{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.asparuh-681","hasFind":true,"slug":"asparuh-681","url":"/en/stories/asparuh-681/","topic":"Asparuh and 681","title":"Asparuh: why 681?","summary":"An emperor leads an army towards the marshes. After his retreat, the Bulgars cross the Danube. Peace and payments follow. But where does the year we remember come from?","cover":{"title":"Asparuh: why 681?","subtitle":"Campaign, settlement and peace on the Lower Danube","hook":"Why do we remember 681?","summary":"An emperor leads an army towards the marshes. After his retreat, the Bulgars cross the Danube. Peace and payments follow. But where does the year we remember come from?","takeaway":"681 is an accepted marker for the establishment of Danube Bulgaria, rather than a known birthday. We compare narratives, contemporary testimony and archaeology."},"sortYear":681,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"First Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"First Tsardom","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Lower Danube","date":"680–681","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-cutout-480.7bc55739.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-cutout-960.7bc55739.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-cutout-1053.7bc55739.avif","w":1053}],"dominant":"#b79861","h":1066,"w":1053,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-cutout-960.7bc55739.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-cutout-960.7bc55739.webp","id":"asset.asp.coin-obverse-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established.","objectCaption":"Coin with two emperors","caption":"Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Cleveland Museum of Art · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Cleveland Museum of Art (photograph); Byzantine mint (object maker not individually recorded); Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Cleveland Museum of Art (photograph); Byzantine mint (object maker not individually recorded); Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantium,_7th_century_-_Solidus_of_Constans_II_and_Constantine_IV_-_2012.22_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"asparuh-681.s1-writers","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Two chronicles on the table","body":"Open a chronicle: a book that arranges the past in time. Theophanes and Nikephoros tell Asparuh’s story from Byzantium, the Eastern Roman Empire. Both write long after the war. Neither witnessed it. Theophanes speaks harshly of the Bulgars, yet describes his side’s defeat.\n\nTheir accounts have Kubrat urging his five sons to stay together. Researchers read this as a moral tale, not a recorded conversation. Theophanes calls Asparuh the third son. Researchers suggest both writers probably share an earlier source. Similar accounts need not provide independent confirmation.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-480.cf745bcb.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-1600.cf745bcb.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#e2e2e2","h":1171,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.webp","id":"asset.asp.manuscript","alt":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","objectCaption":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","caption":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown scribe; texts by Synkellos and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified copyist; texts by Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified copyist; texts by Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suppl%C3%A9ment_grec_327_-_btv1b110047233_(0393_of_1105).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":37.074,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.s1-writers","duration":37.163,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/s1-writers.44ea50c4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.marinow2018"},{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.nikephoros"},{"id":"src.asp.torgerson2021"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.manuscript"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.s2-marshes","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Reeds beside Onglos","body":"According to Theophanes, Asparuh’s people cross the Dnieper and Dniester towards Onglos. Rivers and marshes protect this refuge. An army would struggle to deploy there. But where exactly is it?\n\nProposals include the earthworks at Niculiţel, Wallachia, and land between the Siret, Prut and Danube. The debate remains open. Our map uses the delta only as a geographic reference. The photograph shows reeds today. It helps us imagine wet ground. It cannot locate the camp or show how the banks looked then.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-reeds-480.ea9db65e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-reeds-960.ea9db65e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-reeds-1600.ea9db65e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#667b53","h":1202,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-reeds-960.ea9db65e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-reeds-960.ea9db65e.webp","id":"asset.asp.reeds","alt":"Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines.","objectCaption":"Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines.","caption":"Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"TriviaKing · CC BY-SA 3.0 · English Wikipedia / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"TriviaKing, English Wikipedia; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"TriviaKing, English Wikipedia; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_Delta_Reeds.