{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.atanasoff-computer","hasFind":true,"slug":"atanasoff-computer","url":"/en/stories/atanasoff-computer/","topic":"John Vincent Atanasoff","title":"Atanasoff and the computer dispute","summary":"John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry build a machine for difficult calculations in Iowa. Decades later, their ideas become part of a dispute over another computer's patent.","cover":{"title":"Atanasoff and the computer dispute","subtitle":"A calculating machine and a patent case","hook":"What do Atanasoff and Berry create?","summary":"John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry build a machine for difficult calculations in Iowa. Decades later, their ideas become part of a dispute over another computer's patent.","takeaway":"A decision about one patent does not assign all the credit for inventing computers."},"sortYear":1942,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20th century","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20th century","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Ames","date":"1939–1942","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-480.e7075786.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.avif","w":660}],"dominant":"#937a61","h":811,"w":660,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","w":660}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","id":"asset.ata.add-subtract-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.","objectCaption":"ABC reconstruction","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"ArnoldReinhold · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s1-equations","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"A machine against long calculations","body":"In Ames, Iowa, John Atanasoff wants to save hours of calculation. A mechanical calculator helps, but long problems still demand much work. Between 1939 and 1942, Atanasoff and Clifford Berry build the machine in Ames.\n\nThis is the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, or ABC. A working test model exists by December 1939. The full machine is designed for up to 29 equations in 29 unknowns. These are linked equalities with shared missing numbers. Imagine several calculations with unknown prices that must all be true together.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-480.895d0ba8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-960.895d0ba8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-1600.895d0ba8.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#828883","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-960.895d0ba8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-durham-960.895d0ba8.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-durham","alt":"Reconstruction of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer in the Durham Center.","objectCaption":"Reconstruction of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer in the Durham Center.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"User:Manop · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: User:Manop / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer in the Durham Center. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"User:Manop / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Reconstruction of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer in the Durham Center. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-front-480.e5b26b38.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-front-960.e5b26b38.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-front-1132.e5b26b38.avif","w":1132}],"dominant":"#c1c2c1","h":1600,"w":1132,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-front-960.e5b26b38.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-front-960.e5b26b38.webp","id":"asset.ata.portrait-front","alt":"John Vincent Atanasoff, portrait. The photographic date is not established.","objectCaption":"John Vincent Atanasoff, portrait. The photographic date is not established.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Eye Steel Film from Canada · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Eye Steel Film from Canada / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. John Vincent Atanasoff, portrait. The photographic date is not established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Eye Steel Film from Canada / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. John Vincent Atanasoff, portrait. The photographic date is not established. 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Ivan Atanasov came from Boyadzhik in the Yambol region. He emigrated to the United States in 1889. His son John works in America; the machine is built in Iowa.\n\nIn 1970 John Atanasoff comes to Bulgaria. In his memoir, he describes a lecture in Sofia and meetings with relatives in Boyadzhik. This happens before the court ruling later associated with his name.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-480.0e7a8d7f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-960.0e7a8d7f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-1195.0e7a8d7f.avif","w":1195}],"dominant":"#8e868b","h":1600,"w":1195,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-960.0e7a8d7f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-portrait-side-960.0e7a8d7f.webp","id":"asset.ata.portrait-side","alt":"John Vincent Atanasoff, second portrait. The photographic date is not established.","objectCaption":"John Vincent Atanasoff, second portrait. The photographic date is not established.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Original photographer unknown; Eye Steel Film (provider); Lomita (processing) · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Portrait of John Atanasoff. Provider: Eye Steel Film; processing: Lomita / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The original photographer and date are Unknown. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Portrait of John Atanasoff. Provider: Eye Steel Film; processing: Lomita / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The original photographer and date are Unknown. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATANASOFF_Pic%5E2_-_Flickr_-_Eye_Steel_Film.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"His father's home village. 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It is a memory drum. The photograph shows a reconstruction, rather than the surviving wartime machine. Inside the ABC, numbers are represented by zeros and ones. This is called the binary system.