{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.kaliakra","hasFind":true,"slug":"kaliakra","url":"/en/stories/kaliakra/","topic":"Kaliakra","title":"The cliff and the fleets","summary":"An inscribed stone, a capital above the sea and ships beside the shore. Look at Kaliakra’s evidence and distinguish history from the legend of the forty maidens.","cover":{"title":"The cliff and the fleets","subtitle":"Kaliakra: fortress, capital and naval battle","hook":"Why is the cape easy to defend?","summary":"An inscribed stone, a capital above the sea and ships beside the shore. Look at Kaliakra’s evidence and distinguish history from the legend of the forty maidens.","takeaway":"Kaliakra was a place of defence and maritime rivalry; its legend is not a documented event."},"sortYear":1350,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Second Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Second Tsardom","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Kaliakra","date":"14th c.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-480.eb221c2f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-1600.eb221c2f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c3925f","h":1217,"w":2330,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","id":"asset.kal.inscription-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display of a stone slab with a Greek inscription about restoring a tower. Hermogenes is named in the text; his office and the precise date are disputed. Photograph taken in Sofia, not at the cape.","objectCaption":"Stone inscription","caption":"Museum display of a stone slab with a Greek inscription about restoring a tower. Hermogenes is named in the text; his office and the precise date are disputed. Photograph taken in Sofia, not at the cape.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_Museum_of_Bulgaria_PD_2012_053.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"kaliakra.s1-cape","number":1,"kind":"map","title":"A cliff guarding the coast","body":"Ahead is a long headland of rock. Kaliakra reaches about two kilometres into the Black Sea. Its cliffs rise tens of metres above the water. The approach from the land is narrow. This probably made defence easier.\n\nAn ancient geographer describes a stronghold used as a treasury, a room for valuables. This place is usually linked with Kaliakra. Archaeologists are still exploring the cape’s earliest past.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-480.eec8b227.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-960.eec8b227.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-1600.eec8b227.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#858477","h":989,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-960.eec8b227.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-coast-960.eec8b227.webp","id":"asset.kal.coast","alt":"A present-day view of the sea and the cape’s high cliffs.","objectCaption":"A present-day view of the sea and the cape’s high cliffs.","caption":"A present-day view of the sea and the cape’s high cliffs.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Diego Delso / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Diego Delso / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_de_Kaliakra,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_136.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate reference for the cape and its narrow landward approach. It shows no ancient boundaries or exact ship positions.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.kal.cape","name":"Cape Kaliakra","latitude":43.36126,"longitude":28.46549,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.kal.coordinates","src.kal.ministry"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"kal.cape","url":"/en/map/#kal.cape"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate reference for the cape and its narrow landward approach. It shows no ancient boundaries or exact ship positions.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.kal.cape","name":"Cape Kaliakra","latitude":43.36126,"longitude":28.46549,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.kal.coordinates","src.kal.ministry"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"kal.cape","url":"/en/map/#kal.cape","number":1,"x":87.06862,"y":33.27871,"inside":true,"viewX":83.9817744516129,"viewY":42.661159206451615}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":4.3394064516128985,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":26.378529032258065,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":75.45372903225807,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":68.45254193548386,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":45.275045161290315,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Veliko