{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.georgi-ivanov-1979","hasFind":true,"slug":"georgi-ivanov-1979","url":"/en/stories/georgi-ivanov-1979/","topic":"Georgi Ivanov","title":"Into orbit, without docking","summary":"Georgi Ivanov’s flight, the failure near Salyut 6 and the surviving descent capsule.","cover":{"title":"Into orbit, without docking","subtitle":"Georgi Ivanov and Soyuz 33, April 1979","hook":"How did they get home safely?","summary":"Georgi Ivanov’s flight, the failure near Salyut 6 and the surviving descent capsule.","takeaway":"Reaching orbit, docking and returning safely are different tasks. Bulgarian science continued with other crews."},"sortYear":1979,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.xx","styleId":"xx","sortOrder":0,"title":"20th century","dateLabel":"1901–2000","eraShort":"20th century","slug":"xx","fill":"#CFC9C4","ink":"#221616","raised":"#D6D1CD","dark":"#64615F"},"epochId":"epoch.xx","placeShort":"Baikonur","date":"1979","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-480.e61f7ab3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-1600.e61f7ab3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#66584e","h":1781,"w":1618,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-cutout-960.e61f7ab3.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule-cutout","alt":"A spacecraft descent capsule in a museum, isolated from the photograph.","objectCaption":"Soyuz 33 capsule","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s1-two-seats","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Two seats, one station","body":"On 10 April 1979, Soyuz 33 lifted off from Baikonur. Inside were commander Nikolai Rukavishnikov and cosmonaut-researcher Georgi Ivanov, the first Bulgarian in space. Their destination was the Salyut 6 orbital station.\n\nThe flight belonged to Interkosmos, a programme of joint space research. Partner countries also prepared scientific instruments of their own. Ivanov was meant to work inside the station, rather than simply reach orbit. A museum display now holds his pressure suit and work suit. They suggest the different tasks aboard a spacecraft. But his work inside the station never began. What interrupted the flight to the station?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-480.2672c925.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-1600.2672c925.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6f645e","h":1292,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-suits-960.2672c925.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.suits","alt":"Blue work suit on the left and pale pressure suit with helmet on the right behind museum glass.","objectCaption":"Blue work suit on the left and pale pressure suit with helmet on the right behind museum glass.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_space_and_work_suits.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":42.135958333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s1-two-seats","duration":42.24,"src":"/audio/en/georgi-ivanov-1979/s1-two-seats.2a429854.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"},{"id":"src.cosmos.miteva2019"},{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.suits"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s2-two-points","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"From launch to museum","body":"The map marks two places we can locate: Baikonur Cosmodrome in present-day Kazakhstan and the Aviation Museum at Krumovo, near Plovdiv. One is the flight’s starting point. The other preserves the descent module that brought both cosmonauts home.\n\nThis is not an orbital track. The Baikonur point marks a general area, not the exact launch pad. The photograph shows the nearby city in 2004, not the 1979 launch. Between these places lies a short flight that would not end with the planned docking. The next image shows how the joint mission was presented.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-480.85124298.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-1600.85124298.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#909094","h":1037,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-baikonur-960.85124298.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.baikonur","alt":"Low city buildings amid dry steppe, photographed from an aircraft in 2004. The photograph does not show the 1979 launch.","objectCaption":"Low city buildings amid dry steppe, photographed from an aircraft in 2004. The photograph does not show the 1979 launch.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bill Ingalls · Public domain · NASA / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Bill Ingalls / NASA, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph · 2004","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bill Ingalls / NASA, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image. Archival photograph · 2004","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonuriss.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-NASA"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Soyuz 33 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome with Georgi Ivanov aboard in 1979.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.cosmos.baikonur","name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome — general area","latitude":45.9648,"longitude":63.3051,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":40000,"sourceIds":["src.cosmos.baikonur-coordinates"],"short":"Baikonur","guideUrl":null,"slug":"cosmos.baikonur","url":"/en/map/#cosmos.baikonur"},{"note":"The Aviation Museum at Krumovo holds the Soyuz 33 descent module and objects from Georgi Ivanov’s flight.