\n\nCapacitors, small devices that hold electrical charge, store these signs. The charge fades and needs regular refreshing. This keeps numbers in memory between operations. A person selects what to calculate. The machine stores no program: a series of instructions for automatic execution.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-480.d6fb8a96.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-1600.d6fb8a96.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-2400.d6fb8a96.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#856e55","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-close-960.d6fb8a96.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-close","alt":"Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes.","objectCaption":"Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_%E3%83%BC_Computer_History_Museum_(30781535612).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-480.ba43816e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-960.ba43816e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-1600.ba43816e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#767069","h":1350,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-960.ba43816e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-memory-circuit-960.ba43816e.webp","id":"asset.ata.memory-circuit","alt":"Reproduction memory drum and electronic circuit in a display case.","objectCaption":"Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established.","caption":"Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established.","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"WilliamSnail · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic circuit in a display case. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic circuit in a display case. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_circuit_display,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-480.5ae6ea69.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-960.5ae6ea69.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-1600.5ae6ea69.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7d766d","h":1350,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-960.5ae6ea69.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-close-960.5ae6ea69.webp","id":"asset.ata.drum-close","alt":"Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original.","objectCaption":"Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"WilliamSnail · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_drum_reproduction,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-480.2c82494b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-960.2c82494b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-1600.2c82494b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8c847b","h":1350,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-960.2c82494b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-drum-wide-960.2c82494b.webp","id":"asset.ata.drum-wide","alt":"Reproduction memory drum and electronic parts, wider view.","objectCaption":"Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established.","caption":"Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established.","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"WilliamSnail · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic parts, wider view. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"WilliamSnail / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction memory drum and electronic parts, wider view. Sources disagree about the origin of the tubes in the display case. Which are original has not been established. Processed image. Museum display: reproduction drum","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_drum_reproduction_2,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-ata-drum","x":0.374,"y":0.229,"title":"Memory drum","body":"The cylinder at upper left is a memory drum. In the machine, capacitors hold charges representing numbers. This is a reconstruction.","sourceIds":["src.ata.gustafson2000","src.ata.chm"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-ata-controls","x":0.747,"y":0.23,"title":"Operator controls","body":"Buttons and switches let a person select operations. The machine does not read a program stored in memory.","sourceIds":["src.ata.gustafson2000","src.ata.chm"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-ata-tubes","x":0.731,"y":0.664,"title":"Vacuum tubes","body":"These glass parts control electrical signals. They are called vacuum tubes. The whole machine has about three hundred.","sourceIds":["src.ata.gustafson2000"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.601083333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s3-memory","duration":34.731,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/s3-memory.6ecaeec8.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.operation"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.chm"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.abc-close"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.memory-circuit"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.drum-close"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.drum-wide"},{"id":"src.ata.isu2010"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.a1-purpose","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: the machine's purpose","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ata.purpose","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What do Atanasoff and Berry build the ABC to do?","sourceIds":["src.ata.court1973","src.ata.gustafson2000"],"items":[{"id":"opt-text","label":"Translate letters automatically","whyWrong":"Translating letters is not the ABC's stated task."},{"id":"opt-equations","label":"Solve linked equations"},{"id":"opt-games","label":"Run different games from memory","whyWrong":"The machine has no stored program for different tasks; games are not its purpose."}],"explanation":"The machine is designed for linked equations with shared unknown numbers.","correctItemId":"opt-equations","sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.148083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.a1-purpose","duration":4.267,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/a1-purpose.32bb7fc3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s4-patent","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"The court invalidates the patent","body":"In 1973 Judge Earl Larson invalidates the patent for ENIAC, another electronic computer. A patent protects rights to an invention. The patent holder demands payments from a competitor. The holder argues that ENIAC's creators worked independently. The competitor objects: they used Atanasoff's ideas. The court finds that the claimed invention derives from Atanasoff. The ruling removes rights under this patent. It does not name a sole creator of all computers.