{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.alphabet-preslav-ohrid","hasFind":true,"slug":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid","url":"/en/stories/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/","topic":"Preslav and Ohrid","title":"The disciples bring the books","summary":"The disciples of Cyril and Methodius arrive at Boris I’s court. In Pliska, Preslav and Ohrid, their translations find teachers and copyists. Two stone inscriptions reveal the different forms of Glagolitic and Cyrillic.","cover":{"title":"The disciples bring the books","subtitle":"From the Moravian mission to Preslav and Ohrid","hook":"How do the disciples continue Cyril’s work?","summary":"The disciples of Cyril and Methodius arrive at Boris I’s court. In Pliska, Preslav and Ohrid, their translations find teachers and copyists. Two stone inscriptions reveal the different forms of Glagolitic and Cyrillic.","takeaway":"The story shows how important teachers and copyists are in keeping an alphabet in use."},"sortYear":886,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"Main period: First Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"Main period: First Tsardom","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Preslav and Ohrid","date":"9th–11th c.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-480.d0246713.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-960.d0246713.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-1600.d0246713.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-2400.d0246713.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#928983","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","id":"asset.abc.samuel-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. A stone slab with three crosses and a damaged inscription at the lower right.","objectCaption":"Samuil’s inscription","caption":"The old photograph, published in 1899, shows Cyrillic letters at the lower right.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Image: Fyodor Uspensky, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Fyodor Uspensky, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SamuilUspenskyBGHistory.png","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s1-moravia","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Cyril creates Glagolitic","body":"Cyril, earlier known as Constantine, and his brother Methodius came from Thessalonica. Around 863, they went to Great Moravia, a state in Central Europe. Prince Rastislav had requested teachers who could explain Christianity in a language people understood.\n\nCyril created Glagolitic, the first Slavonic alphabet. The brothers used it to write translations of church texts from Greek. The books’ language is called Old Bulgarian or Old Church Slavonic. It differs from Bulgarian spoken today.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-alphabets-480.d064677e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-alphabets-960.d064677e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-alphabets-1600.d064677e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#d21e11","h":1593,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-alphabets-960.d064677e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-alphabets-960.d064677e.webp","id":"asset.abc.alphabets","alt":"Glagolitic and Cyrillic: a museum comparison. Modern comparative panel in the National History Museum, Sofia; not a medieval inscription.","objectCaption":"Modern comparative panel in the National History Museum, Sofia; not a medieval inscription.","caption":"Modern comparative panel in the National History Museum, Sofia; not a medieval inscription.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Apostoloff · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern comparative panel in the National History Museum, Sofia; not a medieval inscription. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern comparative panel in the National History Museum, Sofia; not a medieval inscription. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_History_Museum,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_20090405_277.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.25429166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s1-moravia","duration":33.365,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/s1-moravia.557f8cc7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.vatican1985"},{"id":"src.abc.charles"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"},{"id":"src.abc.ibl"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s2-reception","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"A welcome in Pliska","body":"Cyril died in Rome in 869, and Methodius in 885. After Methodius’s death, some disciples were imprisoned and expelled. Clement, Naum and Angelarius reached Bulgaria. According to the Institute for Bulgarian Language, Boris I welcomed them in Pliska in 886.\n\nBoris supported their work. Worship, the shared prayer in church, needed books. It also needed people who could read and teach. This support probably helped their work continue.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-pliska-480.1bd1feb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-pliska-960.1bd1feb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-pliska-1600.1bd1feb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8a8f8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-pliska-960.1bd1feb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-pliska-960.1bd1feb4.webp","id":"asset.abc.pliska","alt":"Pliska: palace remains today. Modern photograph of the archaeological remains; does not show the welcome in 886.","objectCaption":"Modern photograph of the archaeological remains; does not show the welcome in 886.","caption":"Modern photograph of the archaeological remains; does not show the welcome in 886.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Svilen Enev, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern photograph of the archaeological remains; does not show the welcome in 886. