{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.april-uprising-1876","hasFind":true,"slug":"april-uprising-1876","url":"/en/stories/april-uprising-1876/","topic":"April Uprising 1876","title":"The reports that reached Europe","summary":"From Kableshkov’s letter to MacGahan’s reports and Gladstone’s pamphlet. Three places, different kinds of evidence and figures that need care.","cover":{"title":"The reports that reached Europe","subtitle":"The April Uprising and its aftermath","hook":"What does MacGahan write about the uprising?","summary":"From Kableshkov’s letter to MacGahan’s reports and Gladstone’s pamphlet. Three places, different kinds of evidence and figures that need care.","takeaway":"Historians argue that the reports strengthen pressure for change in Britain. They are part of the wider crisis before the war."},"sortYear":1876,"firstActivity":7,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Bulgaria","date":"1876","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-480.3190497f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.avif","w":877}],"dominant":"#8b776d","h":484,"w":877,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.webp","w":877}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.webp","id":"asset.apr.cannon-troyan-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun","objectCaption":"Cherry-wood cannon replica","caption":"","kind":"reconstruction","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Dakovski · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_cannon_Troyan.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"april-uprising-1876.s1-letter","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"A letter from Koprivshtitsa","body":"A letter leaves Koprivshtitsa for Panagyurishte. Todor Kableshkov announces that the uprising has begun. It is known as the Bloody Letter. It urges readers to follow Koprivshtitsa’s example. The day is 20 April 1876 in the old calendar, or 2 May in today’s. Both dates name the same day.\n\nThe Bulgarian lands belong to the Ottoman Empire, a state ruled by a sultan. The organizers want to end its rule. The photograph shows the First Shot Bridge today, not the events.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-bridge-480.77d1cd56.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-bridge-960.77d1cd56.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-bridge-1600.77d1cd56.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#77836c","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-bridge-960.77d1cd56.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-bridge-960.77d1cd56.webp","id":"asset.apr.bridge","alt":"The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today","objectCaption":"The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brug_van_het_eerste_schot_-_Koprivshtitsa_(4759742960).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.289125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.s1-letter","duration":33.408,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/s1-letter.ad414749.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.sliven"},{"id":"src.apr.military"},{"id":"src.apr.pavlov"},{"id":"src.apr.image.bridge"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.s2-three-towns","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Three places on the map","body":"Find Koprivshtitsa, then Panagyurishte. Both towns rise on the same day. Panagyurishte leads the Fourth Revolutionary District: an area organizing the uprising. Teacher Rayna Popgeorgieva sews and carries an uprising flag here. Her nickname is Rayna Knyaginya.\n\nLook south towards Batak, in the Rhodope Mountains. It belongs to this district too. The museum’s account describes Petar Goranov’s election as voivode: leader of the armed men. It describes fighting too. The uprising does not happen everywhere at once or with equal strength.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Koprivshtitsa was among the towns where the new Bulgarian secular schooling spread after Gabrovo.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","name":"Koprivshtitsa","latitude":42.6375324,"longitude":24.3577991,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024","src.gabrovo.osm","src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.sliven"],"radiusMeters":1000,"short":"Koprivshtitsa","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.koprivshtitsa"},{"note":"Panagyurishte is associated with the gold treasure and the April Uprising of 1876.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.panag.panagyurishte","name":"Panagyurishte — discovery area","latitude":42.5026,"longitude":24.1802,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.panag.wd-town","src.panag.ovadiah2014","src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.military"],"short":"Panagyurishte","guideUrl":null,"slug":"panag.panagyurishte","url":"/en/map/#panag.panagyurishte"},{"note":"Town reference point, not an exact event location or a historical boundary.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.apr.batak","name":"Batak","latitude":41.94399,"longitude":24.217791,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.batak"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#batak-massacre-khatchkar","slug":"apr.batak","url":"/en/map/#apr.batak"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Koprivshtitsa was among the towns where the new Bulgarian secular schooling spread after Gabrovo.