{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.botev-1876","hasFind":true,"slug":"botev-1876","url":"/en/stories/botev-1876/","topic":"Hristo Botev","title":"The poet and the steamer","summary":"In May 1876, Hristo Botev and about two hundred men forced the Radetzky to stop at Kozloduy. The story follows the band from the ship to the Vratsa Balkan.","cover":{"title":"The poet and the steamer","subtitle":"Hristo Botev between the newspaper and the Kozloduy bank","hook":"Why would a poet seize a passenger ship?","summary":"In May 1876, Hristo Botev and about two hundred men forced the Radetzky to stop at Kozloduy. The story follows the band from the ship to the Vratsa Balkan.","takeaway":"We know how the band reached Kozloduy. For the shot that killed Botev, we distinguish testimony from theories."},"sortYear":1876,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Kozloduy","date":"1876","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-cutout-480.1b0c8405.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-cutout-960.1b0c8405.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-cutout-1450.1b0c8405.avif","w":1450}],"dominant":"#e0cebf","h":1992,"w":1450,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-cutout-960.1b0c8405.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-cutout-960.1b0c8405.webp","id":"asset.bot.resignation-cutout","alt":"A rectangular scan of Botev’s resignation; all writing and archive stamps retained.","objectCaption":"Botev’s resignation","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Hristo Botev (1848-1876) · Public domain · National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Hristo Botev (1848-1876); National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival image; marks on the original support are retained. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Hristo Botev (1848-1876); National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival image; marks on the original support are retained. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Botev_resignation_BRK_1875.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"botev-1876.s1-passengers","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Unusual passengers","body":"May 1876. The Austrian Radetzky travels along the Danube. It is a passenger steamer: a ship powered by steam. An armed group boards at different Romanian ports. Such a group was called a cheta. Hristo Botev, poet and journalist, leads about two hundred men.\n\nThey seek to help the April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire. This empire then rules the Bulgarian lands. They seize the ship, forcing Captain Dagobert Engländer to stop at Kozloduy. Seizing it by force could endanger people aboard.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-480.a1f8a8df.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-960.a1f8a8df.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-1600.a1f8a8df.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#64646d","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-960.a1f8a8df.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-960.a1f8a8df.webp","id":"asset.bot.danube","alt":"A broad river, a distant vessel and riverside vegetation in a modern photograph. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","objectCaption":"A broad river, a distant vessel and riverside vegetation in a modern photograph. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radetzky_022.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.126583333333336,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.s1-passengers","duration":33.237,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/s1-passengers.b63b3235.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.route"},{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"},{"id":"src.bot.captain-letter"},{"id":"src.bot.members"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.s2-resignation","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"The resignation sheet","body":"In 1871 Botev edits Duma na balgarskite emigranti, meaning “Word of the Bulgarian Emigrants”. Emigrants live outside their homeland.\n\nThis sheet is Botev’s resignation from the revolutionary committee in Bucharest. The committee is an organisation preparing an uprising. On 30 September 1875, Botev announces he is leaving because of differences in convictions. This document comes from the previous year, not from the ship. We can read the resignation as a sign of a difficult decision. This is our interpretation.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-480.04061730.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-960.04061730.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-1382.04061730.avif","w":1382}],"dominant":"#e4d4c6","h":1924,"w":1382,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-960.04061730.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-resignation-960.04061730.webp","id":"asset.bot.resignation","alt":"A handwritten sheet headed “Resignation”, with a signature and date at the bottom. Archival image; marks on the original support are retained.","objectCaption":"Botev’s resignation","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Hristo Botev (1848-1876) · Public domain · National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Hristo Botev (1848-1876); National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival image; marks on the original support are retained. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Hristo Botev (1848-1876); National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Archival image; marks on the original support are retained. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Botev_resignation_BRK_1875.