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Svilen Enev, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern photograph of the archaeological remains; does not show the welcome in 886. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate area of work with books, not a particular building or a stop on a proven route.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.abc.pliska","name":"Pliska","latitude":43.362015,"longitude":27.125411,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.abc.coordinates.pliska","src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev","src.abc.reuter2020"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"abc.pliska","url":"/en/map/#abc.pliska"},{"note":"Approximate area of work with books, not a particular building or a stop on a proven 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route.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.abc.ohrid","name":"Ohrid","latitude":41.116944444444,"longitude":20.801944444444,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.abc.coordinates.ohrid","src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"abc.ohrid","url":"/en/map/#abc.ohrid"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-c5da8925d3827a58.jpg?v=11a57188e1","w":2048,"h":1404,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-c5da8925d3827a58-dark.jpg?v=4b856216a4","w":2048,"h":1404,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate area of work with books, not a particular building or a stop on a proven 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This is the Baška Tablet, from about 1100, from present-day Croatia. It shows the later use of Glagolitic. The disciples did not bring this tablet to Bulgaria. Its text mentions a gift of land by King Zvonimir.\n\nSome letters have loops; others resemble crosses. The original is kept in Zagreb; the church in Jurandvor has a replica, meaning a copy. The script is mainly Glagolitic, although it includes other signs.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-baska-480.a2f66bb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-baska-960.a2f66bb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-baska-1600.a2f66bb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#bcb0a1","h":1237,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-baska-960.a2f66bb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-baska-960.a2f66bb4.webp","id":"asset.abc.baska","alt":"Illuminated copy of the stone tablet, with Glagolitic letters and carved foliage.","objectCaption":"Illuminated modern copy of the Baška Tablet at St Lucy’s Church, Jurandvor.","caption":"Illuminated modern copy of the Baška Tablet at St Lucy’s Church, Jurandvor.","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Sibinia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Sibinia / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern copy. Cropped image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Sibinia / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern copy. Cropped image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ba%C5%A1ka-Tablettbeleuchtung.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-abc-glag-cross","x":0.04489795918367347,"y":0.32673267326732675,"title":"A cross-shaped sign","body":"A cross-shaped sign appears at the start of the upper line. Look at the crossing strokes. The beginning has different scholarly readings; here we observe its shape without insisting on one reading.","sourceIds":["src.abc.photo.baska","src.abc.hazu","src.abc.croatian-encyclopedia"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-abc-glag-loops","x":0.4394557823129251,"y":0.38019801980198015,"title":"A letter with loops","body":"Here in the second line is a sign with two rounded parts. Compare it with the cross-shaped form. Glagolitic letters did not keep identical shapes throughout the centuries.","sourceIds":["src.abc.photo.baska","src.abc.hazu","src.abc.croatian-encyclopedia"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.514375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s3-glagolitic","duration":30.635,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/s3-glagolitic.e720d3f2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.hazu"},{"id":"src.abc.baska2019"},{"id":"src.abc.baska-church"},{"id":"src.abc.croatian-encyclopedia"},{"id":"src.abc.photo.baska"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.a1-first-script","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: the first alphabet","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.abc.story-first","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Which alphabet did Cyril create for Slavonic speech?","sourceIds":["src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"],"items":[{"id":"a1-cyrillic","label":"Cyrillic","whyWrong":"Cyrillic appeared later; the story distinguishes the two scripts."},{"id":"a1-glagolitic","label":"Glagolitic"},{"id":"a1-greek","label":"The Greek alphabet","whyWrong":"Texts were translated from Greek; Cyril did not invent the Greek alphabet."}],"explanation":"The first Slavonic alphabet was Glagolitic. The name Cyrillic does not make it the same alphabet.","correctItemId":"a1-glagolitic","sources":[{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.8926666666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.a1-first-script","duration":4.011,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/a1-first-script.c3abbad7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s4-schools","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Clement and Naum teach","body":"Clement taught in the southwestern lands of the Bulgarian state, associated with Ohrid. In 893, he became a bishop, who leads a church community. Naum took over teaching.\n\nIn the northeast, people worked with books around Pliska and Preslav. We call these centres literary schools: people translated, wrote and taught others in monasteries and churches. Both regions used Glagolitic books. Research indicates that Glagolitic was used in Preslav too.