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","name":"Koprivshtitsa","latitude":42.6375324,"longitude":24.3577991,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024","src.gabrovo.osm","src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.sliven"],"radiusMeters":1000,"short":"Koprivshtitsa","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","number":1,"x":35.72249,"y":52.40758,"inside":true,"viewX":44.24979406451614,"viewY":38.98958803870967},{"note":"Panagyurishte is associated with the gold treasure and the April Uprising of 1876.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.panag.panagyurishte","name":"Panagyurishte — discovery area","latitude":42.5026,"longitude":24.1802,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.panag.wd-town","src.panag.ovadiah2014","src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.military"],"short":"Panagyurishte","guideUrl":null,"slug":"panag.panagyurishte","url":"/en/map/#panag.panagyurishte","number":2,"x":33.5025,"y":55.94927,"inside":true,"viewX":53.24979406451614,"viewY":44.98958803870967},{"note":"Town reference point, not an exact event location or a historical boundary.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.apr.batak","name":"Batak","latitude":41.94399,"longitude":24.217791,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.batak"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#batak-massacre-khatchkar","slug":"apr.batak","url":"/en/map/#apr.batak","number":3,"x":33.97239,"y":70.53096,"inside":true,"viewX":42.081928258064515,"viewY":62.222591948387084}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":36.962104516129024},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":55.83604064516129},{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":19.477786451612886},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":43.45638967741935},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":-1.763884516129049},{"name":"Veliko Tarnovo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":63.7501935483871,"viewY":24.17736193548386},{"name":"Pleven","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":48.104051612903234,"viewY":12.566872258064501},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":64.01775483870968,"viewY":46.10999612903225},{"name":"Shumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":84.17156129032259,"viewY":17.534372258064497},{"name":"Vidin","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":21.18069677419355,"viewY":-7.287744516129052},{"name":"Blagoevgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":24.686245161290323,"viewY":59.658772258064516},{"name":"Haskovo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":62.79514838709679,"viewY":62.54184516129031},{"name":"Smolyan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":49.56572903225807,"viewY":74.40103032258065},{"name":"Sliven","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":74.67685161290323,"viewY":37.501799354838695},{"name":"Dobrich","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":97.97078709677419,"viewY":7.251967741935463},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":23.811716129032256,"viewY":40.07848967741934},{"name":"Yambol","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":77.47385806451614,"viewY":44.14863483870967},{"name":"Pazardzhik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":43.87509677419355,"viewY":53.91698322580646},{"name":"Vratsa","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":31.786529032258066,"viewY":19.6098258064516},{"name":"Gabrovo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":59.12856774193549,"viewY":31.00238645161289},{"name":"Kardzhali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":60.04149677419355,"viewY":72.53196838709675},{"name":"Kyustendil","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":18.443148387096777,"viewY":50.86725870967741},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":26.710296774193548,"viewY":12.720704516129016},{"name":"Lovech","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":49.76887741935484,"viewY":22.096780645161274},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":89.1970064516129,"viewY":-11.456598709677444},{"name":"Targovishte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":78.53667096774194,"viewY":18.215079999999986},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":77.67824516129032,"viewY":8.595436129032242},{"name":"Kazanlak","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":60.27685161290323,"viewY":39.60032774193547},{"name":"Danube","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":57.45630967741936,"viewY":2.4754761290322405},{"name":"Black Sea","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":106.83870967741937,"viewY":30.129388387096768},{"name":"Balkan Mountains","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":51.09677419354839,"viewY":35.198161290322574},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":31.741935483870964,"viewY":56.01679354838708},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":29.883870967741938,"viewY":68.67590645161289},{"name":"Rhodope Mountains","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":73.65238},{"name":"Strandzha","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":58.68834709677419}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0.21992954202315063},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.788375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.s2-three-towns","duration":33.877,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/s2-three-towns.13f92d5d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.military"},{"id":"src.apr.batak"},{"id":"src.apr.rayna"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.s3-wooden-cannon","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"A gun made of wood","body":"Look at the wooden barrel, metal hoops and wheels. The barrel is the gun’s tube. This is a reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan. It shows the kind of gun, not an object preserved from a battle in Panagyurishte. The insurgents did use wooden guns.