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.cosmos.aviation-museum","name":"Aviation Museum, Krumovo","latitude":42.06625,"longitude":24.83983,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.cosmos.museum-coordinates","src.cosmos.museum"],"short":"Krumovo","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#muzey-na-aviatsiyata","slug":"cosmos.aviation-museum","url":"/en/map/#cosmos.aviation-museum"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-2c95ae2aef331ec8.jpg?v=26c1be4207","w":2048,"h":507,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-2c95ae2aef331ec8-dark.jpg?v=deb36acfe1","w":2048,"h":507,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Soyuz 33 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome with Georgi Ivanov aboard in 1979.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.cosmos.baikonur","name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome — general 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Mountains","kind":"nature","x":6.207,"y":81.584,"viewX":6.207,"viewY":81.584},{"name":"Strandzha","kind":"nature","x":12.954,"y":76.098,"viewX":12.954000000000002,"viewY":76.098}],"crop":{"sx":1,"sy":1,"x":0,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.947833333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s2-two-points","duration":36.053,"src":"/audio/en/georgi-ivanov-1979/s2-two-points.67134caf.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.miteva2019"},{"id":"src.cosmos.museum"},{"id":"src.cosmos.museum-coordinates"},{"id":"src.cosmos.baikonur-coordinates"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.baikonur"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s3-joint-emblem","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Two flags on one emblem","body":"Look at the emblem. At the top are the Soviet flag and the Bulgarian flag of that period. Beneath them is USSR–NRB lettering, with the Interkosmos symbol below. This is a graphic reproduction of the mission emblem, not a photograph of a textile patch flown in space.\n\nThe European Space Agency attributes its design and production to Zvezda. Reading its layout as a statement of cooperation is an interpretation of what we can see. The emblem alone cannot establish that the visit happened. For that, we need the account of the station approach. The emblem shows how the mission was presented; flight accounts describe what actually happened.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-480.84a44923.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-1395.84a44923.avif","w":1395}],"dominant":"#c18b4b","h":1983,"w":1395,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-mission-patch-960.84a44923.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.mission-patch","alt":"Shield-shaped emblem with two flags, USSR–NRB lettering and the Interkosmos symbol.","objectCaption":"Shield-shaped emblem with two flags, USSR–NRB lettering and the Interkosmos symbol.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Soviet space program · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Soviet space program / Wikimedia Commons. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz-33_patch.png","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-RU-exempt"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h.cosmos.flags","x":0.5,"y":0.14,"title":"The two flags","body":"The Soviet flag is on the left; the Bulgarian flag of that period is on the right.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.cosmos.countries","x":0.5,"y":0.32,"title":"USSR–NRB","body":"The lettering names the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of Bulgaria.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.cosmos.programme","x":0.5,"y":0.69,"title":"Interkosmos","body":"The joint programme’s name appears on the emblem.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch","src.cosmos.esa-patch"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":40.53375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s3-joint-emblem","duration":40.661,"src":"/audio/en/georgi-ivanov-1979/s3-joint-emblem.3d03d471.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.mission-patch"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s4-three-seconds","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Three seconds instead of six","body":"During the approach, the main engine was supposed to burn for 6 seconds. It stopped after 3. The station crew reported a flame pointing sideways towards the backup engine. Igla, the docking system, also shut down.\n\nPortree describes an engine burn less than 4 kilometres from the station, while Miteva gives 3–3.5 kilometres. These accounts do not necessarily contradict each other and do not establish the exact distance at failure. What is clear is that docking was cancelled. An engine was now needed to bring the crew home. The backup fired for the deorbit burn but did not stop at the planned time. Rukavishnikov shut it down manually. Portree describes the ensuing steep ballistic reentry.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-480.79631ddf.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-1600.79631ddf.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#634519","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-station-model-960.79631ddf.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.station-model","alt":"Gold-coloured cylindrical space-station model in a museum display.","objectCaption":"Gold-coloured cylindrical space-station model in a museum display.