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-round-church-480.e65ba050.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-round-church-960.e65ba050.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-round-church-1600.e65ba050.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a827e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-round-church-960.e65ba050.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-round-church-960.e65ba050.webp","id":"asset.abc.round-church","alt":"The Round Church in Preslav today. Archaeological site with restored portions; not a surviving medieval classroom.","objectCaption":"Archaeological site with restored portions; not a surviving medieval classroom.","caption":"Archaeological site with restored portions; not a surviving medieval classroom.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Nikolov2010 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Nikolov2010, Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Archaeological site with restored portions; not a surviving medieval classroom. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Nikolov2010, Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Archaeological site with restored portions; not a surviving medieval classroom. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Preslav_Round_Church.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-plaosnik-480.903d81a6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-plaosnik-960.903d81a6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-plaosnik-1600.903d81a6.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#73695c","h":1072,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-plaosnik-960.903d81a6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-plaosnik-960.903d81a6.webp","id":"asset.abc.plaosnik","alt":"Plaošnik, Ohrid: archaeological site. Photograph from 2014 showing archaeological remains and modern construction; does not establish the precise location of Clement’s lessons.","objectCaption":"Photograph from 2014 showing archaeological remains and modern construction; does not establish the precise location of Clement’s lessons.","caption":"Photograph from 2014 showing archaeological remains and modern construction; does not establish the precise location of Clement’s lessons.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, https://delso.photo, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Photograph from 2014 showing archaeological remains and modern construction; does not establish the precise location of Clement’s lessons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, https://delso.photo, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Photograph from 2014 showing archaeological remains and modern construction; does not establish the precise location of Clement’s lessons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sitio_arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Plaosnik,_Ohrid,_Macedonia,_2014-04-17,_DD_28.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-naum-480.c2e8112f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-naum-960.c2e8112f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-naum-1600.c2e8112f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a09390","h":1111,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-naum-960.c2e8112f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-naum-960.c2e8112f.webp","id":"asset.abc.naum","alt":"The Monastery of Saint Naum today. Present-day view of the monastery church; the building is not presented as unchanged since Naum’s time.","objectCaption":"Present-day view of the monastery church; the building is not presented as unchanged since Naum’s time.","caption":"Present-day view of the monastery church; the building is not presented as unchanged since Naum’s time.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Petar Milošević, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day view of the monastery church; the building is not presented as unchanged since Naum’s time. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Petar Milošević, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day view of the monastery church; the building is not presented as unchanged since Naum’s time. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Naum_Monastery_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate area of work with books, not a particular building or a stop on a proven route.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.abc.preslav","name":"Preslav","latitude":43.160509,"longitude":26.811977,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.abc.coordinates.preslav","src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev","src.sim.coordinates.preslav","src.sim.preslav.history","src.sim.preslav.hall"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"abc.preslav","url":"/en/map/#abc.preslav"},{"note":"Approximate area of work with books, not a particular building or a stop on a proven route.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.abc.ohrid","name":"Ohrid","latitude":41.116944444444,"longitude":20.801944444444,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.abc.coordinates.ohrid","src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"abc.ohrid","url":"/en/map/#abc.ohrid"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.340208333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s4-schools","duration":30.464,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/s4-schools.2623c1b2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"},{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.slavova1999"},{"id":"src.abc.coordinates.ohrid"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.a2-sequence","number":6,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.abc.story-order","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the events in order, from earliest to latest.","sourceIds":["src.abc.vatican1985","src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"],"items":[{"id":"ev-abc-mission","label":"The brothers leave for Moravia"},{"id":"ev-abc-methodius","label":"Methodius dies"},{"id":"ev-abc-reception","label":"Boris welcomes the disciples"},{"id":"ev-abc-naum","label":"Naum takes over teaching"}],"explanation":"The mission preceded Methodius’s death. The expulsion and welcome in Bulgaria followed. Naum’s teaching after Clement came later.","correctOrderIds":["ev-abc-mission","ev-abc-methodius","ev-abc-reception","ev-abc-naum"],"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.vatican1985"},{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.055208333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.a2-sequence","duration":4.181,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/a2-sequence.e37dc735.