{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.exarchate-1870","hasFind":true,"slug":"exarchate-1870","url":"/en/stories/exarchate-1870/","topic":"Bulgarian Exarchate","title":"Why does Ilarion leave out a name?","summary":"In 1860 Ilarion Makariopolski omits the patriarch’s name in an Easter prayer. Ten years later a sultan’s decree establishes the Bulgarian Exarchate. What changes, and what remains contested?","cover":{"title":"Why does Ilarion leave out a name?","subtitle":"From the Easter action to the Bulgarian Exarchate","hook":"One name is missing. What does it mean?","summary":"In 1860 Ilarion Makariopolski omits the patriarch’s name in an Easter prayer. Ten years later a sultan’s decree establishes the Bulgarian Exarchate. What changes, and what remains contested?","takeaway":"Public rejection of authority, an imperial decree and church recognition are different steps."},"sortYear":1870,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Constantinople","date":"1860–1872","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-480.f15ece47.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.avif","w":700}],"dominant":"#c5ac85","h":692,"w":700,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","w":700}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Round seal with reversed letters and year on a transparent museum support. Its impression would read normally.","objectCaption":"Sultan’s firman","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"exarchate-1870.s1-missing-name","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"The name left out","body":"Easter, 1860. Bishop Ilarion Makariopolski leads worship in wooden St Stephen’s in Constantinople, today’s Istanbul. A bishop is a senior clergyman. In the prayer he leaves out Patriarch Cyril VII’s name. The patriarch is the senior church leader whose authority the congregation comes under.\n\nIn the church account, naming the patriarch means accepting his authority. We can read the gesture as a public demand for church self-government. But one service does not create an independent church recognized by everyone.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-480.2580385a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-1021.2580385a.avif","w":1021}],"dominant":"#766e5d","h":1600,"w":1021,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","id":"asset.exa.ilarion","alt":"Ilarion Makariopolski. Later portrait postcard from an archival collection; not a photograph of the 1860 service.","objectCaption":"Ilarion Makariopolski. Later portrait postcard from an archival collection; not a photograph of the 1860 service.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Grigor Paskov (according to Wikimedia Commons; original sitting photographer unestablished) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-9-Ilarion_Makariopolski.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.100291666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s1-missing-name","duration":35.2,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/s1-missing-name.7ec494fb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s2-two-neighbours","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Bulgarians want their own church leaders","body":"The map shows the Bulgarian church and the patriarch’s headquarters in the Fener neighbourhood. The Patriarchate is the church institution led by the patriarch. The two points are close together in the Ottoman capital. But the dispute concerns communities far beyond Constantinople.\n\nDuring the nineteenth century Bulgarian campaigners demand Bulgarian in schools and Church Slavonic in worship. This is the old Slavonic language used in church services. They also want their own church administration.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-480.beeb641b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-1201.beeb641b.avif","w":1201}],"dominant":"#8c7966","h":1600,"w":1201,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","id":"asset.exa.bozveli-book","alt":"Title page of a religious book by Neofit Bozveli, Belgrade, 1835. Museum photograph from 2021.","objectCaption":"Title page of a religious book by Neofit Bozveli, Belgrade, 1835. Museum photograph from 2021.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neofit_Bozveli_Istoria_Katehizis_1835.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-480.e8ca8e49.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.avif","w":530}],"dominant":"#616161","h":686,"w":530,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.webp","w":530}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.webp","id":"asset.exa.bogoridi-portrait","alt":"Portrait of Stefan Bogoridi, artist unknown. Donor of the site for the Bulgarian church in 1849.","objectCaption":"Portrait of Stefan Bogoridi, artist unknown. Donor of the site for the Bulgarian church in 1849.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Stefanos_Vogoridis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate area around the later iron church. Does not locate the 1860 altar.