{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.kaloyan-1205","hasFind":true,"slug":"kaloyan-1205","url":"/en/stories/kaloyan-1205/","topic":"Kaloyan","title":"Kaloyan and the captured emperor","summary":"Kaloyan receives a crown from a papal envoy. Months later, his army captures Baldwin near Adrianople. Letters and an opponent’s account show how recognition and war went together.","cover":{"title":"Kaloyan and the captured emperor","subtitle":"Letters to the pope, a crown and the battle of 1205","hook":"How does Baldwin become a prisoner?","summary":"Kaloyan receives a crown from a papal envoy. Months later, his army captures Baldwin near Adrianople. Letters and an opponent’s account show how recognition and war went together.","takeaway":"A papal crown does not ensure peace. At Adrianople, pursuit of the Cumans ends in defeat and Baldwin’s capture."},"sortYear":1205,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Second Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Second Tsardom","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Adrianople","date":"1204–1205","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-480.9d7b1104.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-1282.9d7b1104.avif","w":1282}],"dominant":"#473b32","h":1385,"w":1282,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Papal seal in the National Museum of Ireland. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","objectCaption":"Papal bull","caption":"The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Sailko · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s1-emperor","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"The emperor does not return","body":"In April 1205, Emperor Baldwin I is captured near Adrianople. His victor is Tsar Kaloyan, Bulgaria’s ruler. A year earlier, Baldwin’s army captured Constantinople, capital of Byzantium, the Eastern Roman Empire. He was then elected emperor. The conquerors’ state is known as the Latin Empire.\n\nThese conquerors are crusaders: warriors on a campaign proclaimed in the Christian faith’s name. Here they have attacked another Christian city. Now they lose their ruler in battle against another Christian ruler.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-480.fb49281d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-1600.fb49281d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7d847e","h":996,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.webp","id":"asset.kal.constantinople-miniature","alt":"The capture of Constantinople in a later miniature. An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204.","objectCaption":"An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204.","caption":"An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-480.d73a5fbc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-1600.d73a5fbc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a0a499","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.webp","id":"asset.kal.constantinople-walls","alt":"The land walls of Constantinople. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204.","objectCaption":"A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204.","caption":"A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.45166666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s1-emperor","duration":33.579,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/s1-emperor.da445272.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"},{"id":"src.kal.curta2006"},{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.constantinople-miniature"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.constantinople-walls"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s2-crown","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Leo crowns Kaloyan","body":"Kaloyan wants other rulers to recognize his authority. He writes to Innocent III, the pope, who heads the Roman Church. Negotiations lead to a union: the Bulgarian Church accepts the pope’s supreme authority. Rome recognizes the ruler.\n\nOn 8 November 1204, Leo places a crown on Kaloyan’s head at Tarnovo. Leo is a cardinal: a senior churchman and papal envoy. He also gives him a sceptre, a staff representing authority. The pope sends a banner bearing a cross and keys.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-480.e4f98e1b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-1295.e4f98e1b.avif","w":1295}],"dominant":"#84756a","h":1600,"w":1295,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-fresco","alt":"Innocent III in a thirteenth-century fresco at Subiaco. An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer.","objectCaption":"An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is Unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer.","caption":"An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is Unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is Unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is Unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_III_(Monastery_of_Subiaco).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-480.3ac86492.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-1600.3ac86492.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#929e97","h":456,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.webp","id":"asset.kal.tsarevets-panorama","alt":"Tsarevets: remains and reconstructions. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital.","objectCaption":"A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital.","caption":"A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.639,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s2-crown","duration":32.768,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/s2-crown.668f7278.