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.vatican1985"},{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s5-cyrillic","number":7,"kind":"artifact","title":"Letters on Samuil’s stone","body":"Look at Samuil’s inscription, found in the village of German near Lake Prespa. It commemorates his parents and brother. Its date corresponds to 992–993; often only 993 is given.\n\nThe letters are Cyrillic. Cyrillic appeared in Bulgaria around 900. Many signs follow Greek capitals; others represent Slavonic sounds. Researchers suggest that writers in Preslav created it with support from the ruler Simeon. The name honours Cyril, but his alphabet was Glagolitic.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-480.bca334c2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-960.bca334c2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-1600.bca334c2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-2400.bca334c2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#a7a7a7","h":1316,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-960.bca334c2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-960.bca334c2.webp","id":"asset.abc.samuel","alt":"A stone slab with three crosses and a damaged inscription at the lower right.","objectCaption":"Samuil’s inscription","caption":"The old photograph, published in 1899, shows Cyrillic letters at the lower right.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Image: Fyodor Uspensky, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Fyodor Uspensky, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SamuilUspenskyBGHistory.png","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-abc-cyr-a","x":0.699,"y":0.657,"title":"A at the start of the line","body":"At the start of the third line of text is an A. Compare it with the cross-shaped sign on the other tablet. The two scripts use different letter forms.","sourceIds":["src.abc.photo.samuel","src.abc.duychev1943","src.abc.charles"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-abc-cyr-m","x":0.773,"y":0.661,"title":"Letters in a name","body":"The point marks M in Samuil’s name. Its shape is closer to familiar modern capitals. Parts of the text are missing. Damaged passages require comparison with other sources, rather than freely adding missing words.","sourceIds":["src.abc.photo.samuel","src.abc.duychev1943"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.19470833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s5-cyrillic","duration":34.304,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/s5-cyrillic.5f5a5000.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.charles"},{"id":"src.abc.duychev1943"},{"id":"src.abc.popkonstantinov2003"},{"id":"src.abc.photo.samuel"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s6-continuity","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"The copyist writes on skin","body":"The photograph shows a page from the Codex Suprasliensis, a Cyrillic book from eastern Bulgaria. It is written on parchment, prepared animal skin. The book is about a thousand years old. Its parts are now in Warsaw, Ljubljana and Saint Petersburg.\n\nCyrillic and Glagolitic were used alongside each other. Books from the Bulgarian centres spread and were copied in other Slavonic lands. Support for teachers and copyists probably helped books reach more people.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-suprasliensis-480.983b8608.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-suprasliensis-960.983b8608.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-abc-suprasliensis-1222.983b8608.avif","w":1222}],"dominant":"#ada98c","h":1600,"w":1222,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-abc-suprasliensis-960.983b8608.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-abc-suprasliensis-960.983b8608.webp","id":"asset.abc.suprasliensis","alt":"A page of the Codex Suprasliensis. Digital image of a Cyrillic parchment manuscript; not a book surviving in Cyril’s own hand.","objectCaption":"Digital image of a Cyrillic parchment manuscript; not a book surviving in Cyril’s own hand.","caption":"Digital image of a Cyrillic parchment manuscript; not a book surviving in Cyril’s own hand.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Retko (medieval scribe; not the digital photographer) · Public domain · Polona / National Library of Poland, via Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Scribe: Retko. Digital image: Polona / National Library of Poland, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Scribe: Retko. Digital image: Polona / National Library of Poland, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Suprasliensis_(5859342).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.7365,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.s6-continuity","duration":29.867,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/s6-continuity.15c5fbcc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.unesco"},{"id":"src.abc.suprasliensis"},{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.slavova1999"},{"id":"src.abc.naydenova2023"}]},{"id":"alphabet-preslav-ohrid.