{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.belogradchik-fortress","hasFind":true,"slug":"belogradchik-fortress","url":"/en/stories/belogradchik-fortress/","topic":"Belogradchik Fortress","title":"Peasants near Belogradchik, 1850","summary":"A Roman fort, Sratsimir’s walls and Ottoman gateways. In 1850, peasants surround Belogradchik.","cover":{"title":"Peasants near Belogradchik, 1850","subtitle":"Belogradchik Fortress from Rome to peasant revolt","hook":"Why do peasants rebel in 1850?","summary":"A Roman fort, Sratsimir’s walls and Ottoman gateways. In 1850, peasants surround Belogradchik.","takeaway":"The land dispute continues after the revolt is suppressed."},"sortYear":1850,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Belogradchik","date":"1850","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-480.8dfbbc42.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.avif","w":564}],"dominant":"#8a7562","h":654,"w":564,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.webp","w":564}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.webp","id":"asset.bel.keystone-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established.","objectCaption":"Carved stone","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik-fortress-keystone.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s1-gaps","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Walls between the rocks","body":"Gaps break up the huge reddish rocks at Belogradchik. Builders close those gaps with walls. The rock itself becomes part of the barrier.\n\nThe local museum dates the first small fort to the first to third centuries CE. This was during the Roman Empire. It stands between two passes through the Balkan Mountains. A pass lets people cross a mountain range. The fort provided a lookout over the surrounding ground.\n\nArchaeologists found foundations, pottery, iron weapon points and Roman coins. These are traces of early use.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-480.165fe39c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-1600.165fe39c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#87978b","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.webp","id":"asset.bel.gaps","alt":"Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration.","objectCaption":"Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.82475,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s1-gaps","duration":32.939,"src":"/audio/en/belogradchik-fortress/s1-gaps.17c5c53a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.gaps"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s2-sratsimir","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sratsimir adds walls","body":"In the fourteenth century, Ivan Sratsimir rules from Vidin. He enlarges and strengthens the old fortress. According to the museum, two barrier walls were built under him. Wooden bridges and stone stairs helped defenders move around.\n\nSoldiers stationed to guard a fortress are called a garrison. The fort changes hands. At the end of the fourteenth century, the Ottomans capture it. They too station guards there.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-480.2e152893.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-1600.2e152893.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#81aaaf","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.webp","id":"asset.bel.court","alt":"Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view.","objectCaption":"Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.731041666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s2-sratsimir","duration":25.856,"src":"/audio/en/belogradchik-fortress/s2-sratsimir.0ed523bc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.court"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s3-rebuilt","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"A gateway for new weapons","body":"From 1805 to 1837, the Ottoman fortress undergoes major rebuilding. According to the museum, French engineers work at the start. Italian fortress builders join at the end. Three courtyards take shape, with gateways: large entrances. Iron bands reinforce the doors.\n\nThere are positions for cannon and openings through which they fire. Food and ammunition, meaning supplies for shooting, are stored underground.\n\nThe photograph shows a stone gateway beneath high rocks.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-480.e326ea79.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-1600.e326ea79.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-2400.e326ea79.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#638b98","h":1483,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.webp","id":"asset.bel.portal","alt":"Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress.","objectCaption":"Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Yanko Malinov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Yanko Malinov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Yanko Malinov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_Entrance.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-480.ba62475b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-1503.ba62475b.avif","w":1503}],"dominant":"#6f614f","h":2248,"w":1503,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.webp","id":"asset.bel.keystone","alt":"Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established.","objectCaption":"Carved stone","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik-fortress-keystone.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hp-portal","x":0.545,"y":0.865,"title":"Built gateway","body":"The gateway is built from worked stone. This does not establish that the visible arch is Roman.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hp-rock","x":0.718,"y":0.4,"title":"Natural barrier","body":"The high rock mass forms part of the barrier. Builders used the terrain.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hp-wall","x":0.86,"y":0.795,"title":"Rock and masonry","body":"The masonry continues the barrier. The fortress was rebuilt in 1805–1837 and later restored.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.museum.history","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.43,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s3-rebuilt","duration":32.555,"src":"/audio/en/belogradchik-fortress/s3-rebuilt.7ca582b3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.museum.history"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.keystone"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.a1-wall","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what does the masonry tell us?