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.church","name":"St Stephen’s — site of the earlier wooden church","latitude":41.03180555555556,"longitude":28.949694444444443,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.church","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.church","url":"/en/map/#exa.church"},{"note":"Current reference point for the institution. Does not show ecclesiastical boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.patriarchate","name":"Headquarters of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Fener neighbourhood","latitude":41.029222,"longitude":28.951675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.patriarchate"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.patriarchate","url":"/en/map/#exa.patriarchate"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate area around the later iron church. Does not locate the 1860 altar.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.church","name":"St Stephen’s — site of the earlier wooden church","latitude":41.03180555555556,"longitude":28.949694444444443,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.church","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.church","url":"/en/map/#exa.church","number":1,"x":93.12118,"y":94.07035,"inside":true,"viewX":91.47913909677419,"viewY":92.39857125806452},{"note":"Current reference point for the institution. Does not show ecclesiastical boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.patriarchate","name":"Headquarters of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Fener neighbourhood","latitude":41.029222,"longitude":28.951675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.patriarchate"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.patriarchate","url":"/en/map/#exa.patriarchate","number":2,"x":93.14594,"y":94.13655,"inside":true,"viewX":93,"viewY":93}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":4.3394064516128985,"viewY":36.962104516129024},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":26.378529032258065,"viewY":55.83604064516129},{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":75.45372903225807,"viewY":19.477786451612886},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":68.45254193548386,"viewY":43.45638967741935},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":45.275045161290315,"viewY":-1.763884516129049},{"name":"Veliko Tarnovo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":39.879225806451615,"viewY":24.17736193548386},{"name":"Pleven","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":24.233083870967743,"viewY":12.566872258064501},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":40.14678709677419,"viewY":46.10999612903225},{"name":"Shumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":60.30059354838709,"viewY":17.534372258064497},{"name":"Vidin","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":-2.69027096774194,"viewY":-7.287744516129052},{"name":"Blagoevgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":0.8152774193548336,"viewY":59.658772258064516},{"name":"Haskovo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":38.92418064516129,"viewY":62.54184516129031},{"name":"Smolyan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":25.69476129032258,"viewY":74.40103032258065},{"name":"Sliven","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":50.80588387096775,"viewY":37.501799354838695},{"name":"Dobrich","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":74.09981935483869,"viewY":7.251967741935463},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":-0.05925161290323235,"viewY":40.07848967741934},{"name":"Yambol","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":53.60289032258064,"viewY":44.14863483870967},{"name":"Pazardzhik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":20.004129032258064,"viewY":53.91698322580646},{"name":"Vratsa","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":7.915561290322577,"viewY":19.6098258064516},{"name":"Gabrovo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":35.2576,"viewY":31.00238645161289},{"name":"Kardzhali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":36.17052903225806,"viewY":72.53196838709675},{"name":"Kyustendil","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":-5.427819354838715,"viewY":50.86725870967741},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":2.8393290322580587,"viewY":12.720704516129016},{"name":"Lovech","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":25.897909677419346,"viewY":22.096780645161274},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":65.32603870967742,"viewY":-11.456598709677444},{"name":"Targovishte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":54.66570322580645,"viewY":18.215079999999986},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":53.80727741935484,"viewY":8.595436129032242},{"name":"Kazanlak","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":36.405883870967735,"viewY":39.60032774193547},{"name":"Danube","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":33.58534193548387,"viewY":2.4754761290322405},{"name":"Black Sea","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":82.96774193548387,"viewY":30.129388387096768},{"name":"Balkan Mountains","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":27.2258064516129,"viewY":35.198161290322574},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":7.870967741935477,"viewY":56.01679354838708},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":6.012903225806446,"viewY":68.67590645161289},{"name":"Rhodope Mountains","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":24.129032258064516,"viewY":73.65238},{"name":"Strandzha","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":70.5806451612903,"viewY":58.68834709677419}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0.19270833333333337,"y":0.21992954202315063},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.618833333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s2-two-neighbours","duration":30.72,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/s2-two-neighbours.cf8f2834.