπεδο και δεν ήταν προσβάσιμα καθίσματα."},{"id":"opt-floor","label":"Για ένα δάπεδο κάτω από το οποίο περνούσε θερμός αέρας."},{"id":"opt-writing","label":"Για την αναγραφή αυτοκρατορικών διαταγών.","whyWrong":"Η ιστορία δείχνει ένα σύστημα θέρμανσης, όχι μια επιγραφή."}],"explanation":"Τα στηρίγματα κρατούσαν το δάπεδο πάνω από τον χώρο για τον θερμό αέρα. Αυτό είναι υπόκαυστο.","correctItemId":"opt-floor","sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.324,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/el/serdica-roman-sofia/a1-hypocaust.52b24c85.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ο Γαλέριος επιτρέπει τις χριστιανικές συνάξεις","body":"Το 311 ο αυτοκράτορας Γαλέριος επιτρέπει στους χριστιανούς να ασκούν ξανά την πίστη τους. Τους επιτρέπει επίσης να συναθροίζονται. Η διαταγή ονομάζεται διάταγμα. Οι όροι είναι να τηρούν την τάξη και να προσεύχονται για τον ηγεμόνα και το κράτος.\n\nΤο έγγραφο είναι γνωστό και ως «Διάταγμα της Σερδικής». Η σωζόμενη αφήγηση όμως αναφέρει άλλο τόπο: τη Νικομήδεια. Εκεί η διαταγή ανακοινώθηκε δημόσια στις 30 Απριλίου 311. Ο τόπος σύνταξής της παραμένει αβέβαιος.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-480.a0fbec0c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-1600.a0fbec0c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#888c98","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-obverse","alt":"Το προφίλ του Γαλέριου σύμφωνα με την περιγραφή του φωτογράφου· νόμισμα από την Κύζικο, όχι το ίδιο το διάταγμα ούτε επιβεβαιωμένο εύρημα από τη Σόφια.","objectCaption":"Το προφίλ του Γαλέριου σύμφωνα με την περιγραφή του φωτογράφου· νόμισμα από την Κύζικο, όχι το ίδιο το διάταγμα ούτε επιβεβαιωμένο εύρημα από τη Σόφια.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Reverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.004,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","duration":27.093,"src":"/audio/el/serdica-roman-sofia/s4-edict.ec9dd14e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.dimitrov2017"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ο Κωνσταντίνος και η «Ρώμη» του","body":"Ο Κωνσταντίνος διέμεινε επίσης στη Σερδική. Σε αυτόν αποδίδονται τα λόγια «Η Σερδική είναι η Ρώμη μου».\n\nΗ φράση σώζεται σε μεταγενέστερη αφήγηση και όχι σε καταγραφή της ίδιας της συνομιλίας. Γι’ αυτό την παρουσιάζουμε ως παράδοση. Είναι λόγια που παραδόθηκαν για το παρελθόν και των οποίων την ακρίβεια δεν μπορούμε να επιβεβαιώσουμε.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-480.530ad4f8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-1062.530ad4f8.avif","w":1062}],"dominant":"#9a9080","h":1600,"w":1062,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head","alt":"Χάλκινη κεφαλή που παρουσιάζεται ως ο Κωνσταντίνος, MC1072, Καπιτωλινά Μουσεία στη Ρώμη. Δεν είναι γνωστή ως εύρημα από τη Σερδική. Ο λαιμός προστέθηκε αργότερα.","objectCaption":"Χάλκινη κεφαλή","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (φωτογραφία, 2006); άγνωστος αρχαίος γλύπτης · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":17.916,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","duration":18.005,"src":"/audio/el/serdica-roman-sofia/s5-my-rome.5d7d65b1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline-provenance"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Δραστηριότητα: βάλτε τα τεκμήρια στη σειρά","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Βάλτε τα γεγονότα στη σειρά, αρχίζοντας από το παλαιότερο.","sourceIds":["src.serd.antiquity","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.complex"],"items":[{"id":"ev-town","label":"Διαμορφώνεται η ρωμαϊκή πόλη"},{"id":"ev-edict","label":"Το διάταγμα του Γαλερίου"},{"id":"ev-metro","label":"Ανασκαφές για το μετρό"}],"explanation":"Η ρωμαϊκή πόλη διαμορφώνεται τον 1ο αιώνα. Ακολουθούν το διάταγμα του 311 και οι ανασκαφές το 2010–2012.","correctOrderIds":["ev-town","ev-edict","ev-metro"],"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.804,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"el_GR-rapunzelina-low","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.el.