Tarnovo","kind":"town","x":51.465,"y":40.853,"viewX":39.879225806451615,"viewY":52.370910322580656},{"name":"Pleven","kind":"town","x":38.834,"y":31.796,"viewX":24.233083870967743,"viewY":40.7604206451613},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":51.681,"y":57.962,"viewX":40.14678709677419,"viewY":74.30354451612905},{"name":"Shumen","kind":"town","x":67.951,"y":35.671,"viewX":60.30059354838709,"viewY":45.7279206451613},{"name":"Vidin","kind":"town","x":17.099,"y":16.308,"viewX":-2.69027096774194,"viewY":20.905803870967745},{"name":"Blagoevgrad","kind":"town","x":19.929,"y":68.531,"viewX":0.8152774193548336,"viewY":87.85232064516131},{"name":"Haskovo","kind":"town","x":50.694,"y":70.78,"viewX":38.92418064516129,"viewY":90.73539354838711},{"name":"Smolyan","kind":"town","x":40.014,"y":80.031,"viewX":25.69476129032258,"viewY":102.59457870967745},{"name":"Sliven","kind":"town","x":60.286,"y":51.247,"viewX":50.80588387096775,"viewY":65.69534774193549},{"name":"Dobrich","kind":"town","x":79.091,"y":27.65,"viewX":74.09981935483869,"viewY":35.445516129032264},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":19.223,"y":53.257,"viewX":-0.05925161290323235,"viewY":68.27203806451614},{"name":"Yambol","kind":"town","x":62.544,"y":56.432,"viewX":53.60289032258064,"viewY":72.34218322580647},{"name":"Pazardzhik","kind":"town","x":35.42,"y":64.052,"viewX":20.004129032258064,"viewY":82.11053161290324},{"name":"Vratsa","kind":"town","x":25.661,"y":37.29,"viewX":7.915561290322577,"viewY":47.8033741935484},{"name":"Gabrovo","kind":"town","x":47.734,"y":46.177,"viewX":35.2576,"viewY":59.19593483870968},{"name":"Kardzhali","kind":"town","x":48.471,"y":78.573,"viewX":36.17052903225806,"viewY":100.72551677419357},{"name":"Kyustendil","kind":"town","x":14.889,"y":61.673,"viewX":-5.427819354838715,"viewY":79.06080709677421},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":21.563,"y":31.916,"viewX":2.8393290322580587,"viewY":40.914252903225815},{"name":"Lovech","kind":"town","x":40.178,"y":39.23,"viewX":25.897909677419346,"viewY":50.29032903225807},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":72.008,"y":13.056,"viewX":65.32603870967742,"viewY":16.736949677419354},{"name":"Targovishte","kind":"town","x":63.402,"y":36.202,"viewX":54.66570322580645,"viewY":46.40862838709678},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":62.709,"y":28.698,"viewX":53.80727741935484,"viewY":36.78898451612904},{"name":"Kazanlak","kind":"town","x":48.661,"y":52.884,"viewX":36.405883870967735,"viewY":67.79387612903227},{"name":"Danube","kind":"nature","x":46.384,"y":23.924,"viewX":33.58534193548387,"viewY":30.66902451612904},{"name":"Black Sea","kind":"nature","x":86.25,"y":45.496,"viewX":82.96774193548387,"viewY":58.322936774193565},{"name":"Balkan Mountains","kind":"nature","x":41.25,"y":49.45,"viewX":27.2258064516129,"viewY":63.39170967741937},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":25.625,"y":65.69,"viewX":7.870967741935477,"viewY":84.21034193548388},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":24.125,"y":75.565,"viewX":6.012903225806446,"viewY":96.86945483870969},{"name":"Rhodope Mountains","kind":"nature","x":38.75,"y":79.447,"viewX":24.129032258064516,"viewY":101.84592838709679},{"name":"Strandzha","kind":"nature","x":76.25,"y":67.774,"viewX":70.5806451612903,"viewY":86.88189548387099}],"crop":{"sx":0.8072916666666666,"sy":0.7800704579768494,"x":0.19270833333333337,"y":0},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.127333333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.s1-cape","duration":25.216,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/s1-cape.d8abec21.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.ministry"},{"id":"src.kal.strabo"},{"id":"src.kal.petrunov2024"},{"id":"src.kal.naim2008"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s2-stone-message","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"A tower recorded in stone","body":"In Roman times the fortress grew. A stone slab from Kaliakra tells us about construction. Its Greek letters record the restoration of a tower from its foundations. They name Flavius Hermogenes.\n\nWho was he? Some researchers link him with a military commander. Another interpretation makes him governor of a province, a large region of the empire. The inscription’s precise date therefore remains disputed. In this photograph it is in a museum display in Sofia.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-480.511757e7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-960.511757e7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-1600.511757e7.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-2400.511757e7.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#cfa47e","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-960.511757e7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-960.511757e7.webp","id":"asset.kal.inscription","alt":"Museum display of a stone slab with a Greek inscription about restoring a tower. Hermogenes is named in the text; his office and the precise date are disputed. Photograph taken in Sofia, not at the cape.","objectCaption":"Stone inscription","caption":"Museum display of a stone slab with a Greek inscription about restoring a tower. Hermogenes is named in the text; his office and the precise date are disputed. Photograph taken in Sofia, not at the cape.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bin im Garten · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bin im Garten / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_Museum_of_Bulgaria_PD_2012_053.