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.stamatopoulos2008"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"},{"id":"src.exa.image.bozveli-book"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s3-decree-on-paper","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"What does the sheet decree?","body":"In 1870 Sultan Abdülaziz issues a firman for the Bulgarian Exarchate. A firman is a sultan’s decree. The Exarchate is a separate church organization. Its leader, the exarch, is a senior clergyman. He chairs a synod, a council of senior clergy.\n\nLook at the printed document: Bulgarian on the left, Arabic script on the right. Article 1 grants separate administration. Article 4 again requires naming the patriarch. The Exarchate governs separately but keeps ties with the Patriarchate.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-480.38bbfed4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-1288.38bbfed4.avif","w":1288}],"dominant":"#d6d2c1","h":1852,"w":1288,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","id":"asset.exa.firman","alt":"Printed bilingual version of the 1870 firman; not the sultan’s manuscript.","objectCaption":"Printed bilingual version of the 1870 firman; not the sultan’s manuscript.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz (issuer); printer and digitizer unknown · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan%E2%80%99s_Ferman_for_the_establishment_of_a_Bulgarian_Exarchate_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-exa-article1","x":0.335,"y":0.275,"title":"Separate administration","body":"Article 1 names the Bulgarian Exarchate and entrusts its ecclesiastical administration to it.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-article4","x":0.335,"y":0.42,"title":"The patriarch stays in the prayer","body":"Article 4 requires the exarch to commemorate the patriarch of Constantinople.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-article10","x":0.335,"y":0.698,"title":"Rules for dioceses","body":"Article 10 lists districts and exceptions. Further down is the condition concerning all or at least two-thirds of the Orthodox residents described in the scene.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.40679166666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s3-decree-on-paper","duration":32.512,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/s3-decree-on-paper.89a65c27.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"},{"id":"src.exa.image.firman"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s4-districts-not-state","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Which communities can join?","body":"The firman regulates church districts, called dioceses. Article 10 lists them and names exceptions. Orthodox Christians follow the Eastern church tradition. Other places may join if all or at least two-thirds of their Orthodox residents wish. That wish must be verified.\n\nThe condition does not concern every resident regardless of religion. A church district is not a new state’s boundary.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-480.7fcd32f5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-1077.7fcd32f5.avif","w":1077}],"dominant":"#493d43","h":1600,"w":1077,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","id":"asset.exa.abdulaziz","alt":"Portrait of Sultan Abdülaziz, dated 1869 by the provider. He issued the firman in 1870.","objectCaption":"Portrait of Sultan Abdülaziz, dated 1869 by the provider. He issued the firman in 1870.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown painter; Commons Artist field names Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi (collection) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown painter. Collection: Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown painter. Collection: Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdulaziz_(Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.22175,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s4-districts-not-state","duration":24.32,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/s4-districts-not-state.125788cd.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"},{"id":"src.exa.ministry2016"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a1-omission","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what does the omission mean?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.omission","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What does the omission show according to the church account?","sourceIds":["src.exa.easter2010","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"items":[{"id":"opt-authority","label":"Rejection of his church authority."},{"id":"opt-state","label":"The creation of an independent state.","whyWrong":"The service does not establish a state."},{"id":"opt-forgot","label":"An accidental reading mistake.","whyWrong":"The story describes a deliberate action, not forgetting."},{"id":"opt-iron","label":"The opening of the iron church.","whyWrong":"The service is in the wooden church; the iron one dates to 1898."