{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.krum-811","hasFind":true,"slug":"krum-811","url":"/en/stories/krum-811/","topic":"Krum and the battle of 811","title":"Krum, Nikephoros and a cup","summary":"Nikephoros takes the Bulgarian capital. Krum keeps resisting. A story of defeat, an unusual cup in the chronicles, and laws known only from a later text.","cover":{"title":"Krum, Nikephoros and a cup","subtitle":"Pliska and the defeat of 811","hook":"How does Nikephoros die?","summary":"Nikephoros takes the Bulgarian capital. Krum keeps resisting. A story of defeat, an unusual cup in the chronicles, and laws known only from a later text.","takeaway":"The death of Nikephoros is an established event. The cup and the laws need their sources named and their limits explained."},"sortYear":811,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom1","styleId":"tsardom1","sortOrder":5,"title":"First Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"681–1018","eraShort":"First Tsardom","slug":"tsardom1","fill":"#A68A68","ink":"#221616","raised":"#B39C7F","dark":"#786546"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom1","placeShort":"Pliska","date":"811","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-480.0872ca3e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-1600.0872ca3e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6b5e3f","h":1737,"w":1734,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found.","objectCaption":"Coin of Nikephoros I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"krum-811.s1-pliska","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Pliska burns","body":"In the summer of 811, Emperor Nikephoros I’s army takes Pliska, the Bulgarian capital. As it withdraws, wooden buildings are burned. But the Bulgarian ruler Krum has not been captured. Losing his capital does not end his resistance.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-480.1bd1feb4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-1600.1bd1feb4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8a8f8e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","id":"asset.krum.palace","alt":"The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899.","objectCaption":"The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-480.bd8e15dc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-1600.bd8e15dc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a7c6f","h":1064,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","id":"asset.krum.reserve","alt":"Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases.","objectCaption":"Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.bdmundo.com · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Anchor for a large archaeological site, not a palace pinpoint or the battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Pliska — archaeological city","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/en/map/#krum.pliska"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":16.048333333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.s1-pliska","duration":16.171,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/s1-pliska.2f7ebe29.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"},{"id":"src.krum.media.palace"},{"id":"src.krum.media.reserve"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s2-coin","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"A face on gold","body":"Look at the gold coin. It shows Nikephoros with a crown and a cross. An emperor rules an empire: a large state with many regions. Today we call his empire Byzantium. The coin is in a museum in Athens. We do not know where this coin was found.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-480.2e60b0f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-1600.2e60b0f1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#534832","h":1844,"w":1876,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","id":"asset.krum.coin","alt":"Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found.","objectCaption":"Coin of Nikephoros I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-coin-face","x":0.5,"y":0.43,"title":"The face","body":"Nikephoros shown on a coin. This is not a portrait drawn during the battle.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-crown","x":0.5,"y":0.24,"title":"The crown","body":"A crown with a cross appears above the face. This is an image of imperial authority.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-coin-cross","x":0.23,"y":0.34,"title":"The handheld cross","body":"On the left of the photograph is a cross with a long shaft. It is not a sword.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.coin"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":16.67525,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.s2-coin","duration":16.768,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/s2-coin.bd9d839b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.media.coin"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s3-pass","number":3,"kind":"map","title":"Wooden barriers in the mountains","body":"South of Pliska lie the Balkan Mountains. A pass is a way through mountains. Varbitsa Pass is a proposed location of the final battle. Other places are discussed too. The map therefore shows an approximate area, without an exact trail of the armies.\n\nTheophanes writes a chronicle: an account of events arranged by year. He reports that the Bulgars block exits with wooden barriers. The captured capital is behind the imperial army, but obstacles lie ahead. The accounts disagree about the campaign’s length.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-480.8ecf324d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-1600.8ecf324d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#848786","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","id":"asset.krum.road","alt":"Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield.","objectCaption":"Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-480.8f5e0841.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-1600.8f5e0841.