\n\nRegular Ottoman troops and bashi-bazouks move against the insurgents. Bashi-bazouks are armed groups outside the regular army. Defeat and heavy losses follow.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-480.3e2ee8a5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-960.3e2ee8a5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-1600.3e2ee8a5.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999ea2","h":1224,"w":1632,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-960.3e2ee8a5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-960.3e2ee8a5.webp","id":"asset.apr.cannon-troyan","alt":"Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun","objectCaption":"Cherry-wood cannon replica","caption":"","kind":"reconstruction","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Dakovski · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_cannon_Troyan.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-apr-barrel","x":0.4,"y":0.45,"title":"Wooden barrel","body":"The barrel is the gun’s tube. Here it is wooden. This cannon is a reconstruction.","sourceIds":["src.apr.image.cannon-troyan"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-apr-hoops","x":0.46,"y":0.44,"title":"Metal hoops","body":"Hoops encircle the wooden barrel of the reconstruction.","sourceIds":["src.apr.image.cannon-troyan"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-apr-wheel","x":0.66,"y":0.73,"title":"Wheel","body":"The wheel belongs to the wooden carriage. This is a reconstruction in Troyan, not a find from Panagyurishte.","sourceIds":["src.apr.image.cannon-troyan"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.346375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.s3-wooden-cannon","duration":26.453,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/s3-wooden-cannon.10772d30.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.military"},{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.image.cannon-troyan"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.s4-batak","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"The church in Batak","body":"Many civilians, including children, are killed in Batak. Today St Nedelya church is a place of remembrance. The photograph shows its entrance, without human remains.\n\nThe exact death toll has not been established. Different estimates survive. Accounts of the uprising also mention Muslims who were killed.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-batak-exterior-480.b0cc2ab4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-batak-exterior-960.b0cc2ab4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-batak-exterior-1600.b0cc2ab4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7b8c98","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-batak-exterior-960.b0cc2ab4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-batak-exterior-960.b0cc2ab4.webp","id":"asset.apr.batak-exterior","alt":"Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today","objectCaption":"Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Спасимир · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_StNedelya,_Batak_2012_01.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":19.124958333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.s4-batak","duration":19.243,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/s4-batak.669c4dea.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.batak"},{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.baring-batak"},{"id":"src.apr.hansard"},{"id":"src.apr.markovich"},{"id":"src.apr.military"},{"id":"src.apr.image.batak-exterior"},{"id":"src.apr.batak-hall"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.s5-reporter","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"MacGahan speaks to survivors","body":"In summer, American journalist Januarius MacGahan arrives. He writes reports for London’s Daily News: accounts of what he sees and learns. He visits damaged places and speaks to survivors. He did not witness Batak’s suppression.\n\nAmerican diplomat Schuyler, his country’s representative, also investigates and prepares a written report. The newspaper had reported violence in June. Historians argue that MacGahan’s reports intensify outrage in Britain. Shown is the title page of Gladstone’s 1876 pamphlet.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-480.caaefbc2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-1365.caaefbc2.avif","w":1365}],"dominant":"#f5ebba","h":2400,"w":1365,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.webp","id":"asset.apr.pamphlet","alt":"Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876","objectCaption":"Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive (UC Berkeley copy)","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_horrors_and_the_question_of_the_East_(IA_bulgarianhorrors00gladrich).pdf","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.50666666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.s5-reporter","duration":35.627,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/s5-reporter.04d6874b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.markovich"},{"id":"src.apr.cicek"},{"id":"src.apr.image.pamphlet"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.s6-pamphlet","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Gladstone’s pamphlet","body":"The title page names British politician William Ewart Gladstone. In September 1876 he publishes this pamphlet: a short text demanding political change. He wants changed British policy and help for survivors. Historians argue that newspaper accounts encourage more people to demand change.