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bel.wall","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"How do the builders use the rocks?","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"items":[{"id":"o-gaps","label":"They close gaps with masonry."},{"id":"o-carve","label":"They carve the rocks from masonry blocks.","whyWrong":"The rocks are natural; masonry uses worked blocks."},{"id":"o-remove","label":"They remove the rocks and build on a plain.","whyWrong":"The rock masses remain in place and form part of the barrier."}],"explanation":"Natural rock masses and built sections together form a barrier.","correctItemId":"o-gaps","sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.7549166666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.a1-wall","duration":2.859,"src":"/audio/en/belogradchik-fortress/a1-wall.bd9016cd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s4-land","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"The land beyond the walls","body":"In 1850, the Belogradchik Uprising breaks out in the Ottoman Empire’s northwestern Bulgarian lands. The map connects Belogradchik with Vidin. Villages in the Lom district also join.\n\nWhat do the peasants want? The land dispute is probably one cause. Gospodarlık is a system giving landlords income and labour from peasants. Christian farmers face barriers to owning the land they work. A labour obligation means compulsory work for the landlord.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate modern reference point. It shows neither historical borders nor a battle location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bel.fortress","name":"Belogradchik Fortress","latitude":43.62333333,"longitude":22.67722222,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.bel.coords.fortress"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/belogradchik-fortress/","slug":"bel.fortress","url":"/en/map/#bel.fortress"},{"note":"Approximate reference point; does not outline medieval boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Vidin","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/en/map/#vid.vidin"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate modern reference point. It shows neither historical borders nor a battle location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bel.fortress","name":"Belogradchik Fortress","latitude":43.62333333,"longitude":22.67722222,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.bel.coords.fortress"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/belogradchik-fortress/","slug":"bel.fortress","url":"/en/map/#bel.fortress","number":1,"x":14.71528,"y":26.29568,"inside":true,"viewX":18.227959741935486,"viewY":33.70936526451614},{"note":"Approximate reference point; does not outline medieval 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These are armed men outside the regular army. They attack the rebels. Violence also reaches Christian townspeople of Belogradchik who did not take part in the revolt.\n\nOrders from the capital call for avoiding excessive force. For the peasants, however, the result is a suppressed revolt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-outer-wall-480.2aaf84df.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-outer-wall-960.2aaf84df.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-outer-wall-1600.2aaf84df.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#858684","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-outer-wall-960.2aaf84df.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-outer-wall-960.2aaf84df.webp","id":"asset.bel.outer-wall","alt":"Outer courtyard and wall. Modern photograph of surviving and restored construction.","objectCaption":"Outer courtyard and wall. Modern photograph of surviving and restored construction.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ymblanter · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Ymblanter, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Outer courtyard and wall. Modern photograph of surviving and restored construction. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Ymblanter, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Outer courtyard and wall. Modern photograph of surviving and restored construction. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_and_Rocks.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.571583333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s5-surrounded","duration":23.68,"src":"/audio/en/belogradchik-fortress/s5-surrounded.96465e13.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.aytekin2012"},{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.outer-wall"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bel.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put these in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.aytekin2012"],"items":[{"id":"ev-roman","label":"Roman fort"},{"id":"ev-tsar","label":"Expansion under Sratsimir"},{"id":"ev-rebuild","label":"Major rebuilding"},{"id":"ev-revolt","label":"Peasant uprising"}],"explanation":"The Roman phase precedes Sratsimir in the fourteenth century. 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Modern photograph; it does not date individual blocks. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Masonry wall in front of the rocks. Modern photograph; it does not date individual blocks. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-rock-rooms-480.c9f96570.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-rock-rooms-960.c9f96570.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-rock-rooms-1600.c9f96570.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b6758","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-rock-rooms-960.c9f96570.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-rock-rooms-960.c9f96570.webp","id":"asset.bel.rock-rooms","alt":"Openings and small spaces beside the rocks. 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A labour obligation is compulsory work. Irregular troops are armed groups outside the regular army.","sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.aytekin2012"}],"columns":["Term","Meaning"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.673625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.a3-matching","duration":2.773,"src":"/audio/en/belogradchik-fortress/a3-matching.31a08b44.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.aytekin2012"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2012,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859012000193","institutionOrAuthor":"E. 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