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#74767a","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","id":"asset.krum.landscape","alt":"A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops.","objectCaption":"A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Anchor for a large archaeological site, not a palace pinpoint or the battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Pliska — archaeological city","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/en/map/#krum.pliska"},{"note":"This is the pass today. The battle may have taken place here. Other places are also discussed; the circle does not mark an established battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.varbitsa-pass","name":"Varbitsa Pass — possible battle area","latitude":42.9275,"longitude":26.6683333333,"radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.wikidata-pass","src.krum.runciman"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.varbitsa-pass","url":"/en/map/#krum.varbitsa-pass"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Anchor for a large archaeological site, not a palace pinpoint or the battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Pliska — archaeological city","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/en/map/#krum.pliska","number":1,"x":70.18405,"y":32.58537,"inside":true,"viewX":63.06669419354838,"viewY":41.772342058064524},{"note":"This is the pass today. 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Other places are also discussed; the circle does not mark an established battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.varbitsa-pass","name":"Varbitsa Pass — possible battle 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The army is defeated. Nikephoros dies in July 811. His son Staurakios is gravely wounded. Some soldiers manage to escape.\n\nWho exactly kills the emperor? The surviving accounts give no certain answer.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-480.06602151.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-1125.06602151.avif","w":1125}],"dominant":"#c2aa6e","h":1600,"w":1125,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","id":"asset.krum.campaign","alt":"Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures.","objectCaption":"Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:50-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":20.669083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.s4-defeat","duration":20.779,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/s4-defeat.54598b91.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.neville"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.pbe"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a1-evidence","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what is established?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.evidence","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What can we say confidently after the battle story?","sourceIds":["src.krum.nikolov","src.krum.runciman","src.krum.media.campaign"],"items":[{"id":"e-death","label":"Nikephoros dies in the defeat of 811."},{"id":"e-killer","label":"Krum personally kills Nikephoros.","whyWrong":"The accounts do not establish who kills him."},{"id":"e-point","label":"The place where Nikephoros was killed is known.","whyWrong":"Even the area of the final battle is debated."},{"id":"e-eyewitness","label":"An eyewitness painted the miniature in 811.","whyWrong":"It dates from the fourteenth century."}],"explanation":"The death of Nikephoros is established. The precise killer and location are not. A later picture cannot replace testimony from the time of the battle.","correctItemId":"e-death","sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.753375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.a1-evidence","duration":3.883,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/a1-evidence.36ae2376.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.campaign"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s5-cup","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"The vessel being offered","body":"In the miniature, Krum sits on the left; someone offers him a vessel from the right. A miniature is a small picture in a book. This one dates from the fourteenth century, centuries after the battle. Theophanes reports a cup made from Nikephoros’s skull, covered with silver outside. He says Slavic chiefs drank from it.\n\nWe do not know whether such a cup existed. The account may repeat older stories about enemies. The later picture cannot settle this question.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-480.852c1d5d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-1600.852c1d5d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#bf9c63","h":2400,"w":1785,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","id":"asset.krum.feast","alt":"Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object.","objectCaption":"Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-feast-ruler","x":0.23,"y":0.59,"title":"Krum in the picture","body":"The seated ruler on the left is Krum according to the miniature description. This is not a verified portrait made in his lifetime.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-vessel","x":0.64,"y":0.59,"title":"The offered vessel","body":"The standing figure holds a vessel. The image presents the cup story; it does not prove a real object’s material or shape.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast","src.krum.nikolov"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-feast-guests","x":0.45,"y":0.53,"title":"The guests","body":"People gather around the table. Their individual names have not been established here.","sourceIds":["src.krum.media.feast"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.751166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.s5-cup","duration":27.861,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/s5-cup.492476a5.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Arrange these events from earliest to latest.","sourceIds":["src.krum.pliska-museum","src.krum.nikolov","src.krum.media.feast"],"items":[{"id":"ev-pliska","label":"Nikephoros’s army takes Pliska"},{"id":"ev-defeat","label":"Nikephoros dies in battle"},{"id":"ev-miniature","label":"The feast miniature is painted"},{"id":"ev-excavations","label":"Excavations begin at Pliska"}],"explanation":"Pliska falls before the defeat in 811. The miniature dates from the fourteenth century. Excavations begin in 1899. This order does not require an exact count of days between capture and battle.","correctOrderIds":["ev-pliska","ev-defeat","ev-miniature","ev-excavations"],"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.521166666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.a2-timeline","duration":3.627,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/a2-timeline.87906912.