\n\nIn Constantinople, today’s Istanbul, countries’ representatives discuss changes to government in 1876–1877. Talks fail to resolve the crisis. In 1877 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire. Historical research suggests other causes too, including states’ interests.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-480.caaefbc2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-1365.caaefbc2.avif","w":1365}],"dominant":"#f5ebba","h":2400,"w":1365,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.webp","id":"asset.apr.pamphlet","alt":"Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876","objectCaption":"Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive (UC Berkeley copy)","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_horrors_and_the_question_of_the_East_(IA_bulgarianhorrors00gladrich).pdf","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-apr-title","x":0.51,"y":0.2,"title":"Title","body":"Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East is a political pamphlet from 1876.","sourceIds":["src.apr.gladstone"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-apr-author","x":0.52,"y":0.59,"title":"Author","body":"The title page names William Ewart Gladstone. MacGahan wrote the reports, not this pamphlet.","sourceIds":["src.apr.gladstone","src.apr.macgahan"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-apr-publisher","x":0.52,"y":0.88,"title":"Publisher and year","body":"The bottom reads London, John Murray, 1876. This is the place of publication, not the location of the uprising.","sourceIds":["src.apr.gladstone"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.601875,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.s6-pamphlet","duration":41.728,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/s6-pamphlet.256161dc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.gladstone"},{"id":"src.apr.markovich"},{"id":"src.apr.cicek"},{"id":"src.apr.perushtitsa"},{"id":"src.apr.negotiations"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.a1-reporter","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: who does what","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.apr.reporter","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Which statement about MacGahan is correct?","sourceIds":["src.apr.macgahan","src.apr.gladstone"],"items":[{"id":"opt-reporter","label":"He writes reports for the Daily News."},{"id":"opt-witness","label":"He watches the suppression in Batak happen.","whyWrong":"He arrives after the events and speaks to survivors."},{"id":"opt-pamphlet","label":"He writes Gladstone’s pamphlet.","whyWrong":"The pamphlet’s author is Gladstone."}],"explanation":"MacGahan investigates the aftermath and writes for the newspaper. Gladstone publishes the political pamphlet.","correctItemId":"opt-reporter","sources":[{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.gladstone"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.254125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.a1-reporter","duration":3.371,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/a1-reporter.6096c6ae.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.gladstone"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.a2-timeline","number":8,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.apr.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put these events in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.apr.military","src.apr.macgahan","src.apr.markovich","src.apr.perushtitsa"],"items":[{"id":"ev-uprising","label":"The uprising begins"},{"id":"ev-reports","label":"MacGahan investigates"},{"id":"ev-pamphlet","label":"Gladstone publishes his pamphlet"},{"id":"ev-war","label":"War is declared"}],"explanation":"Spring comes before the summer investigation. The pamphlet appears in September 1876; war is declared the following year.","correctOrderIds":["ev-uprising","ev-reports","ev-pamphlet","ev-war"],"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.military"},{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.markovich"},{"id":"src.apr.perushtitsa"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.509541666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.a2-timeline","duration":3.627,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/a2-timeline.319d6b9d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.military"},{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.markovich"},{"id":"src.apr.perushtitsa"}]},{"id":"april-uprising-1876.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.apr.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each person with their action in the story.","sourceIds":["src.apr.sliven","src.apr.rayna","src.apr.macgahan","src.apr.gladstone"],"items":[{"id":"m-kableshkov","label":"Todor Kableshkov","pairedLabel":"Letter from Koprivshtitsa to Panagyurishte"},{"id":"m-rayna","label":"Rayna Popgeorgieva","pairedLabel":"Sewing and carrying the flag"},{"id":"m-macgahan","label":"MacGahan","pairedLabel":"Reports for the Daily News"},{"id":"m-gladstone","label":"Gladstone","pairedLabel":"The political pamphlet in September"}],"explanation":"Kableshkov sends the letter; Rayna works on the flag; MacGahan writes reports; Gladstone publishes the pamphlet.","sources":[{"id":"src.apr.sliven"},{"id":"src.apr.rayna"},{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.gladstone"}],"columns":["Person","Role"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3005833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.april-uprising-1876.april-uprising-1876.a3-matching","duration":3.413,"src":"/audio/en/april-uprising-1876/a3-matching.f1c2f2f1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.apr.sliven"},{"id":"src.apr.rayna"},{"id":"src.apr.macgahan"},{"id":"src.apr.gladstone"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":1876,"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LT18761229.2.21","institutionOrAuthor":"Walter Baring (report); Lyttelton Times (reprint)","id":"src.apr.baring-batak","title":"Mr Baring’s Report on the Bulgarian Atrocities","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Baring’s own approximate Batak estimate 5,000, expressly aware of higher estimates. Contemporary reprint rather than original Foreign Office manuscript."