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-480.0e2300c1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-960.0e2300c1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-1600.0e2300c1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b6b5b4","h":1050,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-960.0e2300c1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-960.0e2300c1.webp","id":"asset.asp.delta-channel","alt":"Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos.","objectCaption":"Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos.","caption":"Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"michael clarke stuff · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"michael clarke stuff; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 2.0. Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"michael clarke stuff; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 2.0. Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_delta,_Tulcea_05_(2477824433).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-bank-480.4f427080.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-bank-960.4f427080.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-bank-1600.4f427080.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a2a4a3","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-bank-960.4f427080.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-bank-960.4f427080.webp","id":"asset.asp.delta-bank","alt":"Trees beside water in today’s delta. Supplementary landscape; not a reconstruction of the campaign.","objectCaption":"Trees beside water in today’s delta. Supplementary landscape; not a reconstruction of the campaign.","caption":"Trees beside water in today’s delta. Supplementary landscape; not a reconstruction of the campaign.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"michael clarke stuff · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"michael clarke stuff; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 2.0. Trees beside water in today’s delta. Supplementary landscape; not a reconstruction of the campaign. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"michael clarke stuff; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 2.0. Trees beside water in today’s delta. Supplementary landscape; not a reconstruction of the campaign. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_delta,_Tulcea_03_(2478633804).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Modern geographic reference. This is not an identification of Onglos.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.asp.delta","name":"Danube Delta","latitude":45.2,"longitude":29.5,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":40000,"sourceIds":["src.asp.coord.delta"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"asp.delta","url":"/en/map/#asp.delta"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-7a03209ee406e4ec.jpg?v=82d84a34a6","w":2048,"h":1939,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-7a03209ee406e4ec-dark.jpg?v=93594f6bda","w":2048,"h":1939,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Modern geographic reference. This is not an identification of Onglos.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.asp.delta","name":"Danube Delta","latitude":45.2,"longitude":29.5,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":40000,"sourceIds":["src.asp.coord.delta"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"asp.delta","url":"/en/map/#asp.delta","number":1,"x":50.0,"y":50.87923,"inside":true,"viewX":50.0,"viewY":50.0}],"extent":[0.625,-0.7223923963752433,0.75,1.0979979763294814],"orientation":[{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":23.578,"y":99.659,"viewX":23.578,"viewY":123.8937297109375},{"name":"Shumen","kind":"town","x":7.268,"y":98.279,"viewX":7.268,"viewY":121.80324533593749},{"name":"Dobrich","kind":"town","x":22.122,"y":90.974,"viewX":22.122,"viewY":110.7373117421875},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":12.677,"y":77.682,"viewX":12.677,"viewY":90.60200861718751},{"name":"Targovishte","kind":"town","x":1.203,"y":98.763,"viewX":1.203,"viewY":122.5364297109375},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":0.278,"y":91.928,"viewX":0.278,"viewY":112.1824726796875}],"crop":{"sx":1,"sy":0.6601340897369778,"x":0,"y":0.17872525513151105},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.24425,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.s2-marshes","duration":32.341,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/s2-marshes.ae4fc076.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.madgearu2000"},{"id":"src.asp.coord.delta"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.reeds"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.delta-channel"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.delta-bank"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.s3-coin","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Two faces on gold","body":"Look at the solidus: a gold coin. The larger bearded figure on the left is Constans II. The smaller figure is young Constantine IV. A cross stands between their crowns. Cleveland’s museum dates it to 659–661, before the campaign. The reverse shows a cross on three steps, between two figures.\n\nLater, Constantine IV leads an army against the Bulgars. The coin shows his image, but cannot count his soldiers. No link to a payment to Asparuh is established. What do the chronicles say about the campaign?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-480.8000d667.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-960.8000d667.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-1600.8000d667.