}],"explanation":"According to this account, the omission shows rejection of the patriarch’s authority.","correctItemId":"opt-authority","sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.556,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.a1-omission","duration":3.669,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/a1-omission.cb119f90.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s5-making-institution","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"A seal for the new administration","body":"The new administration needs rules. In 1871 a clerical-lay assembly meets in Constantinople. It gathers clergy and lay people: church members who are not clergy. They discuss the statute, the rules for governing the Exarchate. Antim I is elected exarch in 1872.\n\nThe photograph shows what its photographer identifies as an Exarchate seal from 1872. The letters and year on the seal are reversed. They read normally on its impression.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-480.1fd19009.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-1203.1fd19009.avif","w":1203}],"dominant":"#a08a5e","h":1192,"w":1203,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal","alt":"Round seal with reversed letters and year on a transparent museum support. Its impression would read normally.","objectCaption":"Sultan’s firman","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-480.2fc41cc2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-1300.2fc41cc2.avif","w":1300}],"dominant":"#bea479","h":1958,"w":1300,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.webp","id":"asset.exa.antim","alt":"Antim I, portrait photograph by Kosta Razmov. Elected exarch in 1872.","objectCaption":"Antim I, portrait photograph by Kosta Razmov. Elected exarch in 1872.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kosta Razmov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Kosta Razmov. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Kosta Razmov. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antim_I_Kosta_Razmov.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-exa-seal-year","x":0.485,"y":0.665,"title":"Reversed year","body":"The year on the seal face is mirrored. The photographer identifies the object as a seal of 1872.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-seal-name","x":0.45,"y":0.235,"title":"A name around the edge","body":"The edge inscription names the Bulgarian Exarchate in mirrored letters.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-exa-seal-support","x":0.475,"y":0.858,"title":"Museum support","body":"A transparent support is visible under the object. This is a museum display photograph, not a view of the seal being used in the nineteenth century.","sourceIds":["src.exa.image.seal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.270541666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s5-making-institution","duration":30.379,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/s5-making-institution.be879923.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"},{"id":"src.exa.image.seal"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: order the steps","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Which happens first? Put the earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.exa.easter2010","src.exa.firman-text","src.exa.assembly2021","src.exa.sofia2020"],"items":[{"id":"ev-easter","label":"The Easter action"},{"id":"ev-firman","label":"Firman for the Exarchate"},{"id":"ev-assembly","label":"Clerical-lay assembly"},{"id":"ev-antim","label":"Election of Antim I"}],"explanation":"The story gives 1860, 1870, 1871 and 1872. The decree precedes the assembly, which precedes Antim I’s election.","correctOrderIds":["ev-easter","ev-firman","ev-assembly","ev-antim"],"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4747083333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.a2-timeline","duration":3.584,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/a2-timeline.93160c67.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.easter2010"},{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.sofia2020"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.s6-recognition-takes-longer","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"The two churches worship together again","body":"Bulgarian campaigners want their own church administration. The Patriarchate presents church unity as grounds for its position. We can read this as a dispute over authority and church order. Supporters on both sides hold differing views.\n\nOttoman recognition does not end the dispute. In 1872 a council in Constantinople declares the Exarchate schismatic. A schism is a church division. It breaks shared worship between the separated sides. In 1945 the Patriarchate of Constantinople ends the division and recognizes the Bulgarian Church’s independence.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-480.5d877ddd.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-1600.5d877ddd.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6f8b91","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.webp","id":"asset.exa.iron-church","alt":"St Stephen’s, photographed in 2020. The iron building dates to 1898; it is not the wooden church of the Easter action.","objectCaption":"St Stephen’s, photographed in 2020. The iron building dates to 1898; it is not the wooden church of the Easter action.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Antoloji · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church_(2020).