{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.buzludzha","hasFind":true,"slug":"buzludzha","url":"/en/stories/buzludzha/","topic":"Buzludzha","title":"Why build a “flying saucer”?","summary":"Hadzhi Dimitar’s band fought here in 1868. Socialists founded a party in 1891. The ruling Communist Party opened a Memorial House in 1981. How did one place acquire these different meanings?","cover":{"title":"Why build a “flying saucer”?","subtitle":"A battle, a party’s beginnings and a Memorial House at Buzludzha","hook":"Why did they build it?","summary":"Hadzhi Dimitar’s band fought here in 1868. Socialists founded a party in 1891. The ruling Communist Party opened a Memorial House in 1981. How did one place acquire these different meanings?","takeaway":"Researchers suggest that preserving the building can help people discuss the past. It does not require accepting the former authorities’ message."},"sortYear":1981,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20th century","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20th century","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Buzludzha","date":"1981","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-cutout-480.41d53ba1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-cutout-960.41d53ba1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-cutout-1600.41d53ba1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#745b4a","h":1284,"w":1638,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-cutout-960.41d53ba1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-cutout-960.41d53ba1.webp","id":"asset.buz.sabre-cutout","alt":"An isolated hilt and guard of a museum sabre attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar; a fragment, not the whole weapon.","objectCaption":"Sabre hilt","caption":"A museum sabre with a revolver, attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar. A modern photograph in Varna, not evidence of the battle site.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum exhibit in Varna. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum exhibit in Varna. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadzhi_Dimitar_sabre.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"buzludzha.s1-saucer-question","number":1,"kind":"map","title":"The round building with a star","body":"A round building stands on Buzludzha. Beside it rises a tower with a star. It resembles a flying saucer. This is a Memorial House: a building for remembrance and ceremonies. A party is an organisation that seeks a role in governing. It was built for the Bulgarian Communist Party, which ruled the country until 1989. Its architect was Georgi Stoilov. The building opened in 1981. Why did the party choose this peak? The answer begins in 1868.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-relief-map-480.85002044.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-relief-map-960.85002044.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-relief-map-1600.85002044.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c3d0a9","h":1010,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-relief-map-960.85002044.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-buz-relief-map-960.85002044.webp","id":"asset.buz.relief-map","alt":"Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building.","objectCaption":"Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building.","caption":"Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building.","kind":"map","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"NordNordWest; Виктор В · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"NordNordWest; Виктор В / Wikimedia Commons. 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Hadzhi Dimitar led a cheta: a small armed band. The fighters reached Buzludzha in the Balkan Mountains. Ottoman forces defeated the band there. 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The hall opened in 1981 as a political museum and ceremonial venue. The conservation plan describes the building as propaganda: persuading people that the authorities were right. Yet the mosaics leave out parts of life under communist rule. Bulgarian law recognises that people were confined in camps for their political beliefs. These camps were places of forced detention. This is repression: persecution and punishment by those in power.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-article-1885-480.fa17999a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-article-1885-960.fa17999a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-article-1885-1600.fa17999a.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63573e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-article-1885-960.fa17999a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-buz-article-1885-960.fa17999a.webp","id":"asset.buz.article-1885","alt":"A newspaper page with an article by Dimitar Blagoev from 1885; not a document from the 1891 congress.","objectCaption":"An article from 1885","caption":"A newspaper page with an article by Dimitar Blagoev from 1885; not a document from the 1891 congress.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924) / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. 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According to the foundation preserving Buzludzha, it became state property in early 1992. Maintenance ceased. The foundation reports thefts, including the copper roof covering. Water enters through the damaged roof and harms the mosaics. Researchers link the decay to political changes, lack of care and weather damage.