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match the roles","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.abc.story-pairs","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each person to their role in the story.","sourceIds":["src.abc.ibl","src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"],"items":[{"id":"m-abc-cyril","label":"Cyril","pairedLabel":"Creates Glagolitic"},{"id":"m-abc-boris","label":"Boris I","pairedLabel":"Supports the arriving disciples"},{"id":"m-abc-clement","label":"Clement","pairedLabel":"Teacher who becomes a bishop"},{"id":"m-abc-naum","label":"Naum","pairedLabel":"Takes over teaching in 893"}],"explanation":"These are different roles in work carried on by successive people. Naming Cyrillic in Cyril’s honour does not prove its authorship.","sources":[{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"}],"columns":["Person","Role"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.05675,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.alphabet-preslav-ohrid.a3-matching","duration":3.157,"src":"/audio/en/alphabet-preslav-ohrid/a3-matching.23e78071.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.abc.ibl"},{"id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://www.visitbaska.hr/en/explore/sights","institutionOrAuthor":"Tourist Board of Baška","id":"src.abc.baska-church","title":"The Church of St. Lucy","container":"Visit Baška — Sights","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Replica of the Baška Tablet kept in St Lucy’s Church, Jurandvor; does not identify which object appears in the selected encyclopedia photograph."},"authors":["Tourist Board of Baška"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2019,"url":"https://www.visitbaska.hr/datastore/file/151/Katalog-TZO-Baska-2019-EN-HR.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Tourist Board of Baška","id":"src.abc.baska2019","title":"The Baška Tablet","container":"Baška visitor catalogue","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Original in Zagreb since 1934; replica at St Lucy’s in Jurandvor. Does not establish original/copy identification of the selected photograph. Official church webpage independently confirms the replica."},"authors":["Tourist Board of Baška"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://medlit.fhs.cuni.cz/language/church-slavonic/","institutionOrAuthor":"Charles University, Faculty of Humanities, Medieval Languages and Literatures project","id":"src.abc.charles","title":"Church Slavonic","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Old Church Slavonic / Old Bulgarian terminology; Thessalonica dialect basis; two scripts; Greek majuscule models; translations and later regional traditions."},"authors":["Charles University, Faculty of Humanities, Medieval Languages and Literatures project"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://burgasmuseums.bg/en/article/slavonic-alphabets-between-bulgaria-byzantium-997","institutionOrAuthor":"Dimo Cheshmedzhiev; Regional Historical Museum Burgas","id":"src.abc.cheshmedzhiev","title":"The Slavonic alphabets – between Bulgaria and Byzantium","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Byzantine Moravian context; 862/863; Clement, Naum, Angelarius; two literary regions; Naum’s succession in 893; northeastern Glagolitic evidence."},"authors":["Dimo Cheshmedzhiev; Regional Historical Museum Burgas"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1223508","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.abc.coordinates.ohrid","title":"Ohrid: geographical records","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Coordinates of modern settlement only, CC0. Editorial radius covers area of association, not measured archaeological extent."},"authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/bascanska-ploca","institutionOrAuthor":"Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža","id":"src.abc.croatian-encyclopedia","title":"Bašćanska ploča","container":"Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Glagolitic tablet; approximate date, visual forms; beginning of inscription has competing readings; some letters are not Glagolitic. Photograph credited to this encyclopedia."},"authors":["Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":1943,"url":"https://macedonia.kroraina.com/idsbk1/idsbk1_25.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Иван Дуйчев, съставител и преводач","id":"src.abc.duychev1943","title":"XXV. Надпис на цар Самуила от 993 година","container":"Из старата българска книжнина. Книжовни и исторически паметници от Първото българско царство. София: Хемус, второ поправено и допълнено издание","volume":"I","pages":"141, 232–233","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Inscription memorialises parents and brother; year 6501 = 992/93 in text but 993 in heading; damaged name restored from another source. “Oldest known” claim is obsolete and not adopted."},"authors":["Иван Дуйчев, съставител и преводач"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.info.hazu.hr/povijest/bascanska-ploca/","institutionOrAuthor":"Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti","id":"src.abc.hazu","title":"Bašćanska ploča","container":"Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Baška Tablet around 1100; transitional Glagolitic; land gift of Zvonimir; original preserved by HAZU. Later Croatian witness, not a Bulgarian find."},"authors":["Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://ibl.bas.bg/en/bulgarian-alphabets/","institutionOrAuthor":"Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","id":"src.abc.ibl","title":"Bulgarian alphabets","container":"Institute for Bulgarian Language website","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Glagolitic; 855 chronology; reception in Pliska in 886; patronage; Preslav hypothesis; Cyrillic name and Greek models; book circulation. Exact inventory of letters and a single extinction date are not adopted."},"authors":["Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2023,"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1213307","institutionOrAuthor":"Десислава Найденова","id":"src.abc.naydenova2023","title":"Глаголически следи в България / Traces of Glagolitic Script in Bulgaria","container":"Кирило-Методиевски места на паметта в българската култура. София: КМНЦ–БАН","pages":"237–260 (CEEOL); 245–268 (author CV); unresolved","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Preslav origin around end ninth / beginning tenth century; criticism of a blanket replacement decree in 893; traces continuing into fourteenth century. These are the author’s positions, not an asserted universal consensus."