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.dallaglio2019"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-fresco"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.tsarevets-panorama"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s3-seal","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"The pope’s seal","body":"How could a recipient recognize a document from the pope? A metal seal was one sign. The photograph shows both sides of Innocent III’s lead seal. His name is on the left. On the right are two apostles’ worn faces: early followers of Jesus. Such seals authenticated papal documents.\n\nThis object was found in England. No link to a letter to Kaloyan is known. According to the photographer’s description, the second seal comes from Dublin. Their resemblance helps identify the type.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-480.1be5401d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-1600.1be5401d.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-2400.1be5401d.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#aba49d","h":1372,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-york","alt":"Lead seal of Innocent III: two sides. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan.","objectCaption":"An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan.","caption":"An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_,_Papal_bulla_of_Pope_Innocent_III_(FindID_891636).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-480.9453827c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-960.9453827c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-1590.9453827c.avif","w":1590}],"dominant":"#6e645c","h":1626,"w":1590,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-960.9453827c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-960.9453827c.webp","id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-dublin","alt":"Papal seal in the National Museum of Ireland. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","objectCaption":"Papal bull","caption":"The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Sailko · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-bulla-name","x":0.27,"y":0.43,"title":"The pope’s name","body":"The left-hand view carries Innocent’s name and the number three. The catalog reads the inscription as INNOCENTIVS PP III.","sourceIds":["src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bulla-saints","x":0.73,"y":0.43,"title":"Two apostles","body":"The right-hand view shows the worn faces of the apostles Paul and Peter. Apostles were early followers of Jesus. The figures help identify the papal seal.","sourceIds":["src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bulla-hole","x":0.598,"y":0.39,"title":"Pierced metal","body":"The same piercing appears in both views. The catalog records it without establishing when or why it was made. It does not prove how a particular letter was attached.","sourceIds":["src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.44625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s3-seal","duration":29.568,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/s3-seal.99a11d8e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-dublin"},{"id":"src.kal.letters"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.a1-union","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what does the union mean?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.union","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What does the Bulgarian Church accept through the union in this story?","sourceIds":["src.kal.letters","src.kal.nikolov2021"],"items":[{"id":"opt-pope","label":"The supreme authority of the pope."},{"id":"opt-baldwin","label":"Baldwin as the ruler of Bulgaria.","whyWrong":"The papal envoy crowns Kaloyan. Baldwin rules the Latin Empire."},{"id":"opt-peace","label":"A peace treaty ending the war.","whyWrong":"The battle near Adrianople follows the coronation."}],"explanation":"The union is a church agreement accepting papal authority. It brings Kaloyan recognition but does not guarantee peace.","correctItemId":"opt-pope","sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.449958333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.a1-union","duration":4.565,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/a1-union.d60979a4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s4-siege","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"Banners above a besieged city","body":"Find Adrianople between Tarnovo and Constantinople. In spring 1205, Greek inhabitants of Thrace rise against the Latin conquerors. Some seek Kaloyan’s help. One of the Latin commanders tells this story.\n\nBaldwin besieges Adrianople. According to the chronicler, the writer of this account, Kaloyan’s banners already fly on its walls. Food is short in the besiegers’ camp. Kaloyan comes to help the city.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-480.82ddfe08.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-1600.82ddfe08.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#52564e","h":1065,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-adrianople-walls-960.82ddfe08.webp","id":"asset.kal.adrianople-walls","alt":"Remains of Adrianople’s fortifications. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205.","objectCaption":"A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205.","caption":"A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Dosseman · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_Roman_Walls_and_Macedonian_Tower_0210.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Tarnovo was the medieval capital associated with Tsar Ivan Alexander. Ivan of Rila’s relics were returned from here to Rila Monastery in 1469.