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-kal-letters","x":0.31,"y":0.53,"title":"Letters in stone","body":"This building inscription records the restoration of a tower. Inscriptions can preserve information about construction.","sourceIds":["src.kal.krawczyk2016","src.kal.photo.inscription"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-kal-name","x":0.3,"y":0.76,"title":"The name Hermogenes","body":"The name Hermogenes is in the lower part of the inscription. His office has different interpretations.","sourceIds":["src.kal.krawczyk2016","src.kal.krawczyk2018"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-kal-break","x":0.535,"y":0.59,"title":"The broken slab","body":"The photograph shows two joined fragments. The break is visible, but it alone cannot tell us when the stone broke.","sourceIds":["src.kal.photo.inscription"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.3665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.s2-stone-message","duration":28.459,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/s2-stone-message.4766cb2d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.visitvarna"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018"},{"id":"src.kal.photo.inscription"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s3-capital","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"Dobrotitsa’s capital","body":"In the fourteenth century Kaliakra was Dobrotitsa’s capital. He ruled the Despotate of Dobruja, a state beside the Black Sea. Here, despot is a medieval ruling title. It is not a judgement about his character.\n\nCraftspeople also worked behind the walls. Archaeologists found a jewellery mould, a form used to cast an ornament. Coins and pottery were also made here. This was a town, not just a lookout post.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-480.69b47a79.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-960.69b47a79.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-1600.69b47a79.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#758c9b","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-960.69b47a79.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-gate-960.69b47a79.webp","id":"asset.kal.gate","alt":"Present-day view of the arched entrance and walls. Not every visible part survives from the Middle Ages.","objectCaption":"Present-day view of the arched entrance and walls. Not every visible part survives from the Middle Ages.","caption":"Present-day view of the arched entrance and walls. Not every visible part survives from the Middle Ages.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Inga Tomane · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria._Kaliakra_2009_(2)_06.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.33475,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.s3-capital","duration":26.453,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/s3-capital.4f054675.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.petrunov2024"},{"id":"src.kal.visitvarna"},{"id":"src.kal.kavarna"},{"id":"src.kal.naim2008"},{"id":"src.kal.restoration2021"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.a1-inscription","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: a message on stone","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.inscription","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What does the building inscription from Kaliakra record?","sourceIds":["src.kal.krawczyk2016","src.kal.krawczyk2018"],"items":[{"id":"opt-tower","label":"The restoration of a tower"},{"id":"opt-battle","label":"Ushakov’s naval battle","whyWrong":"The inscription belongs to Roman times, long before the battle in 1791."},{"id":"opt-maidens","label":"The names of the forty maidens","whyWrong":"It is not a list of maidens. Their story is a legend."}],"explanation":"The inscription records tower restoration and names Hermogenes. His office is disputed.","correctItemId":"opt-tower","sources":[{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.6140416666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.a1-inscription","duration":3.712,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/a1-inscription.64472cc1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016"},{"id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s4-legend","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Forty maidens above the sea","body":"A legend told beside these cliffs speaks of forty maidens. In one version they are captives. To escape captivity, they join their braids and jump together into the sea.\n\nThis is a legend, not an established event. The tale places it during the Ottoman Empire’s conquest of the region. It gives us no verified date or list of names. A photograph of water below the cliffs cannot prove the story happened at that spot.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-480.b8c3bf77.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-960.b8c3bf77.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-1600.b8c3bf77.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#799b97","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-960.b8c3bf77.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-cliff-water-960.b8c3bf77.webp","id":"asset.kal.cliff-water","alt":"Modern photograph of the rocky coast. It does not locate a documented event from the legend.","objectCaption":"Modern photograph of the rocky coast. It does not locate a documented event from the legend.","caption":"Modern photograph of the rocky coast. It does not locate a documented event from the legend.