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.618833333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s4-patent","duration":30.72,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/s4-patent.84264690.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.penn"},{"id":"src.ata.chm"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s5-limits","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sparks burn holes in paper","body":"The machine can hold numbers but still make mistakes during calculation. The ABC records intermediate results on paper. Electrical sparks burn tiny holes that the machine later reads. A result from one step can then be used in the next.\n\nAccording to a study of the reconstruction, recording on paper causes errors. These prevent reliable solutions to the largest systems of equations. The number 29 shows how many unknowns the machine is designed for. It does not prove that it solves such problems without errors.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-480.f1014075.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-960.f1014075.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-1600.f1014075.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#978168","h":1064,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-960.f1014075.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-abc-unpacked-960.f1014075.webp","id":"asset.ata.abc-unpacked","alt":"Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered.","objectCaption":"Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Digital_Electronic_Computer_(5111068123).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.221041666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s5-limits","duration":32.341,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/s5-limits.8d94c0b3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.abc-unpacked"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: three moments","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ata.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the events in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.ata.court1973","src.ata.sendov2013"],"items":[{"id":"ev-prototype","label":"A working test model"},{"id":"ev-bulgaria","label":"Atanasoff visits Bulgaria"},{"id":"ev-ruling","label":"Patent invalidated"}],"explanation":"The work in Iowa precedes the visit; the visit precedes the judgment.","correctOrderIds":["ev-prototype","ev-bulgaria","ev-ruling"],"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.sendov2013"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.347,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.a2-timeline","duration":3.456,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/a2-timeline.703e7804.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.court1973"},{"id":"src.ata.sendov2013"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.s6-what-survives","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"Tubes on a metal plate","body":"The original ABC is dismantled in the late forties and almost entirely discarded. In 1997 a team demonstrates a working reconstruction. This photograph shows a reconstructed part. The little metal plate with glass tubes is an add-subtract module, rather than the whole computer.\n\nA reconstruction helps test a design. Our interpretation is that ‘who came first’ depends on the question. First in electronic calculation, programming or reliable operation? A ruling about one patent does not make computer history one person's work.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-480.38c5dc76.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-778.38c5dc76.avif","w":778}],"dominant":"#928366","h":911,"w":778,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-778.38c5dc76.webp","w":778}],"src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-778.38c5dc76.webp","id":"asset.ata.add-subtract","alt":"Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.","objectCaption":"ABC reconstruction","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"ArnoldReinhold · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-ata-module","x":0.49,"y":0.55,"title":"Arithmetic module","body":"This is a reconstructed add-subtract module, not an entire machine from the nineteen forties.","sourceIds":["src.ata.chm","src.ata.photo.add-subtract"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-ata-glass","x":0.59,"y":0.44,"title":"Tube on the plate","body":"One of the glass vacuum tubes on the metal plate. The photograph shows a reconstructed object.","sourceIds":["src.ata.photo.add-subtract"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.750458333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.s6-what-survives","duration":35.84,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/s6-what-survives.bd0780aa.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.isu2010"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.chm"},{"id":"src.ata.photo.add-subtract"}]},{"id":"atanasoff-computer.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: people and parts","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ata.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each person or object to its role in this story.","sourceIds":["src.ata.operation","src.ata.gustafson2000","src.ata.court1973"],"items":[{"id":"m-berry","label":"Clifford Berry","pairedLabel":"Works with Atanasoff on the ABC"},{"id":"m-memory","label":"Capacitor","pairedLabel":"Holds electrical charge"},{"id":"m-larson","label":"Earl Larson","pairedLabel":"The judge in the patent case"}],"explanation":"Berry helps build the machine, a capacitor is part of its memory, and Larson issues the judgment.","sources":[{"id":"src.ata.operation"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.court1973"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.9855416666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.atanasoff-computer.atanasoff-computer.a3-matching","duration":4.096,"src":"/audio/en/atanasoff-computer/a3-matching.de7f8989.