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":38.1305,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.s6-recognition-takes-longer","duration":38.229,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/s6-recognition-takes-longer.8c60c840.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.stamatopoulos2008"},{"id":"src.exa.bartholomew2015"},{"id":"src.exa.ivanova2000"}]},{"id":"exarchate-1870.a3-terms","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: the document’s words","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.exa.terms","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each word to its meaning in the story.","sourceIds":["src.exa.firman-text","src.exa.assembly2021","src.exa.agency2020"],"items":[{"id":"m-firman","label":"Firman","pairedLabel":"A sultan’s decree"},{"id":"m-exarch","label":"Exarch","pairedLabel":"Clergyman leading the Exarchate"},{"id":"m-diocese","label":"Diocese","pairedLabel":"A church district"},{"id":"m-lay","label":"Lay person","pairedLabel":"Church member who is not clergy"}],"explanation":"The decree sets rules. The exarch is a person holding a leading office. A diocese is a district. A lay person belongs to the church but is not clergy.","sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"}],"columns":["Term","Meaning"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.1264166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.exarchate-1870.exarchate-1870.a3-terms","duration":3.243,"src":"/audio/en/exarchate-1870/a3-terms.9e028159.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.exa.firman-text"},{"id":"src.exa.assembly2021"},{"id":"src.exa.agency2020"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.aba.government.bg/news/150-godini-ot-uchredyavaneto-na-blgarskata-ekzarkhiya/60","institutionOrAuthor":"Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина","id":"src.exa.agency2020","title":"150 години от учредяването на Българската екзархия","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Агенция за българите в чужбина, Новини, 26.02.","supports":{"en":"27 February signing versus 28 February delivery; firman as Ottoman decree; article-by-article reading. This is an institutional synthesis, not independent proof of every primary-document detail."},"authors":["Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/novini/istoricheski-kalendar/1295-150-години-от-свикването-на-първия-български-църковно-народен-събор","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.exa.assembly2021","title":"150 години от свикването на Първия български църковно-народен събор","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"РИМ – София, Исторически календар, 23.02.","supports":{"en":"1871 assembly at Ortaköy; statute, clerical and lay delegates; not wholly independent of the museum 2020 page, which it partly repeats."},"authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2015,"url":"https://bg-patriarshia.bg/news/poslanie-na-vselenskia-patriarh-vartolomey-po-povod-70-godin","institutionOrAuthor":"Вселенски патриарх Вартоломей; български превод, Българска патриаршия","id":"src.exa.bartholomew2015","title":"Послание на Вселенския патриарх Вартоломей по повод 70 години от вдигането на схизмата над БПЦ","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Българска патриаршия, Новини","supports":{"en":"Ecumenical Patriarch’s own account of the 1872 rupture, restoration of communion and recognition of autocephaly in 1945; retained as a church perspective."},"authors":["Вселенски патриарх Вартоломей; български превод, Българска патриаршия"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2010,"url":"https://bg-patriarshia.bg/orthodox-thought/balgarskiyat-velikden-v-nova-svetlina-po-povod-150-godini-ot","institutionOrAuthor":"Българска патриаршия; индивидуален автор не указан на прочетената страница","id":"src.exa.easter2010","title":"Българският Великден в нова светлина по повод 150 години от събитията","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Православна мисъл, 01.04.","supports":{"en":"Easter in the wooden church, Ilarion, Cyril VII, meaning of omission; reported crowd pressure and multiple liturgical moments. Later institutional account, not an eyewitness transcript; polemical judgments excluded."},"authors":["Българска патриаршия; индивидуален автор не указан на прочетената страница"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1870,"url":"https://bg.izzi.digital/DOS/46527/datastore/15/publication/46527/files/2020/11/11/1605089773_b7ist_4_4.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Абдул Азис / османска султанска канцелария; български превод, преводач не указан","id":"src.exa.firman-text","title":"Образ на високия царский ферман","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"IZZI digital, учебен ресурс „Прочетете текста на фермана за Българската екзархия от г.“","pages":"PDF pp. 1–3","supports":{"en":"Primary legal text in a hosted Bulgarian transcription: separate administration, synod, statute, imperial approval, continued commemoration of patriarch, interchurch ties, jurisdiction with exceptions and conditional two-thirds provision."},"authors":["Абдул Азис / османска султанска канцелария; български превод, преводач не указан"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neofit_Bozveli_Istoria_Katehizis_1835.