},"container":"Lyttelton Times; National Library of New Zealand, Papers Past","volume":"XLVI","issue":"4949","pages":"3","authors":["Walter Baring (report); Lyttelton Times (reprint)"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://museumbatak.com/informatziya-za-muzeya/hronika-na-edna-bezsmartna-prolet/","institutionOrAuthor":"Исторически музей – Батак","id":"src.apr.batak","title":"Хроника на една безсмъртна пролет","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Batak in fourth district; Petar Goranov; organized armed resistance before suppression; people seek shelter; distinguish museum chronology from Schuyler’s simplified account."},"authors":["Исторически музей – Батак"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://museumbatak.com/ekspozitzii/zala-1/","institutionOrAuthor":"Исторически музей – Батак","id":"src.apr.batak-hall","title":"Зала 1","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Museum memorial wall with victims’ names and connection to St Nedelya church."},"authors":["Исторически музей – Батак"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":2017,"url":"https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/303/eng","institutionOrAuthor":"Nazan Çiçek","id":"src.apr.cicek","title":"“Bulgarian Horrors” Revisited: the Many-Layered Manifestations of the Orientalist Discourse in Victorian Political Construction of the External, Intimate and Internal Other","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Interpretation of campaign and British policy; cautions about prejudiced rhetoric and interchangeable ethnic/religious labels in Victorian debate."},"container":"Belleten","volume":"81","issue":"291","pages":"525–568","doi":"10.37879/belleten.2017.525","authors":["Nazan Çiçek"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","format":"pdf","isPdf":true},{"year":1876,"url":"https://archive.org/details/bulgarianhorrors00gladrich","institutionOrAuthor":"William Ewart Gladstone","id":"src.apr.gladstone","title":"Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Title, author, publisher and 1876 date; short political pamphlet demanding changed British policy, withdrawal of Ottoman executive power and relief. Source’s ethnic/religious invective is not adopted."},"container":"John Murray, London","pages":"1–64","authors":["William Ewart Gladstone"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":1876,"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1876/aug/07/turkey-the-reported-atrocities-in","institutionOrAuthor":"UK Parliament, House of Commons","id":"src.apr.hansard","title":"Turkey—The Reported Atrocities in Bulgaria.—Observations","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Baring provisional estimate about 12,000 Bulgarians; Muslim deaths also acknowledged with uncertain estimates; debate itself is dated parliamentary evidence, not a census."},"container":"Hansard","volume":"231","pages":"721–746","authors":["UK Parliament, House of Commons"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_StNedelya,_Batak_2012_01.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Спасимир","id":"src.apr.image.batak-exterior","title":"File:Church StNedelya, Batak 2012 01.JPG","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator, dimensions and licence; no historical authenticity inferred from the photograph."},"container":"Wikimedia Commons","authors":["Спасимир"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brug_van_het_eerste_schot_-_Koprivshtitsa_(4759742960).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland","id":"src.apr.image.bridge","title":"File:Brug van het eerste schot - Koprivshtitsa (4759742960).jpg","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator, dimensions and licence; no historical authenticity inferred from the photograph."},"container":"Wikimedia Commons","authors":["Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_cannon_Troyan.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Dakovski","id":"src.apr.image.cannon-troyan","title":"File:Cherry cannon Troyan.JPG","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator, dimensions and licence; no historical authenticity inferred from the photograph."},"container":"Wikimedia Commons","authors":["Dakovski"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_horrors_and_the_question_of_the_East_(IA_bulgarianhorrors00gladrich).pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898","id":"src.apr.image.pamphlet","title":"File:Bulgarian horrors and the question of the East (IA bulgarianhorrors00gladrich).pdf","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator, dimensions and licence; no historical authenticity inferred from the photograph."},"container":"Wikimedia Commons","authors":["Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true},{"year":1876,"url":"https://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pdfs/MacGahan_Turkish_Atrocities.