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-bot-resignation-title","x":0.43,"y":0.17,"title":"Resignation","body":"The heading is “Resignation”. In the text, Botev announces he is leaving the committee.","sourceIds":["src.bot.inventory1966","src.bot.photo.resignation"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bot-resignation-signature","x":0.5,"y":0.76,"title":"Signature","body":"Hristo Botev’s signature appears below the text. This is not the letter to the captain of the Radetzky.","sourceIds":["src.bot.inventory1966","src.bot.photo.resignation"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bot-resignation-date","x":0.35,"y":0.83,"title":"Place and date","body":"The bottom line gives Bucharest and 30 September 1875.","sourceIds":["src.bot.inventory1966","src.bot.photo.resignation"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.347208333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.s2-resignation","duration":33.451,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/s2-resignation.59f5dea1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.mincheva2023"},{"id":"src.bot.inventory1966"},{"id":"src.bot.photo.resignation"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.s3-captain","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"A letter to the captain","body":"There is also a letter to the captain and passengers aboard the ship. It is written in French. In it, Botev explains the band’s purpose. He asks passengers to stay calm. He warns the captain that he will use force if the captain resists. A polite address does not remove the coercion. The letter itself survives in the National Library.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-480.843e7c0e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-960.843e7c0e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-1600.843e7c0e.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-2400.843e7c0e.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#3d595e","h":1602,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-960.843e7c0e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-960.843e7c0e.webp","id":"asset.bot.ship","alt":"The museum vessel beside the bank, with a boarding gangway, hull and decks. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876.","objectCaption":"The museum vessel beside the bank, with a boarding gangway, hull and decks. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Interact-Bulgaria · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Interact-Bulgaria; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Interact-Bulgaria; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B9.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":19.926041666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.s3-captain","duration":20.053,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/s3-captain.af716200.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.captain-letter"},{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"},{"id":"src.bot.photo.bow"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.a1-replica","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: two different vessels","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bot.replica","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What does the photograph of today’s Radetzky show?","sourceIds":["src.bot.radetzky"],"items":[{"id":"opt-replica","label":"A reconstructed vessel from 1966."},{"id":"opt-original","label":"The original vessel built in the nineteenth century.","whyWrong":"This is the later vessel, not the surviving original."},{"id":"opt-warship","label":"A warship commanded by Botev.","whyWrong":"The story describes a passenger steamer, not a warship."}],"explanation":"Today’s ship was built in 1966 as a copy of the old steamer.","correctItemId":"opt-replica","sources":[{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.660458333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.a1-replica","duration":3.755,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/a1-replica.16030c02.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.s4-bank-and-balkan","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"From river to mountain","body":"On 17 May in the old calendar, or 29 May in the new one, the band lands at Kozloduy. This is one day recorded in two calendars. Ahead lies a route towards Vratsa and the mountains above the town.\n\nAfter the landing comes the battle at Milin Kamak. The expected support from Vratsa does not reach the band. Later, it takes positions in the Vratsa Balkan, part of the Balkan Mountains.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-480.a1f8a8df.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-960.a1f8a8df.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-1600.a1f8a8df.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#64646d","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-960.a1f8a8df.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-danube-960.a1f8a8df.webp","id":"asset.bot.danube","alt":"A broad river, a distant vessel and riverside vegetation in a modern photograph. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","objectCaption":"A broad river, a distant vessel and riverside vegetation in a modern photograph. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radetzky_022.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-480.5feed5c3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-960.5feed5c3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-1600.5feed5c3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#718844","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-960.5feed5c3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-960.5feed5c3.webp","id":"asset.bot.trail","alt":"Wooden signs and information boards amid green mountain vegetation. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","objectCaption":"Wooden signs and information boards amid green mountain vegetation. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Paulinabgbg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Paulinabgbg; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Paulinabgbg; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The modern berth locates the riverbank area. This is not a surveyed point of the 1876 landing.