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b9b19a","h":1506,"w":1683,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-960.8000d667.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-960.8000d667.webp","id":"asset.asp.coin-obverse","alt":"Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established.","objectCaption":"Coin with two emperors","caption":"Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Cleveland Museum of Art · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Cleveland Museum of Art (photograph); Byzantine mint (object maker not individually recorded); Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Cleveland Museum of Art (photograph); Byzantine mint (object maker not individually recorded); Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantium,_7th_century_-_Solidus_of_Constans_II_and_Constantine_IV_-_2012.22_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-reverse-480.4fadda56.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-reverse-960.4fadda56.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-reverse-1592.4fadda56.avif","w":1592}],"dominant":"#b7af97","h":1564,"w":1592,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-reverse-960.4fadda56.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-reverse-960.4fadda56.webp","id":"asset.asp.coin-reverse","alt":"Reverse of the solidus dated 659–661: a cross on three steps, between two figures.","objectCaption":"Reverse of the solidus dated 659–661: a cross on three steps, between two figures.","caption":"Reverse of the solidus dated 659–661: a cross on three steps, between two figures.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Cleveland Museum of Art · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Cleveland Museum of Art; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Reverse of the solidus dated 659–661: a cross on three steps, between two figures. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Cleveland Museum of Art; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Reverse of the solidus dated 659–661: a cross on three steps, between two figures. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantium,_7th_century_-_Solidus_of_Constans_II_and_Constantine_IV_with_a_Cross_Potent_on_Three_Step_-_2012.22.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-asp-constans","x":0.32,"y":0.47,"title":"Constans II","body":"The larger bearded figure on the left is Constans II.","sourceIds":["src.asp.cma.obverse"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-asp-constantine","x":0.65,"y":0.48,"title":"The young Constantine IV","body":"The smaller figure on the right is the future leader of the campaign. The coin dates to 659–661, before that campaign.","sourceIds":["src.asp.cma.obverse","src.asp.nikephoros"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-asp-cross","x":0.52,"y":0.27,"title":"Cross between the crowns","body":"A small cross stands between the crowns of the two figures.","sourceIds":["src.asp.cma.obverse"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.53991666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.s3-coin","duration":36.651,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/s3-coin.7846d200.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.cma.obverse"},{"id":"src.asp.cma.reverse"},{"id":"src.asp.nikephoros"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.s4-campaign","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"The rumour of flight","body":"The chroniclers say the campaign answers Bulgar raids on imperial lands. We usually date it to 680. The emperor brings troops and ships. The Bulgars shelter behind defences. Marshes hinder attack. Theophanes gives three or four waiting days; Nikephoros four.\n\nBoth say Constantine leaves for Mesembria with gout, a painful joint disease. He leaves orders. A rumour spreads: the emperor is fleeing. His army retreats. The Bulgars pursue, cross the Danube and settle towards Varna near Odessos and inland. They subject local Slavic communities and post frontier guards.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-480.0e2300c1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-960.0e2300c1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-1600.0e2300c1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b6b5b4","h":1050,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-960.0e2300c1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-delta-channel-960.0e2300c1.webp","id":"asset.asp.delta-channel","alt":"Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos.","objectCaption":"Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos.","caption":"Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"michael clarke stuff · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"michael clarke stuff; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 2.0. Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"michael clarke stuff; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 2.0. Modern photograph from the Tulcea delta area: a tree in water. Geographic context, not an identification of Onglos. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_delta,_Tulcea_05_(2477824433).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":40.429291666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.s4-campaign","duration":40.533,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/s4-campaign.1cb56bf8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.nikephoros"},{"id":"src.asp.todorovski2024"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.a1-evidence","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what does the coin establish?