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.nikolov"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]},{"id":"krum-811.s6-laws","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Orders in an old book","body":"For “Krum’s laws” we have only an account in the Suda, a tenth-century Byzantine encyclopedia. An encyclopedia is a book of many short articles. It describes penalties for false accusation and theft. It also tells of uprooting vines and sufficient help for people in need.\n\nAccording to the Suda, Krum issues these orders after speaking with captive Avars. The Avars were a people with their own state. We do not know whether this conversation happened. Krum’s actual laws have not survived.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-480.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-1600.5d5a4cc4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#cdcdcd","h":1158,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","id":"asset.krum.suda","alt":"Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws.","objectCaption":"Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SudaArist.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.990375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.s6-laws","duration":31.104,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/s6-laws.abe7185f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.suda"},{"id":"src.krum.naydenova"},{"id":"src.krum.runciman"},{"id":"src.krum.media.suda"}]},{"id":"krum-811.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match the roles","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.krum.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each name with its role in this story.","sourceIds":["src.krum.pliska-museum","src.krum.theophanes","src.krum.suda","src.krum.media.feast"],"items":[{"id":"m-pliska","label":"Pliska","pairedLabel":"The captured and burned capital"},{"id":"m-theophanes","label":"Theophanes","pairedLabel":"The chronicler who reports the cup"},{"id":"m-suda","label":"Suda","pairedLabel":"The encyclopedia with the laws account"},{"id":"m-miniature","label":"The feast miniature","pairedLabel":"A fourteenth-century picture"}],"explanation":"Pliska is the place. Theophanes is the chronicler. The Suda is the encyclopedia with the laws account. The miniature is a later picture of the feast.","sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.suda"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.196083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.krum-811.krum-811.a3-matching","duration":3.285,"src":"/audio/en/krum-811/a3-matching.35a670d9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.krum.pliska-museum"},{"id":"src.krum.theophanes"},{"id":"src.krum.suda"},{"id":"src.krum.media.feast"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2020,"url":"https://doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.2","institutionOrAuthor":"Kirił Marinow","id":"src.krum.marinow","title":"A scorched earth: The fate of the Bulgarian economic background during the expedition of Nikephoros I Genikos of 811","container":"Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia","volume":"27","pages":"17-46","doi":"10.14746/bp.2020.27.2","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Devastation; Theophanes allows at most six days in Bulgarian lands, anonymous account fifteen. Author interprets destruction as deliberate economic warfare rather than lost discipline."},"authors":["Kirił Marinow"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:50-manasses-chronicle.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962)","id":"src.krum.media.campaign","title":"File:50-manasses-chronicle.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Miniature 50, fourteenth century; Commons describes the campaign and capture of Nikephoros. A later drawing, not evidence of the manner of his death. PD-Art; painter unknown."},"authors":["Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962)"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Francesco Bini","id":"src.krum.media.coin","title":"File:Monete bizantine della collezione di louise riancourt, 41 niceforo I.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Photograph of Byzantine coins in the Numismatic Museum of Athens, Francesco Bini, CC BY-SA 4.0. No findspot or museum inventory number supplied; battlefield provenance unknown."},"authors":["Francesco Bini"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51-manasses-chronicle.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962)","id":"src.krum.media.feast","title":"File:51-manasses-chronicle.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Media identity and free licence, not independent evidence for the historical event."},"authors":["Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962)"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Svilen Enev","id":"src.krum.media.palace","title":"File:Ruins in Pliska Palace 9.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Svilen Enev photograph of the palace area at Pliska today; CC BY-SA 3.0. Does not date individual walls or establish the fire scene."},"authors":["Svilen Enev"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"www.bdmundo.com","id":"src.krum.media.reserve","title":"File:National Historical and Archaeological Preserve Pliska (23607833594).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Present-day archaeological reserve photograph by www.bdmundo.com, CC BY-SA 2.0; modern site context, not a scene from 811."},"authors":["www.bdmundo.com"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SudaArist.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica","id":"src.krum.media.suda","title":"File:SudaArist.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Media identity and free licence, not independent evidence for the historical event."