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tetra.tarnovo","name":"Tarnovo — modern Veliko Tarnovo","latitude":43.078652,"longitude":25.628291,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.tarnovo","src.tetra.coordinates","src.tetra.nomination","src.ivr.wikidata.tarnovo","src.ivr.bakalova1981","src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","src.tar.coord.tarnovo","src.tar.constitution"],"short":"Tarnovo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"tetra.tarnovo","url":"/en/map/#tetra.tarnovo"},{"note":"Constantinople, now Istanbul, was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.asp.constantinople","name":"Constantinople","latitude":41.01224,"longitude":28.976018055555553,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.asp.coord.constantinople","src.asp.council681","src.asp.todorovski2024","src.sim.coordinates.constantinople","src.sim.leszka2011","src.ind.coordinates-istanbul","src.ind.protocols","src.bor.coordinates-constantinople","src.kal.coordinates.constantinople"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"asp.constantinople","url":"/en/map/#asp.constantinople"},{"note":"Also called Odrin in Bulgarian; today it is Edirne in Turkey. The point shows the city, not the precise place of capture.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.kal.adrianople","name":"Adrianople","latitude":41.67304,"longitude":26.57361,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":10000,"sourceIds":["src.kal.coordinates.adrianople","src.ias.coord.edirne","src.ias.petrova2014","src.ias.zlatarski"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"kal.adrianople","url":"/en/map/#kal.adrianople"},{"note":"Boris sent questions to Rome about Christian belief and church government.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bor.rome","name":"Rome","latitude":41.893055555556,"longitude":12.482777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":6000,"sourceIds":["src.bor.coordinates-rome","src.kal.coordinates.rome"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"bor.rome","url":"/en/map/#bor.rome"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-86e3a6bc733fed42.jpg?v=f9c1f1ced5","w":2048,"h":745,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-86e3a6bc733fed42-dark.jpg?v=474e973f1f","w":2048,"h":745,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Tarnovo was the medieval capital associated with Tsar Ivan Alexander. Ivan of Rila’s relics were returned from here to Rila Monastery in 1469.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tetra.tarnovo","name":"Tarnovo — modern Veliko Tarnovo","latitude":43.078652,"longitude":25.628291,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.tarnovo","src.tetra.coordinates","src.tetra.nomination","src.ivr.wikidata.tarnovo","src.ivr.bakalova1981","src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","src.tar.coord.tarnovo","src.tar.constitution"],"short":"Tarnovo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"tetra.tarnovo","url":"/en/map/#tetra.tarnovo","number":1,"x":71.7794,"y":34.04342,"inside":true,"viewX":71.7794,"viewY":34.04342},{"note":"Constantinople, now Istanbul, was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.asp.constantinople","name":"Constantinople","latitude":41.01224,"longitude":28.976018055555553,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.asp.coord.constantinople","src.asp.council681","src.asp.todorovski2024","src.sim.coordinates.constantinople","src.sim.leszka2011","src.ind.coordinates-istanbul","src.ind.protocols","src.bor.coordinates-constantinople","src.kal.coordinates.constantinople"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"asp.constantinople","url":"/en/map/#asp.constantinople","number":2,"x":86.66266,"y":68.0696,"inside":true,"viewX":86.66266,"viewY":68.0696},{"note":"Also called Odrin in Bulgarian; today it is Edirne in Turkey. 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On Wednesday after Easter, they approach the Latin camp. Their pursuers come under their arrows. That evening, the Latin commanders decide to stay together before the camp.\n\nBut on Thursday, 14 April 1205, the nobleman Louis follows the Cumans. He calls Baldwin after him. After a long pursuit, the Cumans turn and shoot. The Latin forces are defeated. Louis dies; Baldwin is captured alive. This is how a Latin commander describes his own side’s defeat.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.41375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s5-pursuit","duration":35.541,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/s5-pursuit.3b4426e7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"},{"id":"src.kal.nikolov2021"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.a2-order","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Put the three events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.order","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the three events in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.kal.letters","src.kal.villehardouin","src.kal.curta2006"],"items":[{"id":"ev-city","label":"The crusaders capture Constantinople."},{"id":"ev-crown","label":"Leo crowns Kaloyan at Tarnovo."},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Baldwin is captured near Adrianople."}],"explanation":"Constantinople is captured in April 1204. Kaloyan is crowned in November. Baldwin is captured in April 1205.","correctOrderIds":["ev-city","ev-crown","ev-battle"],"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"},{"id":"src.kal.curta2006"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.8114166666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.a2-order","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/a2-order.402e2d9d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"},{"id":"src.kal.curta2006"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.s6-prisoner","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"The prisoner and the tower","body":"The photograph shows Baldwin Tower on Tsarevets, the fortified hill at Tarnovo. Its appearance results from twentieth-century reconstruction. Tradition identifies it as the emperor’s prison. His precise prison location is unproven. An archaeological study suggests the medieval tower was probably built after the battle.\n\nBaldwin’s capture is attested. The story linking him to this particular tower is a legend.