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.asp.activity.evidence","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What can we learn directly from this coin and its museum description?","sourceIds":["src.asp.cma.obverse","src.asp.theophanes"],"items":[{"id":"coin-image","label":"How the young Constantine IV is depicted"},{"id":"army-size","label":"The army’s size at Onglos","whyWrong":"The coin does not count the army; the story gives no exact total."},{"id":"treaty-day","label":"The day the peace was signed","whyWrong":"The coin predates the campaign and is not a peace document."}],"explanation":"The museum identifies the figures and dates the coin. It does not connect it to a particular treaty payment.","correctItemId":"coin-image","sources":[{"id":"src.asp.cma.obverse"},{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.391916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.a1-evidence","duration":4.48,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/a1-evidence.ce7d9495.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.cma.obverse"},{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.s5-treaty","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Peace for a yearly payment","body":"After settlement, Theophanes reports Bulgar raids on imperial villages and forts. He says the emperor must make peace and pay yearly. Why 681?\n\nOn 9 August 681, the priest Constantine of Apamea mentions defeat against Bulgaria. He addresses a church council, a meeting of clergy. His “this year” is disputed. A September year spans 1 September 680 to 31 August 681. His words alone cannot settle the treaty’s year.\n\nWe use the usual date, 681, to mark Danubian Bulgaria’s establishment. The peace’s exact day remains unknown.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-480.cf745bcb.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-1600.cf745bcb.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#e2e2e2","h":1171,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.webp","id":"asset.asp.manuscript","alt":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","objectCaption":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","caption":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown scribe; texts by Synkellos and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified copyist; texts by Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified copyist; texts by Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suppl%C3%A9ment_grec_327_-_btv1b110047233_(0393_of_1105).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Constantinople, now Istanbul, was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.asp.constantinople","name":"Constantinople","latitude":41.01224,"longitude":28.976018055555553,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.asp.coord.constantinople","src.asp.council681","src.asp.todorovski2024","src.sim.coordinates.constantinople","src.sim.leszka2011","src.ind.coordinates-istanbul","src.ind.protocols","src.bor.coordinates-constantinople","src.kal.coordinates.constantinople"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"asp.constantinople","url":"/en/map/#asp.constantinople"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":42.85575,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.s5-treaty","duration":42.965,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/s5-treaty.061db7d2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.nikephoros"},{"id":"src.asp.todorovski2024"},{"id":"src.asp.council681"},{"id":"src.asp.coord.constantinople"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.manuscript"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the account in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.asp.activity.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Order these actions as the chroniclers tell them, without relying on disputed calendar dates.","sourceIds":["src.asp.theophanes","src.asp.nikephoros"],"items":[{"id":"ev-arrival","label":"Imperial troops arrive at the defences"},{"id":"ev-departure","label":"The emperor leaves for treatment"},{"id":"ev-flight","label":"Rumour triggers the army’s retreat"},{"id":"ev-crossing","label":"Bulgars cross the Danube after pursuit"}],"explanation":"Both authors give this sequence. Disagreement about the treaty year does not change the order of these actions in their accounts.","correctOrderIds":["ev-arrival","ev-departure","ev-flight","ev-crossing"],"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.nikephoros"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":6.179833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.a2-sequence","duration":6.272,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/a2-sequence.aa757c93.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.nikephoros"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.s6-archaeology","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"A burial beneath a mound","body":"Pliska’s stone foundations stand before us today. Archaeology investigates when buildings were made and objects deposited. These foundations cannot establish Asparuh’s camp.\n\nNearby Kabayuk has a rich burial beneath a barrow, a mound of earth. One proposed date places the burial in the very late seventh or very early eighth century. The barrow is dated to the early ninth century. Another proposal dates the whole complex no earlier than the ninth century’s beginning. This dispute changes its connection with Asparuh. Stones and objects both need careful dating.