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/el/serdica-roman-sofia/a2-timeline.03d276e1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"Το κυκλικό κτίριο παραμένει","body":"Στην αυλή της Προεδρίας βρίσκεται ο Άγιος Γεώργιος. Ο δήμος χρονολογεί το κυκλικό κτίριο στις αρχές του 4ου αιώνα. Εικάζεται ότι στα παλαιοχριστιανικά χρόνια χρησίμευε ως βαπτιστήριο. Δηλαδή ως χώρος χριστιανικής βάπτισης.\n\nΣύμφωνα με μια ερμηνεία, η ίδια η ροτόντα ήταν αρχικά θερμός χώρος ρωμαϊκού λουτρού. Δεν γνωρίζουμε με βεβαιότητα την αρχική της χρήση.\n\nΚοίταξε τον κυκλικό πλίνθινο τοίχο και τα ερείπια μπροστά του. Η σημερινή στέγη και τα μεγάλα κτίρια γύρω ανήκουν στη μεταγενέστερη ιστορία.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-480.119086ed.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-1600.119086ed.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#766b5d","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda","alt":"Κυκλική πλίνθινη εκκλησία ανάμεσα σε μεταγενέστερα κτίρια και αρχαιολογικά κατάλοιπα· σημερινή όψη.","objectCaption":"Κυκλική πλίνθινη εκκλησία ανάμεσα σε μεταγενέστερα κτίρια και αρχαιολογικά κατάλοιπα· σημερινή όψη.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_Sveti_Georgi%2C_Sofia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-480.eece903c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-1600.eece903c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#806459","h":1594,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-detail","alt":"Λεπτομέρεια της σημερινής πλίνθινης τοιχοποιίας της ροτόντας. Η φωτογραφία δεν χρονολογεί κάθε επισκευή.","objectCaption":"Λεπτομέρεια της σημερινής πλίνθινης τοιχοποιίας της ροτόντας. Η φωτογραφία δεν χρονολογεί κάθε επισκευή.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. 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Δεν είναι όλα τα ορατά στοιχεία ανέπαφη αρχαία τοιχοποιία.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. 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Χάλκινη κεφαλή που παρουσιάζεται ως ο Κωνσταντίνος, MC1072, Καπιτωλινά Μουσεία στη Ρώμη. Δεν είναι γνωστή ως εύρημα από τη Σερδική. Ο λαιμός προστέθηκε αργότερα.","w":1223,"h":2180,"caption":"","credit":"Jastrow (φωτογραφία, 2006); άγνωστος αρχαίος γλύπτης · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_Sveti_Georgi%2C_Sofia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"}},{"id":"asset.serd.rotunda-detail","src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","alt":"Λεπτομέρεια της σημερινής πλίνθινης τοιχοποιίας της ροτόντας. Η φωτογραφία δεν χρονολογεί κάθε επισκευή.","w":2400,"h":1594,"caption":"","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StGeorgi-Rotundata-Sofia30.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"}},{"id":"asset.serd.fortress","src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","alt":"Πλίνθινο τόξο και πέτρινα στοιχεία σε υπόγεια διάβαση. Δεν είναι όλα τα ορατά στοιχεία ανέπαφη αρχαία τοιχοποιία.","w":2048,"h":1536,"caption":"","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. 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Χρυσό ρυτό με κεφαλή κριού σε πλάγια όψη· στον λαιμό ο Διόνυσος, η Εριόπη και δύο μαινάδες, στη λαβή λιοντάρι.","objectCaption":"Ρυτό με κεφαλή κριού","caption":"Ρυτό με κεφαλή κριού. Στον λαιμό εικονίζονται ο Διόνυσος, η Εριόπη και δύο μαινάδες. Μουσειακή έκθεση. Δεν έχει επιβεβαιωθεί αν το εικονιζόμενο αντικείμενο είναι πρωτότυπο ή μουσειακό αντίγραφο.","kindLabel":"Φωτογραφία","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Εικόνες","source":"Άνοιγμα πηγής","full":"Πλήρης αναφορά δημιουργού"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Apostoloff · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display; original or replica unconfirmed","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed. 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