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.kozloduy-bank","name":"Kozloduy bank, near the Radetzky museum","latitude":43.79861111,"longitude":23.67805556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":600,"sourceIds":["src.bot.coords-radetzky"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.kozloduy-bank","url":"/en/map/#bot.kozloduy-bank"},{"note":"Memorial to the band. This marker does not establish the spot of Botev’s death.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.okolchitsa","name":"Okolchitsa monument","latitude":43.154167,"longitude":23.583889,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":80,"sourceIds":["src.bot.memory2024"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.okolchitsa","url":"/en/map/#bot.okolchitsa"},{"note":"The memorial rock stands above Yolkovitsa. Obretenov identified the place in 1927. The circumstances of the death remain disputed.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.yolkovitsa","name":"Memorial rock above Yolkovitsa","latitude":43.149444,"longitude":23.568889,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":120,"sourceIds":["src.bot.memory2024"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.yolkovitsa","url":"/en/map/#bot.yolkovitsa"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"The modern berth locates the riverbank area. 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Obretenov identified the place in 1927. 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Mountains","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":48.00000000000001,"viewY":101.84592838709679},{"name":"Strandzha","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":94.45161290322581,"viewY":86.88189548387099}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.127333333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.s4-bank-and-balkan","duration":25.216,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/s4-bank-and-balkan.ce35e248.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.route"},{"id":"src.bot.memory2024"},{"id":"src.bot.coords-radetzky"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.a2-order","number":6,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bot.order","kind":"sequence","prompt":"What happened first? Begin with the earliest event.","sourceIds":["src.bot.route"],"items":[{"id":"ev-boarding","label":"Boarding the Radetzky"},{"id":"ev-landing","label":"Landing at Kozloduy"},{"id":"ev-milin","label":"The battle at Milin Kamak"},{"id":"ev-balkan","label":"Taking positions in the Vratsa Balkan"}],"explanation":"The men first use the ship, then land. After Milin Kamak, they reach the positions of the final battle.","correctOrderIds":["ev-boarding","ev-landing","ev-milin","ev-balkan"],"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.route"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.683708333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.a2-order","duration":3.797,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/a2-order.0ba3f88e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.route"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.s5-disputed-death","number":7,"kind":"narrative","title":"The shot in the mountains","body":"Botev dies in the Vratsa Balkan. The museum account gives the evening of 20 May old style, or 1 June 1876 new style. Yet there are different accounts of the shot itself.\n\nWe do not know for certain who fired. The different accounts do not let us identify the shooter beyond doubt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-480.ba370f40.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-960.ba370f40.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-1600.ba370f40.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#60655e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-960.ba370f40.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-960.ba370f40.webp","id":"asset.bot.monument","alt":"A tall cross in the distance on a rocky slope, with mountains beyond. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","objectCaption":"A tall cross in the distance on a rocky slope, with mountains beyond. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Okolchitza_monument_26.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-480.5feed5c3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-960.5feed5c3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-1600.5feed5c3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#718844","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-960.5feed5c3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-trail-960.5feed5c3.webp","id":"asset.bot.trail","alt":"Wooden signs and information boards amid green mountain vegetation. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","objectCaption":"Wooden signs and information boards amid green mountain vegetation. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Paulinabgbg · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Paulinabgbg; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Paulinabgbg; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The memorial rock stands above Yolkovitsa. Obretenov identified the place in 1927. The circumstances of the death remain disputed.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.yolkovitsa","name":"Memorial rock above Yolkovitsa","latitude":43.149444,"longitude":23.568889,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":120,"sourceIds":["src.bot.memory2024"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.yolkovitsa","url":"/en/map/#bot.yolkovitsa"},{"note":"Memorial to the band. This marker does not establish the spot of Botev’s death.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.okolchitsa","name":"Okolchitsa monument","latitude":43.154167,"longitude":23.583889,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":80,"sourceIds":["src.bot.memory2024"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.okolchitsa","url":"/en/map/#bot.okolchitsa"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":18.52125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.s5-disputed-death","duration":18.645,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/s5-disputed-death.27d2f556.