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-palace-480.1bd1feb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-palace-960.1bd1feb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-palace-1600.1bd1feb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8a8f8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","id":"asset.asp.pliska-palace","alt":"The archaeological site at Pliska today. The visible foundations do not establish buildings of Asparuh in 681.","objectCaption":"The archaeological site at Pliska today. The visible foundations do not establish buildings of Asparuh in 681.","caption":"The archaeological site at Pliska today. The visible foundations do not establish buildings of Asparuh in 681.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. The archaeological site at Pliska today. The visible foundations do not establish buildings of Asparuh in 681. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. The archaeological site at Pliska today. The visible foundations do not establish buildings of Asparuh in 681. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-site-480.05eea1cf.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-site-960.05eea1cf.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-site-1600.05eea1cf.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#908f8f","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-site-960.05eea1cf.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-asp-pliska-site-960.05eea1cf.webp","id":"asset.asp.pliska-site","alt":"Modern view of remains at Pliska. The photograph’s date is not a foundation date; the stone complex is not presented as a camp of 681.","objectCaption":"Modern view of remains at Pliska. The photograph’s date is not a foundation date; the stone complex is not presented as a camp of 681.","caption":"Modern view of remains at Pliska. The photograph’s date is not a foundation date; the stone complex is not presented as a camp of 681.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern view of remains at Pliska. The photograph’s date is not a foundation date; the stone complex is not presented as a camp of 681. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern view of remains at Pliska. The photograph’s date is not a foundation date; the stone complex is not presented as a camp of 681. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliska-svik.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Pliska is an early medieval centre. Its stone buildings do not establish a capital under Asparuh.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pliska","name":"Pliska","latitude":43.387,"longitude":27.132,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.preslav.wikidata-places","src.preslav.osm-places","src.preslav.britannica-boris","src.asp.coord.pliska","src.pli.coord.q12287850"],"radiusMeters":3000,"short":"Pliska","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pliska","url":"/en/map/#pliska"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.715625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.s6-archaeology","duration":35.84,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/s6-archaeology.e6d3b5b4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.georgiev2018"},{"id":"src.asp.todorovski2024"},{"id":"src.asp.coord.pliska"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.pliska-palace"},{"id":"src.asp.photo.pliska-site"}]},{"id":"asparuh-681.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match the evidence","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.asp.activity.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each piece of evidence to its description in the story.","sourceIds":["src.asp.theophanes","src.asp.council681","src.asp.cma.obverse"],"items":[{"id":"m-chronicle","label":"Theophanes’ account","pairedLabel":"Campaign, retreat and annual payment"},{"id":"m-council","label":"Constantine of Apamea’s statement","pairedLabel":"War against Bulgaria mentioned in 681"},{"id":"m-coin","label":"Cleveland’s gold solidus","pairedLabel":"Two emperors on a gold coin"}],"explanation":"The chronicle narrates events. The statement comes from a session in 681. The coin bears images and predates the campaign.","sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.council681"},{"id":"src.asp.cma.obverse"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.043625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.asparuh-681.asparuh-681.a3-matching","duration":4.139,"src":"/audio/en/asparuh-681/a3-matching.e99e44c7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.asp.theophanes"},{"id":"src.asp.council681"},{"id":"src.asp.cma.obverse"}]}],"minutes":5,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2012.22.a","institutionOrAuthor":"Cleveland Museum of Art","id":"src.asp.cma.obverse","authors":["Cleveland Museum of Art"],"title":"Solidus with Busts of Constans II and Constantine IV (obverse)","container":"Collection 2012.22.a","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Gold coin, dated 659–661; contextual object, not a recovered treaty payment."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2012.22.b","institutionOrAuthor":"Cleveland Museum of Art","id":"src.asp.cma.reverse","authors":["Cleveland Museum of Art"],"title":"Solidus of Constans II and Constantine IV with a Cross Potent on Three Steps (reverse)","container":"Collection 2012.22.b","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Gold coin, dated 659–661; contextual object, not a recovered treaty payment."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.asp.coord.constantinople","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Constantinople","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Modern geographic reference only; no historic borders or battlefield identification."},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184429","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.asp.coord.delta","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Danube Delta","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Modern geographic reference only; no historic borders or battlefield identification."