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-landscape-480.8075ff6f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-landscape-960.8075ff6f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-buz-landscape-1600.8075ff6f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d7a65","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-buz-landscape-960.8075ff6f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-buz-landscape-960.8075ff6f.webp","id":"asset.buz.landscape","alt":"Grassy slopes and woodland in the Buzludzha area. A modern photograph, not a reconstruction of the landscape in 1868.","objectCaption":"Landscape at Buzludzha. The building and interior described here are not shown.","caption":"Landscape at Buzludzha. 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Ninety years separate the congress from the building’s opening.","correctOrderIds":["ev-battle","ev-congress","ev-opening"],"sources":[{"id":"src.buz.battle"},{"id":"src.buz.park"},{"id":"src.buz.haspel2023"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.347,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.buzludzha.buzludzha.a2-timeline","duration":3.456,"src":"/audio/en/buzludzha/a2-timeline.55edc0f3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.buz.battle"},{"id":"src.buz.park"},{"id":"src.buz.haspel2023"}]},{"id":"buzludzha.s6-conservation-evidence","number":8,"kind":"map","title":"Stabilising the mosaics","body":"The building’s mosaics have lost whole areas. Conservation means preventing further losses. The Technical University of Munich participated in a conservation project in 2019–2022. The foundation reports emergency stabilisation of mosaics in 2020–2022. Stabilising the mosaics is not full restoration of the building. The plan’s authors suggest that preserving it can help people discuss the past. 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Undated website statement, not a new legal order or independently confirmed on-site condition. No travel advice included."},"authors":["Buzludzha Project Foundation"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.shipkamuseum.org/battle-h-dimitar/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален парк-музей „Шипка–Бузлуджа“","id":"src.buz.battle","title":"Сражението на четата на Хаджи Димитър","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"1868 campaign, approximate initial strength, capture of Karadzha, final battle dated 18/30 July. Do not copy the patriotic voice or purported spoken words. Burial conversion 20 July/2 August on this page is inconsistent with a 12-day 19th-century calendar offset."},"authors":["Национален парк-музей „Шипка–Бузлуджа“"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2022,"url":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2022-1-1-hadzh","institutionOrAuthor":"Вера Бонева","id":"src.buz.boneva2022","title":"Гробът на Хаджи Димитър е под връх Хаджи Димитър в Стара планина","container":"История / History","volume":"30","issue":"1","pages":"8–44","doi":"10.53656/his2022-1-1-hadzh","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Scholarly argument for death/burial at Buzludzha; Ottoman administrative and diplomatic evidence; discussion and criticism of the Kadrafil narrative. Archival originals were NOT inspected directly."},"authors":["Вера Бонева"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2023,"url":"https://www.icomos.de/data/pdf/icomos-inrestauro-2023-0905-0755-08.pdf#page=34","institutionOrAuthor":"Anna Nevrokopska; Dobrin Tsvetkov","id":"src.buz.cmp2023","title":"Conservation and Management Plan: Significance Assessment and Conservation Strategies for the Buzludzha Monument","container":"In Restauro: Post-war Heritage of Art and Architecture in Central and Eastern Europe. Integrated Approaches to Dissonant Monuments and Sites. ICOMOS Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees LXXVIII. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag. ISBN 978-3-910447-09-7","volume":"78","pages":"33–39","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Architecture harnessed for propaganda; different views on preserving the building; distinction between original material and later interventions. Technical support for water damage in S5 (F37); analysis of funding and care after 1989 (F36), not an inference from a photograph."},"authors":["Anna Nevrokopska; Dobrin Tsvetkov"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.getty.edu/projects/concrete-conservation/","institutionOrAuthor":"Getty Conservation Institute","id":"src.buz.getty","title":"Concrete Conservation","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Building designed by Georgi Stoilov, 1981. Independent institutional attribution; not rights clearance for other photographs."},"authors":["Getty Conservation Institute"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":2023,"url":"https://www.icomos.de/data/pdf/icomos-inrestauro-2023-0905-0755-08.pdf#page=11","institutionOrAuthor":"Jörg Haspel","id":"src.buz.haspel2023","title":"Welcome and Goodwill Message: ICOMOS Germany","container":"In Restauro: Post-war Heritage of Art and Architecture in Central and Eastern Europe. Integrated Approaches to Dissonant Monuments and Sites. ICOMOS Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees LXXVIII. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag. ISBN 978-3-910447-09-7","volume":"78","pages":"10","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Opening on 23 August 1981."},"authors":["Jörg Haspel"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://buzludzha-project.com/en/history/","institutionOrAuthor":"Buzludzha Project Foundation","id":"src.buz.history","title":"History","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Blagoev, congress in 1891, commemoration as cover; construction January 1974–August 1981; political museum and ceremonies; loss of maintenance, nationalisation in early 1992, theft and roof removal. Advocacy source, checked against museum and ICOMOS. Errors include Social Democratic Workers’ Party for 1891 (museum says Social Democratic Party), 9 July capture (museum says 10/22), and 2 July 1961 inauguration (museum says 2 August). Avoid these claims as sole-supported assertions."