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ata.operation"},{"id":"src.ata.gustafson2000"},{"id":"src.ata.court1973"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/birth-of-the-computer/4/99","institutionOrAuthor":"Computer History Museum","id":"src.ata.chm","title":"Atanasoff-Berry Computer","container":"Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Not programmable; drums and modules; patent dispute context; distinguish reconstructed machine from original. Broad museum claims about all computer ideas being unpatentable are not adopted."},"authors":["Computer History Museum"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2653086","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.ata.coord.boyadzhik","title":"Boyadzhik: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Coordinates only: village centroid. CC0 data; not historical evidence or a building footprint."},"authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136919","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.ata.coord.iowa","title":"Iowa State University, Ames: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Coordinates only: university campus representative point. CC0 data; not historical evidence or a building footprint."},"authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.ata.coord.sofia","title":"Sofia: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Coordinates only: city representative point. CC0 data; not historical evidence or a building footprint."},"authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":1973,"url":"https://isuu00001library102stg.blob.core.windows.net/digital-objects/atanasoff/pdf/atanasoff2655.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Earl R. Larson; United States District Court, District of Minnesota","id":"src.ata.court1973","title":"Honeywell Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corporation and Illinois Scientific Developments, Inc.: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order for Judgment (excerpts)","container":"Iowa State University Library, John Vincent Atanasoff Collection","pages":"47–49; final unnumbered order","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Primary judicial findings on derivation, ABC construction and Mauchly access; operative declaration that patent 3,120,606 is invalid and unenforceable. Excerpt, not the entire opinion. The operative order names Illinois Scientific Developments, Inc. as patent owner; Sperry Rand is the broader corporate name in secondary accounts."},"authors":["Earl R. Larson; United States District Court, District of Minnesota"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://jva.cs.iastate.edu/global.php","institutionOrAuthor":"JVA Initiative Committee; Iowa State University","id":"src.ata.global","title":"Global Connections","container":"John Vincent Atanasoff Discovery Center","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Boyadzhik, father Ivan/John, emigration in 1889, son born 1903, Bulgaria visit and award in 1970. Do not repeat Ellis Island claim; do not use family killing date without qualification."},"authors":["JVA Initiative Committee; Iowa State University"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2000,"url":"https://agimcami.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/abcpaper.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"John Gustafson","id":"src.ata.gustafson2000","title":"Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer","container":"The First Computers—History and Architectures, ed. Raúl Rojas and Ulf Hashagen; MIT Press","pages":"91–106","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Research participant account: refreshed capacitor memory, binary logic, operator control, card unreliability, working replica demonstration 8 October 1997; perspective of a reconstruction team member, not an independent verdict on historical priority. Read author manuscript via mirror; do not redistribute full PDF. The study author participated in reconstruction; S5 retains attribution to this study without requiring children to memorize the author name."},"authors":["John Gustafson"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":2010,"url":"https://archive.inside.iastate.edu/pdf/10/032510.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Iowa State University; photographs Bob Elbert","id":"src.ata.isu2010","title":"Taking the replica cross-country","container":"Inside Iowa State","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"1997 replica; original dismantled in late 1940s and almost entirely discarded. Article photographs are not reused. Final paragraph calls the Durham display tubes replicas; Commons captions mention some original tubes. Tube-by-tube identity is unresolved; no museum inventory consulted."},"authors":["Iowa State University; photographs Bob Elbert"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://jva.cs.iastate.edu/operation.php","institutionOrAuthor":"JVA Initiative Committee; Iowa State University","id":"src.ata.operation","title":"Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Operation/Purpose","container":"John Vincent Atanasoff Discovery Center","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"1939–1942 construction, calculating needs, binary arithmetic, capacitor refresh, 1939 demonstration, Berry manual. Site copyright 2011 is not an established article publication year. Historical institution name: Iowa State College; current name: Iowa State University, Ames (not University of Iowa)."},"authors":["JVA Initiative Committee; Iowa State University"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://archives.upenn.edu/collections/finding-aid/upd8_12/","institutionOrAuthor":"University of Pennsylvania, University Archives and Records Center","id":"src.ata.penn","title":"ENIAC Trial Exhibits Master Collection, UPD 8.12","container":"University Archives finding aids","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Both parties’ claims; evidence types. Finding aid gives 10 October 1973, conflicting with 19 October on signed primary order: signed order controls."},"authors":["University of Pennsylvania, University Archives and Records Center"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_%E3%83%BC_Computer_History_Museum_(30781535612).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan","id":"src.ata.photo.abc-close","title":"File:Atanasoff-Berry Computer ー Computer History Museum (30781535612).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image attribution and depicted object; historical identity remains draft. Reconstructed Atanasoff–Berry Computer: drum, control panel and tubes."