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.route"},{"id":"src.bot.memory2024"},{"id":"src.bot.damyanov"},{"id":"src.bot.boneva2026"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.s6-visit","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"The ship and the memorials","body":"The Radetzky in Kozloduy is a museum reconstruction. Donations from Bulgarian children paid for the reconstructed vessel. See it as a museum reconstruction, rather than a surviving nineteenth-century witness.\n\nIn the mountains stand the Okolchitsa monument and a separate memorial rock above Yolkovitsa. They also show how later generations remember Botev. Here, people commemorate Botev on 2 June.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-480.843e7c0e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-960.843e7c0e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-1600.843e7c0e.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-2400.843e7c0e.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#3d595e","h":1602,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-960.843e7c0e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-ship-960.843e7c0e.webp","id":"asset.bot.ship","alt":"The museum vessel beside the bank, with a boarding gangway, hull and decks. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876.","objectCaption":"The museum vessel beside the bank, with a boarding gangway, hull and decks. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Interact-Bulgaria · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Interact-Bulgaria; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Interact-Bulgaria; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Photograph of the vessel reconstructed in 1966, not the original from 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B9.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-480.ba370f40.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-960.ba370f40.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-1600.ba370f40.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#60655e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-960.ba370f40.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bot-monument-960.ba370f40.webp","id":"asset.bot.monument","alt":"A tall cross in the distance on a rocky slope, with mountains beyond. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","objectCaption":"A tall cross in the distance on a rocky slope, with mountains beyond. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vislupus; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Modern view, not a photograph of the events of 1876. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Okolchitza_monument_26.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The modern berth locates the riverbank area. This is not a surveyed point of the 1876 landing.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.kozloduy-bank","name":"Kozloduy bank, near the Radetzky museum","latitude":43.79861111,"longitude":23.67805556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":600,"sourceIds":["src.bot.coords-radetzky"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.kozloduy-bank","url":"/en/map/#bot.kozloduy-bank"},{"note":"Memorial to the band. This marker does not establish the spot of Botev’s death.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.okolchitsa","name":"Okolchitsa monument","latitude":43.154167,"longitude":23.583889,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":80,"sourceIds":["src.bot.memory2024"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.okolchitsa","url":"/en/map/#bot.okolchitsa"},{"note":"The memorial rock stands above Yolkovitsa. Obretenov identified the place in 1927. The circumstances of the death remain disputed.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bot.yolkovitsa","name":"Memorial rock above Yolkovitsa","latitude":43.149444,"longitude":23.568889,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":120,"sourceIds":["src.bot.memory2024"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bot.yolkovitsa","url":"/en/map/#bot.yolkovitsa"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.255041666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.s6-visit","duration":25.344,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/s6-visit.865578a0.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"},{"id":"src.bot.memory2024"}]},{"id":"botev-1876.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: connect the evidence","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bot.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each piece of evidence to its description.","sourceIds":["src.bot.mincheva2023","src.bot.inventory1966","src.bot.captain-letter","src.bot.radetzky"],"items":[{"id":"m-duma","label":"Duma na balgarskite emigranti","pairedLabel":"Newspaper edited by Botev in 1871"},{"id":"m-resignation","label":"The resignation of 1875","pairedLabel":"Document about leaving the committee"},{"id":"m-captain","label":"The letter to the captain","pairedLabel":"Demand to the captain for transport"},{"id":"m-ship","label":"Today’s Radetzky","pairedLabel":"Vessel reconstructed in 1966"}],"explanation":"The newspaper shows the journalism. The resignation dates from the previous year. The letter concerns the ship’s seizure. The museum photograph shows a later reconstruction.","sources":[{"id":"src.bot.mincheva2023"},{"id":"src.bot.inventory1966"},{"id":"src.bot.captain-letter"},{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.26575,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.botev-1876.botev-1876.a3-matching","duration":3.371,"src":"/audio/en/botev-1876/a3-matching.f650c363.