},"authors":["Buzludzha Project Foundation"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.btsbg.org/node/1629","institutionOrAuthor":"Български туристически съюз","id":"src.buz.kadrafil","title":"Връх Кадрафил – Гробът на Хаджи Димитър","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Primary evidence for the continued telling of local oral tradition: wounded Dimitar carried to Kadrafil. Not primary evidence that this happened; use only to represent the opposing tradition fairly."},"authors":["Български туристически съюз"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2023,"url":"https://www.icomos.de/data/pdf/icomos-inrestauro-2023-0905-0755-08.pdf#page=52","institutionOrAuthor":"Mariela Malamatenova","id":"src.buz.mosaics2023","title":"The Synthesis of Mosaics, Decorative Arts and Architecture in Buzludzha Monument – Aspects of Significance","container":"In Restauro: Post-war Heritage of Art and Architecture in Central and Eastern Europe. Integrated Approaches to Dissonant Monuments and Sites. ICOMOS Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees LXXVIII. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag. ISBN 978-3-910447-09-7","volume":"78","pages":"51–55","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Artistic skill and political commissions; mosaics as material evidence; glass and metal star, not gemstones. Author’s evaluative superlatives not adopted."},"authors":["Mariela Malamatenova"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.shipkamuseum.org/buzludzha-park/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален парк-музей „Шипка–Бузлуджа“","id":"src.buz.park","title":"Национален парк Бузлуджа","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Peak in Stara Planina; name Hadzhi Dimitar from 1942; 30 July battle date; 2 August 1891 congress of БСДП; statue by Lyuben Dimitrov and Petko Tsvetkov; memorials opened 2 August 1961. Museum uses БСДП, unlike foundation history page."},"authors":["Национален парк-музей „Шипка–Бузлуджа“"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":1885,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Makedonski_Glas_Dimitar_Blagoev_Article_Balkan_Federation_and_Macedonia_8_June_1885.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924)","id":"src.buz.photo.article-1885","title":"Балканска федерация и Македония — вестникарска страница","container":"Македонски глас","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"A newspaper page with an article by Dimitar Blagoev from 1885; not a document from the 1891 congress."},"authors":["Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924)"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2014,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140622_Buzludzha_102.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Mark Ahsmann","id":"src.buz.photo.cosmos","title":"File:20140622 Buzludzha 102.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for cosmos only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["Mark Ahsmann"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2014,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140622_Buzludzha_115.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Mark Ahsmann","id":"src.buz.photo.dome","title":"File:20140622 Buzludzha 115.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for dome only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["Mark Ahsmann"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2015,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buzludzha_%26_Torch_Monument.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"BeIT","id":"src.buz.photo.exterior","title":"File:Buzludzha & Torch Monument.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for exterior only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["BeIT"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2017,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buzludzha_Monument_The_Internationale_Text.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Andrija Simović","id":"src.buz.photo.inscription","title":"File:Buzludzha Monument The Internationale Text.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for inscription only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["Andrija Simović"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2014,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140622_Buzludzha_100.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Mark Ahsmann","id":"src.buz.photo.labor","title":"File:20140622 Buzludzha 100.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for labor only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["Mark Ahsmann"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2014,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140622_Buzludzha_133.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Mark Ahsmann","id":"src.buz.photo.landscape","title":"File:20140622 Buzludzha 133.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for landscape only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["Mark Ahsmann"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2014,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140622_Buzludzha_094.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Mark Ahsmann","id":"src.buz.photo.loss","title":"File:20140622 Buzludzha 094.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual evidence and dated captions for loss only. Photograph licence CC BY-SA 4.0; no inference that the photographer owns the rights in depicted artworks."