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Spiritia","id":"src.exa.image.bozveli-book","title":"File:Neofit Bozveli Istoria Katehizis 1835.jpg","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Wikimedia Commons / original provider recorded in extmetadata","supports":{"en":"Photograph or reproduction identity, caption, observable details and rights. Does not independently prove the historical date or manuscript provenance."},"authors":["Spiritia"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan%E2%80%99s_Ferman_for_the_establishment_of_a_Bulgarian_Exarchate_1.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz (issuer); printer and digitizer unknown","id":"src.exa.image.firman","title":"File:Sultan’s Ferman for the establishment of a Bulgarian Exarchate 1.jpg","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Wikimedia Commons / original provider recorded in extmetadata","supports":{"en":"Photograph or reproduction identity, caption, observable details and rights. Does not independently prove the historical date or manuscript provenance."},"authors":["Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz (issuer); printer and digitizer unknown"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia","id":"src.exa.image.seal","title":"File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Wikimedia Commons / original provider recorded in extmetadata","supports":{"en":"Photograph or reproduction identity, caption, observable details and rights. Does not independently prove the historical date or manuscript provenance."},"authors":["Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2000,"url":"https://bularch.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/spisanie2000_1.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Благовеста Иванова","id":"src.exa.ivanova2000","title":"Дървената църква „Св. Стефан“ в Цариград — архитектурна реконструкция по вербални източници","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Архитектура","issue":"1","pages":"40–43","supports":{"en":"1849 opening; Bogoridi donation; wooden predecessor versus 1898 metal building; uncertainty about the exact earlier structure. No reconstruction image reused."},"authors":["Благовеста Иванова"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2016,"url":"https://mc.government.bg/новини/цялостната-реставрация-на-желязната/","institutionOrAuthor":"Министерство на културата на Република България","id":"src.exa.ministry2016","title":"Цялостната реставрация на желязната ни църква „Свети Стефан“ край Златния рог ще завърши в средата на 2017 г.","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Министерство на културата, Новини","supports":{"en":"1898 iron church and 28 February variant. Do not use the unqualified claim that this is the world’s only surviving iron church."},"authors":["Министерство на културата на Република България"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/novini/istoricheski-kalendar/1102-150-години-от-учредяването-на-българската-екзархия","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.exa.sofia2020","title":"150 години от учредяването на Българската екзархия","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"РИМ – София, Исторически календар, 27.02.","supports":{"en":"Easter omission, issuing sultan, year, Antim election, date disagreement. Do not reproduce its nationalist evaluations or its apparent 1859 reform-act error."},"authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2008,"url":"https://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576_0x001988d1.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Demetrios Stamatopoulos","id":"src.exa.stamatopoulos2008","title":"The Splitting of the Orthodox Millet as a Secularizing Process: The Clerical-Lay Assembly of the Bulgarian Exarchate (Istanbul 1871)","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","container":"Maria A. Stassinopoulou and Ioannis Zelepos (eds.), Griechische Kultur in Südosteuropa in der Neuzeit. Beiträge zum Symposium in memoriam Gunnar Hering. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften","pages":"243–270","supports":{"en":"Language demands, clerical-lay assembly, distinction between Ottoman recognition and ecclesiastical condemnation; caution against treating either church as a single national bloc."},"authors":["Demetrios Stamatopoulos"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.exa.seal-cutout","src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Round seal with reversed letters and year on a transparent museum support. Its impression would read normally.","w":700,"h":692,"caption":"","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.ilarion","src":"/media/asset-exa-ilarion-960.2580385a.webp","alt":"Ilarion Makariopolski. Later portrait postcard from an archival collection; not a photograph of the 1860 service.","w":1021,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Grigor Paskov (according to Wikimedia Commons; original sitting photographer unestablished) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Grigor Paskov — author according to Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency: fonds 546K, inventory 1, archival unit 108, sheet 9. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-9-Ilarion_Makariopolski.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.bozveli-book","src":"/media/asset-exa-bozveli-book-960.beeb641b.webp","alt":"Title page of a religious book by Neofit Bozveli, Belgrade, 1835. Museum photograph from 2021.","w":1201,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neofit_Bozveli_Istoria_Katehizis_1835.