},"authors":["Ik T from Kanagawa, Japan"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"User:Manop","id":"src.ata.photo.abc-durham","title":"File:Atanasoff-Berry Computer.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image attribution and depicted object; historical identity remains draft. Reconstruction of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer in the Durham Center."},"authors":["User:Manop"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Digital_Electronic_Computer_(5111068123).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA","id":"src.ata.photo.abc-unpacked","title":"File:The First Digital Electronic Computer (5111068123).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image attribution and depicted object; historical identity remains draft. Reconstructed computer during exhibition preparation; part of it is covered."},"authors":["Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"ArnoldReinhold","id":"src.ata.photo.add-subtract","title":"File:Atanasoff-Berry add-subtract module.agr.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image attribution and depicted object; historical identity remains draft. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer."},"authors":["ArnoldReinhold"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_drum_reproduction,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"WilliamSnail","id":"src.ata.photo.drum-close","title":"File:ABC memory drum reproduction, Durham Center, Iowa State University.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image attribution and depicted object; historical identity remains draft. Reproduction memory drum; not the surviving original."},"authors":["WilliamSnail"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_drum_reproduction_2,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"WilliamSnail","id":"src.ata.photo.drum-wide","title":"File:ABC memory drum reproduction 2, Durham Center, Iowa State University.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Reproduction memory drum in a museum display; Commons description mentions some original vacuum tubes. ISU 2010 describes replica tubes. The origin of each tube is unresolved. Photograph licence does not authenticate the objects."},"authors":["WilliamSnail"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_memory_circuit_display,_Durham_Center,_Iowa_State_University.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"WilliamSnail","id":"src.ata.photo.memory-circuit","title":"File:ABC memory circuit display, Durham Center, Iowa State University.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Reproduction memory drum in a museum display; Commons description mentions some original vacuum tubes. ISU 2010 describes replica tubes. The origin of each tube is unresolved. Photograph licence does not authenticate the objects."},"authors":["WilliamSnail"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATANASOFF_Pic%5E1_-_Flickr_-_Eye_Steel_Film.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Eye Steel Film from Canada","id":"src.ata.photo.portrait-front","title":"File:ATANASOFF Pic^1 - Flickr - Eye Steel Film.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image attribution and depicted object; historical identity remains draft. John Vincent Atanasoff, portrait. The photographic date is not established."},"authors":["Eye Steel Film from Canada"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATANASOFF_Pic%5E2_-_Flickr_-_Eye_Steel_Film.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Eye Steel Film (provider); Lomita / Wikimedia Commons (processing); original photographer unknown","id":"src.ata.photo.portrait-side","title":"File:ATANASOFF Pic^2 - Flickr - Eye Steel Film.jpg","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Portrait supplied by Eye Steel Film under the Commons-listed CC BY 2.0 licence. Current file processed by Lomita in 2014; project makes no further modifications. Original photographer and date unknown; full earlier rights chain not independently established."},"authors":["Eye Steel Film (provider); Lomita / Wikimedia Commons (processing); original photographer unknown"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":2013,"url":"https://priroda.bas.bg/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/br3-2013-8-9.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Благовест Сендов; quoted memoir excerpt by John V. Atanasoff","id":"src.ata.sendov2013","title":"Джон Атанасов: Пионерът на информационната ера","container":"Природа (БАН)","issue":"3","pages":"44–51","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Father from Boyadzhik; first-person retrospective account of Sendov invitation, Sofia lecture, Boyadzhik family visit and award in 1970. Memoir is attributed testimony; polemical theft claims and Cyrillic digression excluded."},"authors":["Благовест Сендов; quoted memoir excerpt by John V. Atanasoff"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://ece.ufl.edu/about/history/john-vincent-atanasoff/","institutionOrAuthor":"University of Florida, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","id":"src.ata.ufl","title":"John Vincent Atanasoff","container":"Department history","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Independent university support for Bulgarian father emigrating in 1889 and collaboration with Berry; absolute father-of-computer wording qualified."},"authors":["University of Florida, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":1997,"url":"https://archive.news.iastate.edu/oldreleases/97/bios.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Iowa State University News Service","id":"src.ata.isu1997","title":"Biographies of the inventors of the first electronic digital computer","container":"News releases","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Physicist and mathematics professor; work 1939–1942 with Berry; Bulgarian emigrant parentage and 1970 decoration; promotional priority language qualified."},"authors":["Iowa State University News Service"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.ata.add-subtract-cutout","src":"/media/asset-ata-add-subtract-cutout-660.e7075786.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.","w":660,"h":811,"caption":"","credit":"ArnoldReinhold · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"ArnoldReinhold / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reconstructed add-subtract module from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. 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