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Januarius Aloysius MacGahan; Eugene Schuyler (appendix); anonymous introduction","id":"src.apr.macgahan","title":"The Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria: Letters of the Special Commissioner of the Daily News, J. A. MacGahan; with an Introduction and Mr. Schuyler’s Preliminary Report","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"MacGahan reports for Daily News; July–August visit; earlier newspaper reporting on 23 June; Schuyler estimate at least 15,000 for named districts, Batak fully 5,000; warnings about incomplete statistics."},"container":"Bradbury, Agnew & Co., London","pages":"iii–vii, 1–94","authors":["Januarius Aloysius MacGahan; Eugene Schuyler (appendix); anonymous introduction"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true},{"year":2009,"url":"https://doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76530940093M","institutionOrAuthor":"Slobodan G. Markovich","id":"src.apr.markovich","title":"Anglophiles in Balkan Christian States (1862–1920)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Contrasting casualty claims, British press/public-policy effect, MacGahan and Schuyler, Geshov as a local information source; Constantinople reform conference late 1876–early 1877."},"container":"Balcanica","volume":"40","pages":"95–145","doi":"10.2298/BALC0940093M","authors":["Slobodan G. Markovich"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://militarymuseum.bg/voenna-istoria/voenen-kalendar/april/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален военноисторически музей","id":"src.apr.military","title":"Април — Военен календар","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Giurgiu committee; Koprivshtitsa and Panagyurishte rise on 20 April; strongest activity in fourth district; suppression by regular and irregular forces; wooden artillery. Also reports over 30,000 deaths within a month without explaining its calculation; retained as a disputed source estimate, not an established total."},"authors":["Национален военноисторически музей"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":1877,"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1877/apr/24/question-observations","institutionOrAuthor":"UK Parliament, House of Lords","id":"src.apr.negotiations","title":"The Eastern Question—The Recent Negotiations. Question. Observations.","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Negotiations concerned reform obligations and Russian demobilization; evidence against reducing the crisis to a single newspaper cause."},"container":"Hansard","authors":["UK Parliament, House of Lords"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2008,"url":"https://www.uni-vt.bg/userinfo/519/pub/9575/pl_pavlov%20-%20100%20%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%2C%20%D0%BA%D0%BD.%202.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Пламен Павлов","id":"src.apr.pavlov","title":"100 неща, които трябва да знаем за историята на България, книга 2: вековете на османското робство","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Dual calendar date 20 April / 2 May 1876. Used for this date only."},"container":"Издателство Световна библиотека, София","authors":["Пламен Павлов"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","pages":"68–69","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://museumperushtitsa.com/bg/dokumenti/aprilskoto-vastanie-preliudiia-kam-osvobojdenieto","institutionOrAuthor":"Исторически музей Перущица","id":"src.apr.perushtitsa","title":"Априлското въстание — прелюдия към освобождението","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Russian–Ottoman rivalry; failed reform diplomacy and war declaration 12/24 April 1877. Nationally teleological claims in this page are not adopted."},"authors":["Исторически музей Перущица"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2021,"url":"https://museumpan.com/165-godini-ot-rozhdenieto-na-rayna-knyaginya","institutionOrAuthor":"Сабина Барзекова; Исторически музей Панагюрище","id":"src.apr.rayna","title":"165 години от рождението на Райна Княгиня","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Rayna Popgeorgieva, nickname Rayna Knyaginya; teacher in Panagyurishte; sewed and carried the uprising flag."},"authors":["Сабина Барзекова; Исторически музей Панагюрище"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2021,"url":"https://museum.sliven.net/news/360494","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – Сливен","id":"src.apr.sliven","title":"145 години от Априлското въстание","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Kableshkov orders action in Koprivshtitsa and writes to Panagyurishte announcing the uprising."},"authors":["Регионален исторически музей – Сливен"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"},"container":""}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.apr.cannon-troyan-cutout","src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun","w":877,"h":484,"caption":"","credit":"Dakovski · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_cannon_Troyan.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.apr.bridge","src":"/media/asset-apr-bridge-960.77d1cd56.webp","alt":"The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Esther Westerveld from Haarlemmermeer, Nederland / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The First Shot Bridge in Koprivshtitsa today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brug_van_het_eerste_schot_-_Koprivshtitsa_(4759742960).