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.bogoridi-portrait","src":"/media/asset-exa-bogoridi-portrait-530.e8ca8e49.webp","alt":"Portrait of Stefan Bogoridi, artist unknown. Donor of the site for the Bulgarian church in 1849.","w":530,"h":686,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown artist. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Stefanos_Vogoridis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.firman","src":"/media/asset-exa-firman-960.38bbfed4.webp","alt":"Printed bilingual version of the 1870 firman; not the sultan’s manuscript.","w":1288,"h":1852,"caption":"","credit":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz (issuer); printer and digitizer unknown · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Ottoman imperial chancery / Sultan Abdülaziz, issuer; printer and digitizer unestablished. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan%E2%80%99s_Ferman_for_the_establishment_of_a_Bulgarian_Exarchate_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.abdulaziz","src":"/media/asset-exa-abdulaziz-960.7fcd32f5.webp","alt":"Portrait of Sultan Abdülaziz, dated 1869 by the provider. He issued the firman in 1870.","w":1077,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown painter; Commons Artist field names Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi (collection) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown painter. Collection: Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown painter. Collection: Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdulaziz_(Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.seal","src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-960.1fd19009.webp","alt":"Round seal with reversed letters and year on a transparent museum support. Its impression would read normally.","w":1203,"h":1192,"caption":"","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.antim","src":"/media/asset-exa-antim-960.2fc41cc2.webp","alt":"Antim I, portrait photograph by Kosta Razmov. Elected exarch in 1872.","w":1300,"h":1958,"caption":"","credit":"Kosta Razmov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Kosta Razmov. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Kosta Razmov. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antim_I_Kosta_Razmov.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.exa.iron-church","src":"/media/asset-exa-iron-church-960.5d877ddd.webp","alt":"St Stephen’s, photographed in 2020. The iron building dates to 1898; it is not the wooden church of the Easter action.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Antoloji · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Antoloji. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church_(2020).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Geographic context, without historical borders","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","visibleKind":"Geographic context, without historical borders","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Public domain · Natural Earth","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}}],"places":[{"note":"Approximate area around the later iron church. Does not locate the 1860 altar.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.church","name":"St Stephen’s — site of the earlier wooden church","latitude":41.03180555555556,"longitude":28.949694444444443,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.church","src.exa.ivanova2000"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.church","url":"/en/map/#exa.church"},{"note":"Current reference point for the institution. Does not show ecclesiastical boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.exa.patriarchate","name":"Headquarters of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Fener neighbourhood","latitude":41.029222,"longitude":28.951675,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.exa.coordinates.patriarchate"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"exa.patriarchate","url":"/en/map/#exa.patriarchate"}],"find":null,"next":[{"storyId":"story.vasil-levski","title":"Letters for a republic","topic":"Vasil Levski","eyebrow":"Vasil Levski · Lovech","url":"/en/stories/vasil-levski/","reason":"Explore another struggle over power and freedom.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-480.266e48b9.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-1018.266e48b9.avif","w":1018}],"dominant":"#b49a59","h":756,"w":1018,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.webp","id":"asset.lev.notebook-display-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski","objectCaption":"Notebook copy","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Eola · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Levski_E1.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":4,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.boyana-church","title":"The faces of Boyana","topic":"Boyana Church","eyebrow":"Boyana Church · Boyana","url":"/en/stories/boyana-church/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-480.b8b98199.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-1600.b8b98199.