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Inga Tomane · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria._Kaliakra_2009_(2)_03.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":26.299916666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.s4-legend","duration":26.411,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/s4-legend.dbd2107b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.kavarna"},{"id":"src.kal.legend"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s5-battle","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ships between coast and fleet","body":"On 11 August 1791 two fleets fought off Kaliakra. A fleet is a group of warships. Fyodor Ushakov led the Russian ships. They faced the Ottoman fleet. Ushakov directed his ships between the shore and the opposing fleet.\n\nThe battle ended in a Russian victory and an Ottoman withdrawal. You may also find 31 July for this battle: the old calendar date. The drawing shows an artist’s account of the fighting. It is an artistic scene rather than an accurate nautical map.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-480.c90fa934.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-960.c90fa934.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-1600.c90fa934.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#cecbbc","h":1130,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-960.c90fa934.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-battle-960.c90fa934.webp","id":"asset.kal.battle","alt":"Depiction of the battle attributed to Afanasy Depaldo, late eighteenth century. An artistic account, not a photograph or a precise map.","objectCaption":"Depiction of the battle attributed to Afanasy Depaldo, late eighteenth century. An artistic account, not a photograph or a precise map.","caption":"Depiction of the battle attributed to Afanasy Depaldo, late eighteenth century. An artistic account, not a photograph or a precise map.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Афанасий де Палдо · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Image: Afanasy Depaldo / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Afanasy Depaldo / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.210958333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.s5-battle","duration":31.317,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/s5-battle.c20dd13a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.balchik"},{"id":"src.kal.prlib"},{"id":"src.kal.georgieva2025"},{"id":"src.kal.naval2016"},{"id":"src.kal.depaldo"},{"id":"src.kal.depaldo.object"},{"id":"src.kal.photo.battle"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the periods in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put these three periods in order, starting with the earliest.","sourceIds":["src.kal.visitvarna","src.kal.petrunov2024","src.kal.balchik"],"items":[{"id":"ev-roman","label":"The fortress expands in Roman times"},{"id":"ev-capital","label":"Dobrotitsa’s capital"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Battle off Kaliakra"}],"explanation":"The Roman town comes before the medieval capital. Ushakov’s battle takes place centuries after Dobrotitsa.","correctOrderIds":["ev-roman","ev-capital","ev-battle"],"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.visitvarna"},{"id":"src.kal.petrunov2024"},{"id":"src.kal.balchik"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.4615833333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.a2-timeline","duration":4.565,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/a2-timeline.bc3fabde.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.visitvarna"},{"id":"src.kal.petrunov2024"},{"id":"src.kal.balchik"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.s6-visit","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"A bath and a cave museum","body":"The surviving remains include fortress walls and the foundations of a bath dated to the fourth century. A bath was a communal building for washing. Its low walls outline the rooms.\n\nA cave holds a small museum with finds and a model of the fortress. The model shows a reconstruction of its appearance. The walls visible today also include restored portions.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baths-480.80e99521.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baths-960.80e99521.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baths-1600.80e99521.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#969c9c","h":1205,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baths-960.80e99521.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-baths-960.80e99521.webp","id":"asset.kal.baths","alt":"Remains of the bath, dated by the Ministry of Tourism to the fourth century. A bath was a communal building for washing.","objectCaption":"Remains of the bath, dated by the Ministry of Tourism to the fourth century. A bath was a communal building for washing.","caption":"Remains of the bath, dated by the Ministry of Tourism to the fourth century. A bath was a communal building for washing.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Michał Derela · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Michał Derela / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Michał Derela / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_Roman_baths.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-ruins-480.6fbd59d9.