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-480.a5febeb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-960.a5febeb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-1063.a5febeb4.avif","w":1063}],"dominant":"#706e66","h":1600,"w":1063,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-960.a5febeb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-960.a5febeb4.webp","id":"asset.kal.baldwin-tower","alt":"The reconstructed Baldwin Tower. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison.","objectCaption":"A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison.","caption":"A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Андрей Романенко · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Андрей Романенко / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Андрей Романенко / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin_Tower,_view_from_below_01.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.823916666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.s6-prisoner","duration":25.941,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/s6-prisoner.00205a22.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"},{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.dermendzhiev2017"},{"id":"src.kal.tarnovo-municipality"},{"id":"src.kal.tsarevets-restoration"},{"id":"src.kal.commons.baldwin-tower"}]},{"id":"kaloyan-1205.a3-roles","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: who does what?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.kal.roles","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each participant to their role in the story.","sourceIds":["src.kal.letters","src.kal.villehardouin"],"items":[{"id":"m-leo","label":"Cardinal Leo","pairedLabel":"The papal envoy who crowns Kaloyan."},{"id":"m-baldwin","label":"Baldwin","pairedLabel":"The emperor captured near Adrianople."},{"id":"m-cumans","label":"The Cumans","pairedLabel":"Kaloyan’s mounted allies."}],"explanation":"Leo acts at the coronation, Baldwin is the prisoner after the battle, and the Cumans take part in pursuits and archery.","sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"}],"columns":["Item","Role"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.6140416666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.kaloyan-1205.kaloyan-1205.a3-roles","duration":3.712,"src":"/audio/en/kaloyan-1205/a3-roles.fce5ebec.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.kal.letters"},{"id":"src.kal.villehardouin"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_Roman_Walls_and_Macedonian_Tower_0210.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Dosseman","id":"src.kal.commons.adrianople-walls","authors":["Dosseman"],"title":"File:Edirne Roman Walls and Macedonian Tower 0210.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Съвременна снимка на зидове и основата на Македонската кула в Одрин, днешния Едирне. Отделните зидове не са датирани тук към обсадата от 1205 г. / A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin_Tower,_view_from_below_01.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Андрей Романенко","id":"src.kal.commons.baldwin-tower","authors":["Андрей Романенко"],"title":"File:Baldwin Tower, view from below 01.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Съвременна снимка на възстановена кула на Царевец. Преданието я свързва с Балдуин; снимката не доказва мястото на неговия затвор. / A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. Tradition links it to Baldwin; the photograph does not prove the location of his prison."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons","id":"src.kal.commons.constantinople-miniature","authors":["Loyset Liédet; reproduction via Wikimedia Commons"],"title":"File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Художествено изображение от петнадесети век, приписано на Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, лист 205r. Не е свидетелски образ от 1204 г. / An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-)","id":"src.kal.commons.constantinople-walls","authors":["Johann H. Addicks (-jha-)"],"title":"File:Theodosianische Landmauer in Istanbul.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Съвременна снимка в Истанбул със запазена и възстановена зидария. Не показва точката на пробива през 1204 г. / A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Sailko","id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-dublin","authors":["Sailko"],"title":"File:Sigillo di papa innocenzo III, da high street, dublino, 1198-1216 ca.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Според заглавието на снимката е на Инокентий III и е намерен в Дъблин. Виждат се Павел и Петър. / The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_,_Papal_bulla_of_Pope_Innocent_III_(FindID_891636).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust","id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-bulla-york","authors":["Rebecca Griffiths / York Museums Trust"],"title":"File:Medieval, Papal bulla of Pope Innocent III (FindID 891636).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; Portable Antiquities Scheme, York Museums Trust, record 891636","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Находка от Англия. Това не е печат от доказано писмо до Калоян. / An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_III_(Monastery_of_Subiaco).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown","id":"src.kal.commons.innocent-fresco","authors":["Carlo Raso; medieval painter unknown"],"title":"File:Pope Innocent III (Monastery of Subiaco).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Художествен образ, създаден след времето на Калоян. Авторът на стенописа е неизвестен; Carlo Raso е фотографът. / An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv)","id":"src.kal.commons.tsarevets-panorama","authors":["www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv)"],"title":"File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; media file description and imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Съвременен общ вид на укрепения хълм в Търново. Възстановените сгради не са непокътната средновековна столица. / A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43387","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.kal.coordinates.adrianople","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Adrianople: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"City reference coordinate only. Radius is an editorial display buffer, not a measured historical perimeter."