},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12287850","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.asp.coord.pliska","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Pliska”","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Modern geographic reference only; no historic borders or battlefield identification."},"container":""},{"year":1765,"url":"","institutionOrAuthor":"Third Council of Constantinople; ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi; Bulgarian translation Ivan Dujčev","id":"src.asp.council681","authors":["Third Council of Constantinople; ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi; Bulgarian translation Ivan Dujčev"],"title":"Actio XVI: statement of Constantine, presbyter of Apamea","container":"Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio. Florence; Гръцки извори за българската история III. Sofia, 1960","volume":"XI","pages":"Mansi col. 617; GIBI III, 169–170","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Contemporary reference to defeat against Bulgaria, not treaty signing or its year. year=1765 is the edition year; event year is 681. Bulgarian translation published 1960."},"fieldLanguages":{"container":"bg"}},{"year":2018,"url":"https://www.publications.naim.bg/index.php/CBA/article/view/220","institutionOrAuthor":"Павел Георгиев / Pavel Georgiev","id":"src.asp.georgiev2018","authors":["Павел Георгиев / Pavel Georgiev"],"title":"Могилният комплекс при Кабаюк и началото на Плиска / Barrow Assemblage at Kabayuk and the Foundation of Pliska","container":"Приноси към българската археология / Contributions to Bulgarian Archaeology, NAIM–BAS","volume":"8","pages":"33–46","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Abstract reports a burial dated very late seventh/very early eighth century under a barrow assigned to early ninth. Georgiev disputes the gap and places the assemblage no earlier than the beginning of the ninth century. His disputed late-eighth-century limit for Pliska as a political centre is not consensus; full article and original early publications not checked."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2000,"url":"https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/carte/icem/istro-pontica-muzeul-tulcean-50-aniversare-1950-2000_19.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Alexandru Madgearu","id":"src.asp.madgearu2000","authors":["Alexandru Madgearu"],"title":"Recent Discussions about “Onglos”","container":"Istro-Pontica. Tulcea","pages":"343–348","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Onglos location: Niculiţel, Wallachia and Siret–Prut/Barboşi; uncertain earthwork dates; limits of seals and coin hoards."},"isPdf":true},{"year":2018,"url":"https://www.czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/sceranea/article/download/4255/3711/12735","institutionOrAuthor":"Kirił Marinow","id":"src.asp.marinow2018","authors":["Kirił Marinow"],"title":"Asparuh and His People on the Lower Danube through the Eyes of Theophanes, or a Story that Was Not Meant to Happen","container":"Studia Ceranea","volume":"8","pages":"167–191","doi":"10.18778/2084-140X.08.10","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Dates of authors, primary excerpts, shared source, hostile language and moral construction of the Kubrat narrative."},"isPdf":true},{"year":1990,"url":"https://www.finna.fi/Record/fikka.398520","institutionOrAuthor":"Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople; ed. and tr. Cyril Mango","id":"src.asp.nikephoros","authors":["Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople; ed. and tr. Cyril Mango"],"title":"Short History / Nicephori Patriarchae Constantinopolitani breviarium historicum","container":"Dumbarton Oaks Texts 10; CFHB 13 (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks)","pages":"§§35–36; Greek 86.38–90.29; English 87–91","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Parallel account; four days; illness and flight; settlement near Varna; Slavic frontier guards; peace and payment."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_delta,_Tulcea_03_(2478633804).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"michael clarke stuff","id":"src.asp.photo.delta-bank","authors":["michael clarke stuff"],"title":"File:Danube delta, Tulcea 03 (2478633804).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identity and licence for asset.asp.delta-bank; not independent evidence for campaign events."},"license":"CC BY-SA 2.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_delta,_Tulcea_05_(2477824433).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"michael clarke stuff","id":"src.asp.photo.delta-channel","authors":["michael clarke stuff"],"title":"File:Danube delta, Tulcea 05 (2477824433).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identity and licence for asset.asp.delta-channel; not independent evidence for campaign events."},"license":"CC BY-SA 2.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suppl%C3%A9ment_grec_327_-_btv1b110047233_(0393_of_1105).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unidentified manuscript copyist; texts attributed to Georgius Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: Bibliothèque nationale de France","id":"src.asp.photo.manuscript","authors":["Unidentified manuscript copyist; texts attributed to Georgius Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: Bibliothèque nationale de France"],"title":"File:Supplément grec 327 - btv1b110047233 (0393 of 1105).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identity and licence for asset.asp.manuscript; not independent evidence for campaign events."