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-ruins-960.6fbd59d9.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-ruins-1600.6fbd59d9.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a8b8a","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-ruins-960.6fbd59d9.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-ruins-960.6fbd59d9.webp","id":"asset.kal.ruins","alt":"Low stone walls at Kaliakra today; individual rooms are not dated from this photograph.","objectCaption":"Low stone walls at Kaliakra today; individual rooms are not dated from this photograph.","caption":"Low stone walls at Kaliakra today; individual rooms are not dated from this photograph.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_E3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-bay-480.ac5805e2.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-bay-960.ac5805e2.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-bay-1600.ac5805e2.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8b9193","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-bay-960.ac5805e2.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-bay-960.ac5805e2.webp","id":"asset.kal.bay","alt":"Rocky coast and bay in a modern photograph, with wind turbines on the horizon. Not a reconstruction of the battlefield.","objectCaption":"Rocky coast and bay in a modern photograph, with wind turbines on the horizon. Not a reconstruction of the battlefield.","caption":"Rocky coast and bay in a modern photograph, with wind turbines on the horizon. Not a reconstruction of the battlefield.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Inga Tomane · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria._Kaliakra_2009_(2)_04.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-steps-480.24ffc839.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-steps-960.24ffc839.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-steps-1200.24ffc839.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#828570","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-steps-960.24ffc839.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-steps-960.24ffc839.webp","id":"asset.kal.steps","alt":"Present-day view of steps cut into rock above the sea. The steps have not been dated.","objectCaption":"Present-day view of steps cut into rock above the sea. The steps have not been dated.","caption":"Present-day view of steps cut into rock above the sea. The steps have not been dated.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Inga Tomane · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Inga Tomane / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria._Kaliakra_2009_(2)_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.667541666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.s6-visit","duration":21.76,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/s6-visit.59336b9f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.ministry"},{"id":"src.kal.museum"},{"id":"src.kal.restoration2021"},{"id":"src.kal.photo.baths"},{"id":"src.kal.photo.ruins"},{"id":"src.kal.photo.gate"}]},{"id":"kaliakra.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match the people","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each person with their role. Use the story’s sources too.","sourceIds":["src.kal.strabo","src.kal.petrunov2024","src.kal.balchik"],"items":[{"id":"m-strabo","label":"Strabo","pairedLabel":"Geographer who described a fortified cape"},{"id":"m-dobrotitsa","label":"Dobrotitsa","pairedLabel":"Medieval ruler whose capital was Kaliakra"},{"id":"m-ushakov","label":"Fyodor Ushakov","pairedLabel":"Russian naval commander in 1791"}],"explanation":"Strabo left a written account. Dobrotitsa ruled in the Middle Ages. Ushakov commanded ships in a later naval battle.","sources":[{"id":"src.kal.strabo"},{"id":"src.kal.petrunov2024"},{"id":"src.kal.balchik"}],"columns":["Person","Role"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.415125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaliakra.kaliakra.a3-matching","duration":4.523,"src":"/audio/en/kaliakra/a3-matching.ac642f2e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.strabo"},{"id":"src.kal.petrunov2024"},{"id":"src.kal.balchik"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://balchikmuseum.bg/eksponati/orudieto/","institutionOrAuthor":"Исторически музей Балчик","id":"src.kal.balchik","authors":["Исторически музей Балчик"],"title":"Оръдието","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Battle on 11 August 1791; Ushakov, Hussein Pasha and Ottoman–Algerian fleet. Balchik cannon is not attributed to a specific ship."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2017,"url":"https://navalmuseum.ru/exhibition?id=36","institutionOrAuthor":"Центральный военно-морской музей имени императора Петра Великого","id":"src.kal.depaldo","authors":["Центральный военно-морской музей имени императора Петра Великого"],"title":"Выставка «Непобедимый Ушаков»","container":"ЦВММ","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"A. N. Depaldo attribution and historical battle drawings; not a battle photograph."