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.kal.coordinates.constantinople","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Constantinople: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"City reference coordinate only. Radius is an editorial display buffer, not a measured historical perimeter."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.kal.coordinates.rome","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Rome: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"City reference coordinate only. Radius is an editorial display buffer, not a measured historical perimeter."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173474","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Tarnovo: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"City reference coordinate only. Radius is an editorial display buffer, not a measured historical perimeter."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":2006,"url":"https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/94524/frontmatter/9780521894524_frontmatter.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Florin Curta","id":"src.kal.curta2006","authors":["Florin Curta"],"title":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250","container":"Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press","pages":"xxv","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Sequence: Constantinople captured and papal coronation in 1204; Adrianople and Baldwin’s death in Bulgarian captivity assigned to 1205. Do not turn the latter into a certain month/day."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":2019,"url":"https://www.czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/sceranea/article/download/6651/6237","institutionOrAuthor":"Francesco Dall’Aglio","id":"src.kal.dallaglio2019","authors":["Francesco Dall’Aglio"],"title":"Rex or Imperator? Kalojan’s Royal Title in the Correspondence with Innocent III","container":"Studia Ceranea","volume":"9","pages":"171–185","doi":"10.18778/2084-140X.09.10","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Rex versus imperator; double translation; independent sovereignty as an interpretation. Distinguish papal recognition from a grant of imperial rank; do not flatten the November 1204 exceptions."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":2017,"url":"https://www.museumvt.com/uploads/editions/items/jkpe1kkvbpv/preview/2017_Tom32_%D0%9Eptimized_compressed.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Evgeni Dermendzhiev / Евгени Дерменджиев","id":"src.kal.dermendzhiev2017","authors":["Evgeni Dermendzhiev / Евгени Дерменджиев"],"title":"Югоизточно подградие на столичния Търновград или „Френкхисар“ – квартал на западноевропейски търговци","container":"Известия на Регионален исторически музей – Велико Търново","volume":"XXXII","pages":"63–132","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Tower association is a legend, not a documented prison address; late 13th/early 14th-century construction proposed; modern restoration discussed through the state before the early 1930s. Alternative locations are hypotheses."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1999,"url":"https://macedonia.kroraina.com/psb/psb_1.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Innocent III, Kaloyan and Archbishop Basil; Bulgarian translation Mihail Voynov and Ivan Duychev; notes Ivan Bozhilov; general editor Emil Iv. Dimitrov","id":"src.kal.letters","authors":["Innocent III, Kaloyan and Archbishop Basil; Bulgarian translation Mihail Voynov and Ivan Duychev; notes Ivan Bozhilov; general editor Emil Iv. Dimitrov"],"title":"Преписка на българите с папа Инокентий III","container":"Държава и църква през XIII век. Синодик на цар Борил. Sofia: Slavika; digital transcription at kroraina.com","pages":"8–9, 22–25, 34–35, 46–53","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Primary correspondence in a modern Bulgarian translation; crown and sceptre, banner with cross and keys, Basil’s oath, coronation date, appeal to release Baldwin. Independent paraphrase, no invented quotation."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://sas.fhn-shu.com/pdf/sas-08-2021.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Angel Nikolov","id":"src.kal.nikolov2021","authors":["Angel Nikolov"],"title":"Archaeological evidence of Bulgaria’s contacts with the Latin Empire and the Roman Church in the first half of the 13th century. Preliminary remarks","container":"Studia Academica Šumenensia. Shumen University Press","volume":"8","pages":"227–260","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Independent scholarly confirmation of 1204 coronation and 1205 capture, ecclesiastical union, Baldwin’s death at Tarnovo; material contacts do not by themselves prove a specific event."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","isPdf":true},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.veliko-tarnovo.bg/bg/zabelezhitelnosti/arhitekturno-muzeen-rezervat-tsarevets","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Велико Търново","id":"src.kal.tarnovo-municipality","authors":["Община Велико Търново"],"title":"Архитектурно-музеен резерват „Царевец“","container":"Official municipal website","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Capital and fortified hills; archaeological remains and modern restoration; photographs are present-day evidence, not a view of 1204."