},"authors":["Десислава Найденова"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ba%C5%A1ka-Tablettbeleuchtung.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Sibinia","id":"src.abc.photo.baska","title":"Baška-Tablettbeleuchtung","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Photograph of the predominantly Glagolitic Baška Tablet. Commons states CC BY-SA 4.0; permission from the photograph’s rights holder is not independently established. Original/copy identification unverified. Current file 960 × 502; replace before publication."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","authors":["Sibinia"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":1899,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SamuilUspenskyBGHistory.png","institutionOrAuthor":"Fyodor Uspensky","id":"src.abc.photo.samuel","title":"SamuilUspenskyBGHistory.png","container":"Wikimedia Commons; image repository","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and licence only. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged."},"authors":["Fyodor Uspensky"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2003,"url":"https://macedonia.kroraina.com/kme/kme_3_s.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Казимир Попконстантинов; Лиляна Грашева, гл. ред.","id":"src.abc.popkonstantinov2003","title":"Самуилов надпис","container":"Кирило-методиевска енциклопедия. София: АИ Марин Дринов","volume":"III","pages":"529–531","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"993 conventional date; German/Prespa find; eleven lines; early Cyrillic; publication in 1899; uncertainty of damaged letters."},"authors":["Казимир Попконстантинов; Лиляна Грашева, гл. ред."],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"container":"bg"}},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.zirm.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/IST-2020.1.08-Reuter.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Evelyn Reuter","id":"src.abc.reuter2020","title":"From Folk Religion to Church Politics: Naum’s Significance in Macedonia","container":"ИСТОРИЈА / Journal of HISTORY","issue":"1","pages":"107–126","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Naum’s biography and limits; 886 arrival and 893 teaching in Ohrid; modern commemoration. Arrival place “Preslav” on p. 109 conflicts with IBL’s Pliska; not harmonised silently."},"authors":["Evelyn Reuter"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true},{"year":1999,"url":"https://palaeobulgarica.eu/sites/default/files/pdf-journal/Articles/1999/1999_1_a3_ft.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Татяна Славова","id":"src.abc.slavova1999","title":"Глаголическата традиция и преславската книжнина","container":"Palaeobulgarica / Старобългаристика","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"35–46","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Glagolitic epigraphy in northeastern Bulgaria; Preslav abecedarium; Glagolitic textual antecedents; Alphabet Prayer."},"authors":["Татяна Славова"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://suprasliensis.obdurodon.org/","institutionOrAuthor":"Codex Suprasliensis Project; scholarly digital edition team","id":"src.abc.suprasliensis","title":"About the Codex Suprasliensis","container":"Codex Suprasliensis digital edition","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"End tenth / beginning eleventh century dating; Preslav association; holdings in Warsaw, Ljubljana and Saint Petersburg. Dating overlaps with the nomination’s estimate; neither is an exact year."},"authors":["Codex Suprasliensis Project; scholarly digital edition team"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://media.unesco.org/sites/default/files/webform/mow001/codex_suprasliensis_nomination_form.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"National and University Library Ljubljana; National Library of Poland; National Library of Russia","id":"src.abc.unesco","title":"Codex Suprasliensis – Mineia četia, Mart: Memory of the World nomination","container":"UNESCO Memory of the World","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Cyrillic manuscript on parchment; eastern Bulgaria, first half of eleventh century; lives and homilies for March; dispersed holdings."},"authors":["National and University Library Ljubljana; National Library of Poland; National Library of Russia"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true},{"year":1985,"url":"https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_19850602_slavorum-apostoli.html","institutionOrAuthor":"John Paul II","id":"src.abc.vatican1985","title":"Slavorum Apostoli","container":"The Holy See; encyclical, 2 June","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Thessalonica; Rastislav’s request and Moravian mission by 863; Constantine’s alphabet; Cyril’s death in 869 and Methodius’s in 885. Confessional assessments are not presented as neutral historical facts."},"authors":["John Paul II"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.abc.samuel-cutout","src":"/media/asset-abc-samuel-cutout-960.d0246713.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. A stone slab with three crosses and a damaged inscription at the lower right.","w":2400,"h":1316,"caption":"The old photograph, published in 1899, shows Cyrillic letters at the lower right.","credit":"Fyodor Uspensky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Image: Fyodor Uspensky, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Fyodor Uspensky, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Historic photograph published in 1899; the inscription is at the lower right. Some passages are damaged. 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