},"license":"Public domain"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Svilen Enev","id":"src.asp.photo.pliska-palace","authors":["Svilen Enev"],"title":"File:Ruins in Pliska Palace 9.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identity and licence for asset.asp.pliska-palace; not independent evidence for campaign events."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliska-svik.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Svilen Enev","id":"src.asp.photo.pliska-site","authors":["Svilen Enev"],"title":"File:Pliska-svik.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identity and licence for asset.asp.pliska-site; not independent evidence for campaign events."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_Delta_Reeds.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"TriviaKing (English Wikipedia)","id":"src.asp.photo.reeds","authors":["TriviaKing (English Wikipedia)"],"title":"File:Danube Delta Reeds.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identity and licence for asset.asp.reeds; not independent evidence for campaign events."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":1997,"url":"https://wellcomecollection.org/works/xqy5zfnd","institutionOrAuthor":"Theophanes the Confessor; ed. Carl de Boor; tr. Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, with Geoffrey Greatrex","id":"src.asp.theophanes","authors":["Theophanes the Confessor; ed. Carl de Boor; tr. Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, with Geoffrey Greatrex"],"title":"Chronographia, AM 6171","container":"The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Oxford: Clarendon Press","volume":"I","pages":"de Boor 356.18–359.25; Mango–Scott 497–499","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Third son explicitly; migration, terrain, Bulgar raids before campaign and after settlement, departure with orders, pursuit, Slavic subjection and annual payment imposed on the emperor."}},{"year":2024,"url":"https://periodicals.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/Tereni/bg/article/download/155/109","institutionOrAuthor":"Юлиян Тодоровски","id":"src.asp.todorovski2024","authors":["Юлиян Тодоровски"],"title":"Българо–византийският мирен договор от 681 г. в историографската традиция","container":"Терени / Tereni","volume":"9","pages":"74–83","doi":"10.60053/TER.2024.9.74-83","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Competing peace dates 680/681; September year 1 September 680–31 August 681; speech mentions defeat, not a treaty date. Prevailing 681 chronology is an interpretation."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://jtorgerson.faculty.wesleyan.edu/files/2024/04/2021-Torgerson-and-Humphreys-Chronicles-Histories-and-Letters.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Jesse W. Torgerson and Mike Humphreys","id":"src.asp.torgerson2021","authors":["Jesse W. Torgerson and Mike Humphreys"],"title":"Chronicles, Histories, and Letters","container":"A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, ed. Mike Humphreys (Leiden: Brill)","pages":"191–229","doi":"10.1163/9789004462007_005","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Manuscript transmission and shared-source argument (p. 199, note 36). This concerns dependence, separately from the writers’ non-eyewitness status."},"isPdf":true}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.asp.coin-obverse-cutout","src":"/media/asset-asp-coin-obverse-cutout-960.7bc55739.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established.","w":1053,"h":1066,"caption":"Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established.","credit":"Cleveland Museum of Art · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Cleveland Museum of Art (photograph); Byzantine mint (object maker not individually recorded); Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Cleveland Museum of Art (photograph); Byzantine mint (object maker not individually recorded); Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Gold coin. Constans II is on the left, the smaller Constantine IV on the right. It predates the campaign; no link to the treaty payment is established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantium,_7th_century_-_Solidus_of_Constans_II_and_Constantine_IV_-_2012.22_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.asp.manuscript","src":"/media/asset-asp-manuscript-960.cf745bcb.webp","alt":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","w":1600,"h":1171,"caption":"Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh.","credit":"Unknown scribe; texts by Synkellos and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified copyist; texts by Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified copyist; texts by Syncellus and Theophanes; digitisation: National Library of France; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Two pages from a later copy of chronicles: BnF Supplément grec 327. This is not a record of the council of 681. The passage has not been identified as an account of Asparuh. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suppl%C3%A9ment_grec_327_-_btv1b110047233_(0393_of_1105).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.asp.reeds","src":"/media/asset-asp-reeds-960.ea9db65e.webp","alt":"Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines.","w":1600,"h":1202,"caption":"Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines.","credit":"TriviaKing · CC BY-SA 3.0 · English Wikipedia / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"TriviaKing, English Wikipedia; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern landscape in the Danube Delta, Romania. It does not show a verified battlefield or seventh-century shorelines. 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