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63624f","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","id":"asset.boyana.exterior","alt":"Brick facades, two domed parts and the stone base of Boyana Church among trees.","objectCaption":"Boyana Church","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Aleksander Dragnes · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","title":"Into orbit, without docking","topic":"Georgi Ivanov","eyebrow":"Georgi Ivanov · Baikonur","url":"/en/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"A spacecraft descent capsule in a museum, isolated from the photograph.","objectCaption":"Soyuz 33 capsule","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.abdulaziz","name":"Abdülaziz","url":"/en/people/abdulaziz/"},{"id":"person.cyril-vii","name":"Cyril VII","url":"/en/people/cyril-vii/"},{"id":"person.stefan-bogoridi","name":"Stefan Bogoridi","url":"/en/people/stefan-bogoridi/"},{"id":"person.ilarion-lovech","name":"Ilarion of Lovech","url":"/en/people/ilarion-lovech/"},{"id":"person.neofit-bozveli","name":"Neofit Bozveli","url":"/en/people/neofit-bozveli/"},{"id":"person.ilarion-makariopolski","name":"Ilarion Makariopolski","url":"/en/people/ilarion-makariopolski/"},{"id":"person.antim-i","name":"Antim I","url":"/en/people/antim-i/"}],"rulers":[],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.exarchate-1870","storyId":"story.exarchate-1870","factId":"F01","text":"At Easter 1860, Ilarion Makariopolski omitted the patriarch’s name in Constantinople’s Bulgarian church.","sourceIds":["src.exa.easter2010"]},"collectionFind":{"number":53,"total":59,"title":"Sultan’s firman","dateLabel":"19th c.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-480.f15ece47.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.avif","w":700}],"dominant":"#c5ac85","h":692,"w":700,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","w":700}],"src":"/media/asset-exa-seal-cutout-700.f15ece47.webp","id":"asset.exa.seal-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Round seal with reversed letters and year on a transparent museum support. Its impression would read normally.","objectCaption":"Sultan’s firman","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHMB-Seal-of-Bulgarian-Exarchate-1872.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Read these stories in Bulgarian — learn the language","web.travelPromo":"Visit this place — Travel Guide Bulgaria","web.autoAdvance":"Auto-advance to the next scene","web.repeatActivities":"Repeat activities","web.shortcuts":"Keyboard shortcuts","web.sceneNavigation":"Previous / next scene","web.findCount":"Found {count} of {total}","web.resumeNarration":"Resume {time}","web.activityLabel":"Activity","web.skippedActivities":"Activities · {count} — start","web.placesCount":"places: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"More answers below","web.playerSceneOf":"Scene {scene} of {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Close story","web.imageFit":"Show the whole image","web.activityOf":"Activity · {scene} of {total}","web.activityMoved":"Moved to position {scene} of {total}","web.activityIncomplete":"Connect all pairs","web.seekTen":"Back / forward 10 seconds","web.activityFromScene":"From scene {scene}","web.nextStory":"Next story","web.transcriptRevised":"text revised","action.close":"Close","action.next":"Next","action.retry":"Retry","activity.check":"Check","answer.correct":"Correct","answer.incorrect":"Not quite","audio.backTen":"Back 10 seconds","audio.pause":"Pause","audio.play":"Play narration","audio.seek":"Narration position","audio.speed":"Narration speed","audio.synthetic":"Synthetic voice","audio.unavailable":"Audio is unavailable. The text is here.","bookmark.add":"Save story","bookmark.inSaved":"In Saved","bookmark.remove":"Remove saved story","bookmark.removed":"Bookmark removed","credit.title":"Images","discover.audioMinutes %lld":"%lld min","discover.mapLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","player.approximate":"Approximate location","player.back":"Back","player.completed":"A new find for your collection","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Details (%lld)","player.explanation":"Why is that?","player.finish":"Finish","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Correct on the first attempt","player.firstOther":"The first attempt is recorded. Retrying is practice.","player.interpretation":"Interpretation","player.matchHint":"Tap a term on the left, then a meaning on the right. Tap a connected item to undo.","player.moveDown":"Move down","player.moveUp":"Move up","player.nextDetail":"Next detail","player.previousDetail":"Previous detail","player.related":"Related stories","player.scene %lld":"Part %lld","player.sequenceHint":"Arrange from oldest to newest.","player.showAll":"Show all","player.skip":"Skip","player.sources %lld":"Sources · %lld","player.summary %lld %lld":"Activities: %1$lld of %2$lld correct on the first attempt","player.unpair":"Disconnect pair","player.vitrine":"Go to finds","sources.title":"Sources","story.listen":"Listen","story.sceneCount %lld":{"one":"%lld scene","other":"%lld scenes"},"story.start":"Start","answer.chosen":"Your answer","answer.skipped":"Activity skipped","answer.revealed":"Answer revealed","answer.correctOrder":"Correct order","answer.correctPairs":"Correct pairs","answer.yours.correct":"Your answer · correct","answer.yours.incorrect":"Your answer · incorrect","audio.stop":"Stop listening","Search.search.group.places":"Places","Atlas.zoomIn":"Zoom in","Atlas.zoomOut":"Zoom out"},"promos":{"learn":{"icon":"/media/promo/learn-160.webp","name":"Learn Bulgarian","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/learn-bulgarian/"},"travel":{"icon":"/media/promo/travel-160.webp","name":"Travel Guide Bulgaria","url":"https://bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/travel-guide-bulgaria/"}}}