},"authors":["Mark Ahsmann"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2021,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadzhi_Dimitar_sabre.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Spiritia","id":"src.buz.photo.sabre","title":"Hadzhi Dimitar sabre.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"A museum sabre with a revolver, attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar. A modern photograph in Varna, not evidence of the battle site."},"authors":["Spiritia"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://justice.government.bg/home/normdoc/2132567042","institutionOrAuthor":"Народно събрание на Република България; Министерство на правосъдието (official consolidated text)","id":"src.buz.rehabilitation","title":"Закон за политическа и гражданска реабилитация на репресирани лица","container":"Държавен вестник, бр. 50 от 25 юни 1991 г. (с последващи изменения)","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Official legal recognition of unlawful repression based on origin, political convictions or religion in 1944–1989. Cited as historical recognition, not legal advice."},"authors":["Народно събрание на Република България; Министерство на правосъдието (official consolidated text)"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2024,"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socialism/","institutionOrAuthor":"Pablo Gilabert; Martin O’Neill","id":"src.buz.socialism","title":"Socialism","container":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, Metaphysics Research Lab","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Child-accessible general definition of socialism as social control of the means of production; factories are an explanatory example. Does not establish the exact programme of the Bulgarian congress or equate socialist ideals with the later regime."},"authors":["Pablo Gilabert; Martin O’Neill"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.arc.ed.tum.de/en/rkk/research/buzludzha/","institutionOrAuthor":"Technical University of Munich, Chair of Conservation-Restoration, Art Technology and Conservation Science","id":"src.buz.tum","title":"The Buzludzha-Monument","container":"TUM School of Engineering and Design","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Participation in the listed conservation project, 2019–2022; Getty support in 2019 and 2020. Does not establish continuing TUM participation in 2026 or full restoration. Duration reopened for FIX-buzludzha, 2026-11-03."},"authors":["Technical University of Munich, Chair of Conservation-Restoration, Art Technology and Conservation Science"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2023,"url":"https://www.icomos.de/data/pdf/icomos-inrestauro-2023-0905-0755-08.pdf#page=75","institutionOrAuthor":"Aneta Vasileva","id":"src.buz.vasileva2023","title":"Contextualising Buzludzha: Dissonance, Rejection and Cultural Appropriation of Bulgarian Postwar Heritage","container":"In Restauro: Post-war Heritage of Art and Architecture in Central and Eastern Europe. Integrated Approaches to Dissonant Monuments and Sites. ICOMOS Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees LXXVIII. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag. ISBN 978-3-910447-09-7","volume":"78","pages":"74–80","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Ninetieth anniversary of 1891 congress and 1300th state anniversary in 1981; cultural policy context; changing political and cultural priorities after 1989. Interpretive analysis, not a poll."},"authors":["Aneta Vasileva"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://buzludzha-project.com/en/our-work/","institutionOrAuthor":"Buzludzha Project Foundation","id":"src.buz.work","title":"Our Work","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Dated conservation milestones, not full restoration. Latest year section read is 2025; no completed new roof or public reopening confirmed."},"authors":["Buzludzha Project Foundation"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.buz.sabre-cutout","src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-cutout-960.41d53ba1.webp","alt":"An isolated hilt and guard of a museum sabre attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar; a fragment, not the whole weapon.","w":1638,"h":1284,"caption":"A museum sabre with a revolver, attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar. A modern photograph in Varna, not evidence of the battle site.","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum exhibit in Varna. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum exhibit in Varna. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadzhi_Dimitar_sabre.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.buz.relief-map","src":"/media/asset-buz-relief-map-960.85002044.webp","alt":"Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building.","w":1600,"h":1010,"caption":"Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building.","credit":"NordNordWest; Виктор В · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"NordNordWest; Виктор В / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"NordNordWest; Виктор В / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Modern relief map of Bulgaria, 2010, with present-day boundaries; geographic context, not historical borders or a view of the building. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.buz.hadzhi-portrait","src":"/media/asset-buz-hadzhi-portrait-510.237cb601.webp","alt":"Photographic portrait of Hadzhi Dimitar by an unknown 19th-century photographer; not a photograph of the 1868 battle.","w":510,"h":736,"caption":"Photographic portrait of Hadzhi Dimitar by an Unknown 19th-century photographer; not a photograph of the 1868 battle.","credit":"Unknown 19th-century photographer · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown 19th-century photographer / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photographic portrait of Hadzhi Dimitar by an Unknown 19th-century photographer; not a photograph of the 1868 battle. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown 19th-century photographer / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photographic portrait of Hadzhi Dimitar by an Unknown 19th-century photographer; not a photograph of the 1868 battle. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadzhi_Dimitar_portrait.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.buz.sabre","src":"/media/asset-buz-sabre-960.5b5eb99a.webp","alt":"A museum sabre with a revolver, attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar. A modern photograph in Varna, not evidence of the battle site.","w":1600,"h":1201,"caption":"A museum sabre with a revolver, attributed to Hadzhi Dimitar. A modern photograph in Varna, not evidence of the battle site.","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum exhibit in Varna. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum exhibit in Varna. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadzhi_Dimitar_sabre.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.buz.blagoev-1924","src":"/media/asset-buz-blagoev-1924-451.e66f80b6.webp","alt":"Portrait of Dimitar Blagoev published in Molodoy Shakhter on 9 May 1924; not an image of the 1891 congress.","w":451,"h":819,"caption":"Portrait of Dimitar Blagoev published in Molodoy Shakhter on 9 May 1924; not an image of the 1891 congress.","credit":"Unknown artist · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown artist / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Portrait of Dimitar Blagoev published in Molodoy Shakhter on 9 May 1924; not an image of the 1891 congress. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown artist / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Portrait of Dimitar Blagoev published in Molodoy Shakhter on 9 May 1924; not an image of the 1891 congress. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dmutro_Blagoev.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.buz.article-1885","src":"/media/asset-buz-article-1885-960.fa17999a.webp","alt":"A newspaper page with an article by Dimitar Blagoev from 1885; not a document from the 1891 congress.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"A newspaper page with an article by Dimitar Blagoev from 1885; not a document from the 1891 congress.","credit":"Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924) / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Makedonski glas newspaper, 8 June 1885. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dimitar Blagoev (1856–1924) / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Makedonski glas newspaper, 8 June 1885. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Makedonski_Glas_Dimitar_Blagoev_Article_Balkan_Federation_and_Macedonia_8_June_1885.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.buz.landscape","src":"/media/asset-buz-landscape-960.8075ff6f.webp","alt":"Grassy slopes and woodland in the Buzludzha area. A modern photograph, not a reconstruction of the landscape in 1868.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"Landscape at Buzludzha. The building and interior described here are not shown.","kindLabel":"Photo","credit":"Mark Ahsmann · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Mark Ahsmann, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Mountain locality in 2014. Processed image. Site photograph, 2014.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Mark Ahsmann, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Mountain locality in 2014. Processed image. Site photograph, 2014.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140622_Buzludzha_133.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Geographic context, without historical borders","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","visibleKind":"Geographic context, without historical borders","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Public domain · Natural Earth","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}}],"places":[{"note":"Approximate area around the memorial markers for Hadzhi Dimitar.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.buz.battle-memorial","name":"Hadzhi Dimitar memorial locality","latitude":42.732632,"longitude":25.397284,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.buz.bas2024","src.buz.park"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"buz.battle-memorial","url":"/en/map/#buz.battle-memorial"},{"note":"Area associated with the battle of 1868 and the congress of 1891. The point is approximate.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.buz.peak-area","name":"Buzludzha peak area","latitude":42.73581,"longitude":25.39385,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":800,"sourceIds":["src.buz.coordinates","src.buz.park","src.buz.battle"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"buz.peak-area","url":"/en/map/#buz.peak-area"}],"find":null,"next":[{"storyId":"story.democracy-1989","title":"10 November: who changes the rules?","topic":"10 November 1989","eyebrow":"10 November 1989 · Sofia","url":"/en/stories/democracy-1989/","reason":"Follow another change in power.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-480.b48135fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-1600.b48135fe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d7a6d","h":2259,"w":2214,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-dem-bell-cutout-960.b48135fe.webp","id":"asset.dem.bell-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. 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