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.apr.cannon-troyan","src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-960.3e2ee8a5.webp","alt":"Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun","w":1632,"h":1224,"caption":"","credit":"Dakovski · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_cannon_Troyan.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.apr.batak-exterior","src":"/media/asset-apr-batak-exterior-960.b0cc2ab4.webp","alt":"Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Спасимир · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Entrance to St Nedelya church in Batak today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_StNedelya,_Batak_2012_01.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.apr.pamphlet","src":"/media/asset-apr-pamphlet-960.caaefbc2.webp","alt":"Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876","w":1365,"h":2400,"caption":"","credit":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive (UC Berkeley copy)","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Title page of Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_horrors_and_the_question_of_the_East_(IA_bulgarianhorrors00gladrich).pdf","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Geographic context, without historical borders","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","visibleKind":"Geographic context, without historical borders","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Public domain · Natural Earth","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}}],"places":[{"note":"Town reference point, not an exact event location or a historical boundary.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.apr.batak","name":"Batak","latitude":41.94399,"longitude":24.217791,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.batak"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#batak-massacre-khatchkar","slug":"apr.batak","url":"/en/map/#apr.batak"},{"note":"Koprivshtitsa was among the towns where the new Bulgarian secular schooling spread after Gabrovo.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","name":"Koprivshtitsa","latitude":42.6375324,"longitude":24.3577991,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024","src.gabrovo.osm","src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.sliven"],"radiusMeters":1000,"short":"Koprivshtitsa","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.koprivshtitsa","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.koprivshtitsa"},{"note":"Panagyurishte is associated with the gold treasure and the April Uprising of 1876.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.panag.panagyurishte","name":"Panagyurishte — discovery area","latitude":42.5026,"longitude":24.1802,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.panag.wd-town","src.panag.ovadiah2014","src.apr.coordinates","src.apr.military"],"short":"Panagyurishte","guideUrl":null,"slug":"panag.panagyurishte","url":"/en/map/#panag.panagyurishte"}],"find":null,"next":[{"storyId":"story.vazov-under-the-yoke","title":"Why did Vazov write Under the Yoke far from home?","topic":"Ivan Vazov","eyebrow":"Ivan Vazov · Sopot and Odesa","url":"/en/stories/vazov-under-the-yoke/","reason":"Compare how faith and books change society.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-vaz-portrait-cutout-480.5007b5ff.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-vaz-portrait-cutout-960.5007b5ff.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-vaz-portrait-cutout-1600.5007b5ff.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6a5a49","h":2180,"w":1672,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-vaz-portrait-cutout-960.5007b5ff.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-vaz-portrait-cutout-960.5007b5ff.webp","id":"asset.vaz.portrait-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Ivan Vazov. Archival portrait, date unknown.","objectCaption":"Under the Yoke","caption":"","kindLabel":"Archive","kind":"archive","visibleKind":"Archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons. BASA 937K-1-410-7. Public domain. Crop supplied by Commons; unchanged here. Cut-out detail; background removed. Archival photograph","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons. BASA 937K-1-410-7. Public domain. Crop supplied by Commons; unchanged here. Cut-out detail; background removed. Archival photograph","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-937K-1-410-7-Ivan_Vazov_(cropped).JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"minutes":3,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","title":"Into orbit, without docking","topic":"Georgi Ivanov","eyebrow":"Georgi Ivanov · Baikonur","url":"/en/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"A spacecraft descent capsule in a museum, isolated from the photograph.","objectCaption":"Soyuz 33 capsule","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.madara-rider","title":"The rider above the path","topic":"Madara Rider","eyebrow":"Madara Rider · Madara","url":"/en/stories/madara-rider/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-480.569987f2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-1600.569987f2.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-2400.569987f2.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89847e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-madara-relief-main-960.569987f2.webp","id":"asset.madara.relief.main","alt":"Rider, dog behind the horse and lion beneath the forelegs; inscription lines appear above.","objectCaption":"Madara Rider","caption":"Rider, dog behind the horse and lion beneath the forelegs; inscription lines appear above.