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://navalmuseum.ru/collection/izo/risunok?id=1884","institutionOrAuthor":"Центральный военно-морской музей имени императора Петра Великого","id":"src.kal.depaldo.object","authors":["Центральный военно-морской музей имени императора Петра Великого"],"title":"Рисунок. Сражение близ Варны и Калиакрии 31 июля 1791 года","container":"ЦВММ, Акварели и рисунки, object 1884","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"The museum record names artist A. N. Depaldo. Display name: Afanasy Depaldo. A drawing, not an exact battle map."}},{"year":2025,"url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/502162/1/Post_medieval_BlackSea_seafaring-Vol1_ZG-archived.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Zdravka Hristova Georgieva","id":"src.kal.georgieva2025","authors":["Zdravka Hristova Georgieva"],"title":"Post-medieval seafaring in the Western Black Sea: archaeological and iconographic evidence for the rig","container":"University of Southampton, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Archaeology; PhD thesis, volume 1 of 2","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"The Naval Museum wrote in 2016 that the Ottoman fleet ceased to exist. Georgieva wrote in 2025 that neither side lost ships in the battle itself. Complete destruction of the fleet is not accepted here. Hussein Pasha’s Ottoman forces included a North African squadron. The Presidential Library lists 16 Russian ships of the line; Georgieva gives 18. Vessel categories need checking before comparison."},"pages":"40–41","license":"Copyright retained; personal research download only, not an app asset","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.kavarna.bg/kavarna-istoriya","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Каварна","id":"src.kal.kavarna","authors":["Община Каварна"],"title":"История","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Transfer of capital to Kaliakra and explicitly identified legend of forty maidens."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2016,"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=620753","institutionOrAuthor":"Małgorzata Krawczyk","id":"src.kal.krawczyk2016","authors":["Małgorzata Krawczyk"],"title":"Flawiusz Hermogenes – magister equitum Konstancjusza II czy praeses provinciae Scythiae?","container":"U schyłku starożytności – Studia źródłoznawcze; Wydawnictwo Naukowe Sub Lupa","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Inscription recording tower restoration; dispute about Hermogenes’s office."},"volume":"15","pages":"31–40"},{"year":2018,"url":"https://lateantiqueseminar.historia.uw.edu.pl/minione-seminaria-past-seminars/minione-seminaria-past-seminars-2017-2018/","institutionOrAuthor":"Małgorzata Krawczyk / University of Warsaw","id":"src.kal.krawczyk2018","authors":["Małgorzata Krawczyk / University of Warsaw"],"title":"Flawiusz Hermogenes – magister equitum Konstancjusza II czy praeses provinciae Scythiae?","container":"Ewa Wipszycka Warsaw Late Antique Seminar","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Balkanska’s identification leads to 341–342; Krawczyk proposes a fourth-century provincial governor."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://welcome.bg/legends/легенда-за-нос-калиакра/","institutionOrAuthor":"Welcome.bg (no individual author credited)","id":"src.kal.legend","authors":["Welcome.bg (no individual author credited)"],"title":"Легенда за нос Калиакра","container":"Welcome.bg, Legends","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Variant with joined braids; does not establish a historical event."},"fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/tourist-destinations/2802/5559","institutionOrAuthor":"Министерство на туризма на Република България","id":"src.kal.ministry","authors":["Министерство на туризма на Република България"],"title":"Kaliakra Fortress","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Cape, cliff height, traditional Thracian dating, fourth-century bath, cave museum."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://imkavarna.com/","institutionOrAuthor":"Исторически музей – Каварна","id":"src.kal.museum","authors":["Исторически музей – Каварна"],"title":"Начална страница","container":"Official museum website","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Kaliakra museum is a branch of Kavarna History Museum; visits are seasonal."}},{"year":2008,"url":"https://naim.bg/bg/content/news/400/840/123/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален археологически институт с музей при БАН","id":"src.kal.naim2008","authors":["Национален археологически институт с музей при БАН"],"title":"Разкопки на крепостта Калиакра","container":"НАИМ–БАН","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"In 2008 NAIM announced a Thracian sanctuary without a precise date. In 2024 Petrunov reported no established settlement traces from the fourth–second centuries BCE. Sanctuary and settlement are different claims. These texts alone establish no contradiction. NAIM also reports coins, pottery and a jewellery mould."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2016,"url":"https://navalmuseum.ru/news?id=812","institutionOrAuthor":"Центральный военно-морской музей имени императора Петра Великого","id":"src.kal.naval2016","authors":["Центральный военно-морской музей имени императора Петра Великого"],"title":"Сражение у мыса Калиакрия","container":"ЦВММ","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"The Naval Museum wrote in 2016 that the Ottoman fleet ceased to exist. Georgieva wrote in 2025 that neither side lost ships in the battle itself. Complete destruction of the fleet is not accepted here."