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bot.mincheva2023"},{"id":"src.bot.inventory1966"},{"id":"src.bot.captain-letter"},{"id":"src.bot.radetzky"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2026,"url":"https://www.kultura.bg/article/2512-revolyucioneryt-slovoto-i-smyrtta-razgovor-s-prof-vera-boneva","institutionOrAuthor":"Вера Бонева; екип на сп. „Култура“","id":"src.bot.boneva2026","authors":["Вера Бонева","Екип на „Култура“"],"title":"Революционерът, словото и смъртта. Разговор с проф. Вера Бонева","issue":"6 (3029), август","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Historian’s stated uncertainty about the fatal shot. Interview, not a source-critical monograph or proof of an internal killing; no review of this app is implied."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":1986,"url":"https://istorianasveta.eu/извори/ct-menu-item-11/възраждане/844-писмо-на-христо-ботев-до-капитана-на-„радецки“-дагоберт-енглендер-и-до-пътниците.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Христо Ботев; сост. Никола Ферманджиев","id":"src.bot.captain-letter","authors":["Христо Ботев; сост. Никола Ферманджиев"],"title":"Писмо на Христо Ботев до капитана на „Радецки“ Дагоберт Енглендер и до пътниците","container":"Ботевите четници разказват. Сборник от писма, документи и материали. София; веб-транскрипция История на света, 25.09.2018","pages":"20, 421","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Primary text asks captain to transport band to Ottoman/Bulgarian bank, identifies political purpose and addresses passenger safety; French original not in Botev’s handwriting; date added in different ink. Direct warning of force addresses resistance by the captain, while passengers are asked to stay calm."},"fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3658556","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.bot.coords-radetzky","authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"title":"Radetzky, P625","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Modern museum berth coordinates only, not an exact 1876 landing spot. CC0 structured data."},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://natfiz.bg/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2.rezyume-ot-Marin-Damyanov.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Марин Дамянов","id":"src.bot.damyanov","authors":["Марин Дамянов"],"title":"Ботев – в сянката на паметника. Резюме на сценария за документален филм","container":"НАТФИЗ „Кръстьо Сарафов“, конкурс за професор (Филмова и ТВ драматургия), материали на кандидата","pages":"3","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Author directly advocates shooting during an internal quarrel; also describes enemy-shot and self-inflicted-death versions. A film-script synopsis, not a historical verdict or the institution endorsing his conclusion. Year not printed; hosted in 2018/09 URL."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1966,"url":"https://nationallibrary.bg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Obzor_bia_2.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Български исторически архив; Народна библиотека „Кирил и Методий“","id":"src.bot.inventory1966","authors":["Български исторически архив; Народна библиотека „Кирил и Методий“"],"title":"Обзор на архивните фондове, колекции и единични постъпления, съхранявани в Български исторически архив. Книга II","container":"София: Наука и изкуство","pages":"192–195","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Resignation dated 30 September 1875, Bucharest, due to differences of conviction; French letter to captain; German certificate; captain report and crew protocol. Archival catalogue, not the original manuscripts. Catalogue describes chairmanship; original resignation speaks of membership. The story uses only leaving the committee."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.muzeibotev.com/bg/boteva-cheta/botevi-chetnitsi","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален музей „Христо Ботев“, Калофер","id":"src.bot.members","authors":["Национален музей „Христо Ботев“, Калофер"],"title":"Ботеви четници","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Memoirs recorded/published 1900–1930; Radka Stoyanova list counts 205. Not an exact verified boarding count."},"container":""},{"year":2024,"url":"https://iefem.bas.bg/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Sledite-na-geroichnoto-vreme_sm.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Николай Вуков и др.; ИЕФЕМ – БАН","id":"src.bot.memory2024","authors":["Николай Вуков","Николай Ненов","Григор Хар. Григоров","Ренета Рошкева","Светла Казаларска","Владислав Атанасов","Валентин Воскресенски","Искрен Великов"],"title":"Следите на героичното време: места на памет, свързани с националноосвободителните борби (1867–1878)","container":"София: ИК „Гутенберг“; ИЕФЕМ – БАН","pages":"138–140","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Source-critical account of place identification; Obretenov 1927; commission protocol 27 October 1953 adopts enemy-shot account; modern memorial locations and explicit GPS coordinates; commemoration 2 June."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2023,"url":"https://www.nationallibrary.bg/www/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Biblioteka_06_2023.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Бояна Минчева","id":"src.bot.mincheva2023","authors":["Бояна Минчева"],"title":"Публицистика, сатира, поезия и преводни творби на Христо Ботев в българската възрожденска книжнина като част от книжовно-документалното му наследство","container":"Библиотека","volume":"XXX (LXIX)","issue":"6","pages":"38–45","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Four newspapers and dates; journalism includes political analysis and literary criticism. First publication of captain letter in Nova Bulgaria."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radetzky_011.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Vislupus","id":"src.bot.photo.bow","title":"File:Radetzky 011.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and file licence metadata only: The bow of the reconstructed Radetzky. 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