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso, [delso.photo](https://delso.photo), Wikimedia Commons, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_de_Madara,_reserva_hist%C3%B3rico-arqueol%C3%B3gica_Nacional_de_Madara,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_38.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.kableshkov","name":"Todor Kableshkov","url":"/en/people/kableshkov/"},{"id":"person.rayna","name":"Rayna Popgeorgieva","url":"/en/people/rayna/"},{"id":"person.goranov","name":"Petar Goranov","url":"/en/people/goranov/"},{"id":"person.macgahan","name":"Januarius MacGahan","url":"/en/people/macgahan/"},{"id":"person.schuyler","name":"Eugene Schuyler","url":"/en/people/schuyler/"},{"id":"person.gladstone","name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"/en/people/gladstone/"},{"id":"person.geshov","name":"Ivan Evstratiev Geshov","url":"/en/people/geshov/"},{"id":"person.saint-kyriake","name":"Saint Kyriake","url":"/en/people/saint-kyriake/"}],"rulers":[{"id":"ruler.ottoman-gap","name":"Ottoman rule","url":"/en/rulers/ottoman-gap/"}],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.april-uprising-1876","storyId":"story.april-uprising-1876","factId":"F01","text":"The Giurgiu Revolutionary Committee prepared the uprising of 1876.","sourceIds":["src.apr.military"]},"collectionFind":{"number":24,"total":59,"title":"Cherry-wood cannon replica","dateLabel":"Date not specified","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-480.3190497f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.avif","w":877}],"dominant":"#8b776d","h":484,"w":877,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.webp","w":877}],"src":"/media/asset-apr-cannon-troyan-cutout-877.3190497f.webp","id":"asset.apr.cannon-troyan-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun","objectCaption":"Cherry-wood cannon replica","caption":"","kind":"reconstruction","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Dakovski · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dakovski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of a cherry-wood cannon in Troyan; not a surviving battle gun. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_cannon_Troyan.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Read these stories in Bulgarian — learn the language","web.travelPromo":"Visit this place — Travel Guide Bulgaria","web.autoAdvance":"Auto-advance to the next scene","web.repeatActivities":"Repeat activities","web.shortcuts":"Keyboard shortcuts","web.sceneNavigation":"Previous / next scene","web.findCount":"Found {count} of {total}","web.resumeNarration":"Resume {time}","web.activityLabel":"Activity","web.skippedActivities":"Activities · {count} — start","web.placesCount":"places: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"More answers below","web.playerSceneOf":"Scene {scene} of {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Close story","web.imageFit":"Show the whole image","web.activityOf":"Activity · {scene} of {total}","web.activityMoved":"Moved to position {scene} of {total}","web.activityIncomplete":"Connect all pairs","web.seekTen":"Back / forward 10 seconds","web.activityFromScene":"From scene {scene}","web.nextStory":"Next story","web.transcriptRevised":"text revised","action.close":"Close","action.next":"Next","action.retry":"Retry","activity.check":"Check","answer.correct":"Correct","answer.incorrect":"Not quite","audio.backTen":"Back 10 seconds","audio.pause":"Pause","audio.play":"Play narration","audio.seek":"Narration position","audio.speed":"Narration speed","audio.synthetic":"Synthetic voice","audio.unavailable":"Audio is unavailable. The text is here.","bookmark.add":"Save story","bookmark.inSaved":"In Saved","bookmark.remove":"Remove saved story","bookmark.removed":"Bookmark removed","credit.title":"Images","discover.audioMinutes %lld":"%lld min","discover.mapLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","player.approximate":"Approximate location","player.back":"Back","player.completed":"A new find for your collection","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Details (%lld)","player.explanation":"Why is that?","player.finish":"Finish","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Correct on the first attempt","player.firstOther":"The first attempt is recorded. Retrying is practice.","player.interpretation":"Interpretation","player.matchHint":"Tap a term on the left, then a meaning on the right. Tap a connected item to undo.","player.moveDown":"Move down","player.moveUp":"Move up","player.nextDetail":"Next detail","player.previousDetail":"Previous detail","player.related":"Related stories","player.scene %lld":"Part %lld","player.sequenceHint":"Arrange from oldest to newest.","player.showAll":"Show all","player.skip":"Skip","player.sources %lld":"Sources · %lld","player.summary %lld %lld":"Activities: %1$lld of %2$lld correct on the first attempt","player.unpair":"Disconnect pair","player.vitrine":"Go to finds","sources.title":"Sources","story.listen":"Listen","story.sceneCount %lld":{"one":"%lld scene","other":"%lld scenes"},"story.start":"Start","answer.chosen":"Your answer","answer.skipped":"Activity skipped","answer.revealed":"Answer revealed","answer.correctOrder":"Correct order","answer.correctPairs":"Correct pairs","answer.yours.correct":"Your answer · correct","answer.yours.incorrect":"Your answer · incorrect","audio.stop":"Stop listening","Search.search.group.places":"Places","Atlas.zoomIn":"Zoom in","Atlas.zoomOut":"Zoom out"},"promos":{"learn":{"icon":"/media/promo/learn-160.webp","name":"Learn Bulgarian","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/learn-bulgarian/"},"travel":{"icon":"/media/promo/travel-160.webp","name":"Travel Guide Bulgaria","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/travel-guide-bulgaria/"}}}