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"4throck · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: 4throck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"4throck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut_6_model_at_the_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":43.87745833333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s4-three-seconds","duration":43.989,"src":"/audio/en/georgi-ivanov-1979/s4-three-seconds.cf4fa6d1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.miteva2019"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.a1-engine","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: why no visit?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.cosmos.engine","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Why did Ivanov not enter Salyut 6?","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.portree1995","src.cosmos.esa-patch"],"items":[{"id":"opt-engine","label":"Main-engine failure ended the docking attempt."},{"id":"opt-no-orbit","label":"The flight ends during launch.","whyWrong":"The failure occurred during the station approach, after launch and reaching orbit."},{"id":"opt-visit","label":"The visit ended normally before the return.","whyWrong":"No visit took place; the crew returned directly in their own spacecraft."}],"explanation":"The flight reached space, but docking was cancelled after main-engine failure.","correctItemId":"opt-engine","sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.4282916666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.a1-engine","duration":3.541,"src":"/audio/en/georgi-ivanov-1979/a1-engine.2bfd0ddc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.esa-patch"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.s5-returning-object","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"The object that came home","body":"On 12 April both men returned alive. Portree reports reentry loads reaching up to 10 times Earth’s gravitational acceleration. Reentry followed a steep ballistic trajectory.\n\nThe photograph shows the surviving descent capsule. Its round window and compact body suggest the space in which the crew returned. The museum confirms the module’s provenance. The failed main engine is not here: its service module was discarded after the deorbit burn. That prevented examination of the engine itself after the flight. The surviving object tells us about the return, but it cannot supply every answer about the failure.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-480.189c0bab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-960.189c0bab.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-1600.189c0bab.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-2400.189c0bab.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7b7370","h":1903,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-960.189c0bab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-cosmos-capsule-960.189c0bab.webp","id":"asset.cosmos.capsule","alt":"Bell-shaped capsule with dark and brown exterior, a circular window and a parachute to its left.","objectCaption":"Soyuz 33 capsule","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_33_descent_module.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h.cosmos.window","x":0.75,"y":0.39,"title":"Window","body":"A round window is visible on the surviving descent module.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.photo.capsule"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.cosmos.body","x":0.55,"y":0.59,"title":"Descent module","body":"The museum identifies this module as the capsule in which Ivanov and Rukavishnikov landed.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.museum","src.cosmos.photo.capsule"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h.cosmos.absent-engine","x":0.64,"y":0.1,"title":"This is not the whole spacecraft","body":"This point marks the capsule’s upper edge, not an engine location. The service module with the failed engine is not preserved here.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.portree1995","src.cosmos.photo.capsule"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":37.027541666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.georgi-ivanov-1979.georgi-ivanov-1979.s5-returning-object","duration":37.12,"src":"/audio/en/georgi-ivanov-1979/s5-returning-object.8e75b4d2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.cosmos.portree1995"},{"id":"src.cosmos.museum"},{"id":"src.cosmos.photo.capsule"}]},{"id":"georgi-ivanov-1979.a2-flight-order","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the flight in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.cosmos.flight-order","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the events in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.cosmos.portree1995"],"items":[{"id":"ev-launch","label":"Launch from Baikonur"},{"id":"ev-failure","label":"Main engine fails"},{"id":"ev-backup","label":"Backup engine fires"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Ballistic reentry and landing"}],"explanation":"Launch came before the approach. 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It was developed at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences for the first Bulgarian cosmonaut programme.\n\nAnother instrument, Daga, was a photometer designed to observe the atmosphere through a station window. Mardirosyan reports that subsequent crews used the Bulgarian equipment. These were not experiments Ivanov performed aboard Salyut 6. 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