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.tsarevets.eu/page16.html","institutionOrAuthor":"ФиУеб ЕООД; unofficial informational website, explicitly unaffiliated with local authorities","id":"src.kal.tsarevets-restoration","authors":["ФиУеб ЕООД; unofficial informational website, explicitly unaffiliated with local authorities"],"title":"Царевец — Проучване и възстановяване","container":"Tsarevets.eu (unofficial site)","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Broad twentieth-century reconstruction date only. Lower-authority supporting page; exact year not selected. Museum article cites A. Rashenov, 1932–1934, on restoration, but that primary report has not been read."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":1908,"url":"https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/villehardouin.asp","institutionOrAuthor":"Geoffrey de Villehardouin; translated by Frank T. Marzials","id":"src.kal.villehardouin","authors":["Geoffrey de Villehardouin; translated by Frank T. Marzials"],"title":"Memoirs or Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the Conquest of Constantinople","container":"London: J. M. Dent,; Fordham University Internet Medieval Sourcebook","pages":"64–69, 87–102","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Participant narrative; perspective of a Latin commander. Capture, siege, pursuit, 14,000 Cumans as the chronicler’s claim, Baldwin captured alive, Louis killed, retreat and regency. Primary medieval text and 1908 translation are public domain."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout","src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-dublin-cutout-960.9d7b1104.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Papal seal in the National Museum of Ireland. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","w":1282,"h":1385,"caption":"The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","credit":"Sailko · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigillo_di_papa_innocenzo_III,_da_high_street,_dublino,_1198-1216_ca.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.kal.constantinople-miniature","src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-miniature-960.fb49281d.webp","alt":"The capture of Constantinople in a later miniature. An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. Not an eyewitness image from 1204.","w":1600,"h":996,"caption":"An artistic depiction from the fifteenth century attributed to Loyset Liédet, BnF Arsenal Ms 5090, folio 205r. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.kal.constantinople-walls","src":"/media/asset-kal-constantinople-walls-960.d73a5fbc.webp","alt":"The land walls of Constantinople. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204.","credit":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Johann H. Addicks (-jha-) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. A present-day photograph in Istanbul with surviving and restored masonry. It does not identify the point of entry in 1204. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.kal.innocent-fresco","src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-fresco-960.e4f98e1b.webp","alt":"Innocent III in a thirteenth-century fresco at Subiaco. An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. The painter is unknown; Carlo Raso is the photographer.","w":1295,"h":1600,"caption":"An artistic likeness made after Kaloyan’s time. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_III_(Monastery_of_Subiaco).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.kal.tsarevets-panorama","src":"/media/asset-kal-tsarevets-panorama-960.3ac86492.webp","alt":"Tsarevets: remains and reconstructions. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital.","w":1600,"h":456,"caption":"A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital.","credit":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com (Infobgv) / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day overview of the fortified hill at Tarnovo. The reconstructed buildings are not an intact medieval capital. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.kal.innocent-bulla-york","src":"/media/asset-kal-innocent-bulla-york-960.1be5401d.webp","alt":"Lead seal of Innocent III: two sides. An English find. This is not a seal from a documented letter to Kaloyan.","w":2400,"h":1372,"caption":"An English find. 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A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Dosseman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. A present-day photograph of walls and the base of the Macedonian Tower at Adrianople, now Edirne. Individual masonry phases are not assigned here to the siege of 1205. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_Roman_Walls_and_Macedonian_Tower_0210.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.kal.baldwin-tower","src":"/media/asset-kal-baldwin-tower-960.a5febeb4.webp","alt":"The reconstructed Baldwin Tower. A present-day photograph of a reconstructed tower at Tsarevets. 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Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin_Tower,_view_from_below_01.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Geographic context, without historical borders","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","visibleKind":"Geographic context, without historical borders","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Public domain · Natural Earth","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}}],"places":[{"note":"Also called Odrin in Bulgarian; today it is Edirne in Turkey. 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Papal seal in the National Museum of Ireland. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","objectCaption":"Papal bull","caption":"The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Sailko · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 3.0","attribution":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sailko / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. The photograph’s title attributes it to Innocent III and says it was found in Dublin. Paul and Peter are visible. Unmodified. 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