},"authors":["Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2006,"url":"https://www.starobulglit.eu/issues/35/167-Naydenova.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Десислава Найденова","id":"src.krum.naydenova","title":"Историческата достоверност на Лексикона „Суда“ като източник за законодателството на хан Крум","container":"Старобългарска литература. Институт за литература, БАН","issue":"35-36","pages":"167-180","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Laws lack independent confirmation. Author argues for legendary basis and moral exemplum; rejects reliable inference about post-conversion Bulgarian law."},"authors":["Десислава Найденова"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"container":"bg"}},{"year":2018,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139626880.008","institutionOrAuthor":"Leonora Neville","id":"src.krum.neville","title":"Chronicle of 811","container":"Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing. Cambridge University Press","pages":"81-84","doi":"10.1017/9781139626880.008","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Anonymous account; Pliska sacked, attack while soldiers slept, emperor killed, Staurakios mortally wounded; moral framing; disputed composition date; Vaticanus Graecus 2014."},"authors":["Leonora Neville"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2009,"url":"https://www.balkanstudies.bg/images/TEXT_Sbornik_Kochev_.%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_1.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Ангел Николов","id":"src.krum.nikolov","title":"Хан Крум във византийската традиция: страшни слухове, дезинформация и политическа пропаганда","container":"Щрихи към балканското средновековие: Изследвания в памет на проф. Николай Кочев. София: Институт по балканистика, БАН / Парадигма","volume":"Studia balcanica 27","pages":"107-116","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"26 July 811; uncertain manner of death; skull story transmission; Beševliev accepts it, Dujčev cautious; Nikolov argues literary hostile tradition."},"authors":["Ангел Николов"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5668255","institutionOrAuthor":"OpenStreetMap contributors","id":"src.krum.osm-pliska","title":"Pliska outer city","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Coordinates only. Centroid of large site, not palace pinpoint. Editorial 4000 m radius encompasses site."},"authors":["OpenStreetMap contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D47/F56.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire, King’s College London","id":"src.krum.pbe","title":"Krum 1","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Krum as ruler; Serdika 809; peace offers; capture of Pliska; 26 July 811; skull story attributed to Theophanes."},"authors":["Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire, King’s College London"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://museum-shumen.eu/ova_sev/ниар-плиска/","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – Шумен","id":"src.krum.pliska-museum","title":"НИАР „Плиска“","container":"РИМ – Шумен, official site","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Capital, capture and burning of wooden buildings in 811, subsequent stone construction, excavations 1899, conserved ruins today. Does not date every photographed stone to 811."},"authors":["Регионален исторически музей – Шумен"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":1930,"url":"https://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/sr/sr_2_1.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Steven Runciman","id":"src.krum.runciman","title":"A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Book II, Chapter I: An Emperor’s Skull","container":"London: G. Bell & Sons","pages":"57, 69-70","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Varbitsa proposed; alternatives Veregava and nearer Pliska. Older acceptance of a core of legal reform contrasted with Naydenova. No precise battlefield inferred."},"authors":["Steven Runciman"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2012,"url":"https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/beta/423","institutionOrAuthor":"Anonymous Byzantine compilers; translated by Kiril Galev; edited by David Whitehead","id":"src.krum.suda","title":"Suda: Bulgars","container":"Suda On Line, University of Kentucky","pages":"Adler beta 423","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Source report for laws: Avar captives, accusations, thieves and helpers, vines, sufficient aid. Not a surviving Bulgarian code."},"authors":["Anonymous Byzantine compilers; translated by Kiril Galev; edited by David Whitehead"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":1883,"url":"https://byzantium.gr/keimena/theofanis4.php","institutionOrAuthor":"Theophanes Confessor; ed. Carl de Boor","id":"src.krum.theophanes","title":"Theophanis chronographia","container":"Leipzig: B. G. Teubner","volume":"I","pages":"AM 6303","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Primary report of peace offers, treasury, burning and skull with silver on the outside. A report is not proof of every detail."},"authors":["Theophanes Confessor; ed. Carl de Boor"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226056","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.krum.wikidata-pass","title":"Varbitsa Pass","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Modern pass coordinates only. Difference about 3 km retained; 5000 m editorial radius not proof of battle location."},"authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.krum.coin-cutout","src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-cutout-960.0872ca3e.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found.","w":1734,"h":1737,"caption":"","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.palace","src":"/media/asset-krum-palace-960.1bd1feb4.webp","alt":"The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Svilen Enev · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Svilen Enev. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. The palace area at Pliska today. Photograph by Svilen Enev. Conserved stone remains are visible. After the fire, the city was rebuilt and changed; stone buildings replaced wooden ones. Excavations here began in 1899. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Pliska_Palace_9.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.reserve","src":"/media/asset-krum-reserve-960.bd8e15dc.webp","alt":"Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases.","w":1600,"h":1064,"caption":"","credit":"www.bdmundo.com · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"www.bdmundo.com. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Present-day view of the Pliska archaeological reserve. Ruins and conserved masonry from different building phases. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Historical_and_Archaeological_Preserve_Pliska_(23607833594).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.coin","src":"/media/asset-krum-coin-960.2e60b0f1.webp","alt":"Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found.","w":1876,"h":1844,"caption":"","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.road","src":"/media/asset-krum-road-960.8ecf324d.webp","alt":"Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield.","w":1600,"h":1216,"caption":"","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Varbitsa Pass today, photographed by Izvora. Modern road and woodland; not an identified exact battlefield. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.landscape","src":"/media/asset-krum-landscape-960.8f5e0841.webp","alt":"A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops.","w":1600,"h":1216,"caption":"","credit":"Izvora · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Izvora. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. A second present-day view of Varbitsa Pass. Supplementary terrain view, with no reconstruction of troops. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varbishki_prohod_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.campaign","src":"/media/asset-krum-campaign-960.06602151.webp","alt":"Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures.","w":1125,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 50 from the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Nikephoros’s campaign and a scene described as his capture. This is a later account in pictures. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:50-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.feast","src":"/media/asset-krum-feast-960.852c1d5d.webp","alt":"Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object.","w":1785,"h":2400,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown fourteenth-century illuminator; scan from Ivan Dujcev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (1962). Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Miniature 51 in the Manasses Chronicle, fourteenth century. Krum with guests and a vessel being offered; a later image of the cup story, not evidence of a surviving object. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.krum.suda","src":"/media/asset-krum-suda-960.5d5a4cc4.webp","alt":"Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws.","w":1600,"h":1158,"caption":"","credit":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous compilers; Milan printers Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Joannes Bissolus and Benedictus Mangius; digitisation via Gallica. Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Page 144 of the Suda printed in Milan in 1499, via Gallica and Commons. This is the entry on Aristotle, not the account of Krum’s laws. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SudaArist.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"map-relief","src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","thumb":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","alt":"Geographic context, without historical borders","w":3072,"h":1987,"caption":"","kindLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","visibleKind":"Geographic context, without historical borders","credit":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso · Public domain · Natural Earth","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Tom Patterson · Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso","attributionParts":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-raster-data/10m-gray-earth/","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}}],"places":[{"note":"Anchor for a large archaeological site, not a palace pinpoint or the battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.krum.pliska","name":"Pliska — archaeological city","latitude":43.3873319,"longitude":27.1147236,"radiusMeters":4000,"sourceIds":["src.krum.osm-pliska","src.krum.pliska-museum"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"krum.pliska","url":"/en/map/#krum.pliska"},{"note":"This is the pass today. 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Museum case at Pliska: a broken handled vessel on the left and a ceramic fragment on the right. Exact dates and find contexts of individual objects have not been established.","objectCaption":"Jug fragment","caption":"Museum case at Pliska: a broken handled vessel on the left and a ceramic fragment on the right. Exact dates and find contexts of individual objects have not been established.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. 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Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found.","objectCaption":"Coin of Nikephoros I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. 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The text is here.","bookmark.add":"Save story","bookmark.inSaved":"In Saved","bookmark.remove":"Remove saved story","bookmark.removed":"Bookmark removed","credit.title":"Images","discover.audioMinutes %lld":"%lld min","discover.mapLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","player.approximate":"Approximate location","player.back":"Back","player.completed":"A new find for your collection","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Details (%lld)","player.explanation":"Why is that?","player.finish":"Finish","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Correct on the first attempt","player.firstOther":"The first attempt is recorded. Retrying is practice.","player.interpretation":"Interpretation","player.matchHint":"Tap a term on the left, then a meaning on the right. 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