}},{"year":2024,"url":"https://sas.fhn-shu.com/pdf/sas-11-2-2024.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Filip Petrunov","id":"src.kal.petrunov2024","authors":["Filip Petrunov"],"title":"Early Bulgarian monuments from Kaliakra","container":"Studia Academica Šumenensia","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Petrunov connects Dobrotitsa’s capital with rivalry between Venice and Genoa for the western Black Sea coast. This is his interpretation. On pp. 144–145 he reports no established settlement traces from the fourth–second centuries BCE. That does not prove nobody lived there or disprove Strabo. He also discusses eighth–tenth-century finds."},"volume":"11","issue":"2","pages":"143–151","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_Roman_baths.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Michał Derela","id":"src.kal.photo.baths","authors":["Michał Derela"],"title":"File:Kaliakra Roman baths.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Remains of the bath, dated by the Ministry of Tourism to the fourth century. A bath was a communal building for washing."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Афанасий де Палдо","id":"src.kal.photo.battle","authors":["Афанасий де Палдо"],"title":"File:Сражение при Калиакрии.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Depiction of the battle attributed to Afanasy Depaldo, late eighteenth century. An artistic account, not a photograph or a precise map."},"license":"Public domain"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria._Kaliakra_2009_(2)_06.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Inga Tomane","id":"src.kal.photo.gate","authors":["Inga Tomane"],"title":"File:Bulgaria. Kaliakra 2009 (2) 06.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Present-day view of the arched entrance and walls. Not every visible part survives from the Middle Ages."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_Museum_of_Bulgaria_PD_2012_053.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Bin im Garten","id":"src.kal.photo.inscription","authors":["Bin im Garten"],"title":"File:National Historical Museum of Bulgaria PD 2012 053.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Museum display of a stone slab with a Greek inscription about restoring a tower. Hermogenes is named in the text; his office and the precise date are disputed. Photograph taken in Sofia, not at the cape."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_E3.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Elena Chochkova","id":"src.kal.photo.ruins","authors":["Elena Chochkova"],"title":"File:Kaliakra E3.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Low stone walls at Kaliakra today; individual rooms are not dated from this photograph."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.prlib.ru/history/1978538","institutionOrAuthor":"Президентская библиотека имени Б. Н. Ельцина","id":"src.kal.prlib","authors":["Президентская библиотека имени Б. Н. Ельцина"],"title":"Победа русского флота под командованием Ф. Ф. Ушакова в сражении у мыса Калиакрия","container":"Президентская библиотека, День в истории","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Two calendar dates, passage between coast and ships, opposing fleet’s retreat."}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://morskivestnik.com/compass/news/2021/092021/092021_29.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Анастас Ангелов","id":"src.kal.restoration2021","authors":["Анастас Ангелов"],"title":"За реконструкцията на средновековната крепостна стена на Калиакра","container":"Морски вестник · Компас","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"The gate and wall visible today incorporate modern reconstruction."}},{"year":1924,"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7F%2A.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Strabo; translated by Horace Leonard Jones","id":"src.kal.strabo","authors":["Strabo; translated by Horace Leonard Jones"],"title":"The Geography of Strabo, Book VII, chapter 6","container":"Loeb Classical Library, vol. III, William Heinemann / G. P. Putnam’s Sons; digitised by Bill Thayer, LacusCurtius","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Strabo mentions Tirizis as a stronghold used by Lysimachus as a treasury."},"pages":"275–281","license":"English translation stated public domain on digitised page"},{"year":null,"url":"https://visit.varna.bg/en/nos-kaliakra-i-arheologicheski-rezervat-kaliakra.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Варна","id":"src.kal.visitvarna","authors":["Община Варна"],"title":"Kaliakra cape and Kaliakra archaeological reserve","container":"Visit Varna, official municipal tourism portal","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Roman expansion, name in late thirteenth century, capital in second half of fourteenth century."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"}}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.kal.inscription-cutout","src":"/media/asset-kal-inscription-cutout-960.eb221c2f.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. 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