{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.magura-cave","hasFind":true,"slug":"magura-cave","url":"/en/stories/magura-cave/","topic":"Magura Cave","title":"Bat paint, signs for time","summary":"Dark figures made with bat guano, scenes interpreted as hunting, and a possible calendar. We look at visible shapes and their proposed meanings.","cover":{"title":"Bat paint, signs for time","subtitle":"The paintings of Magura near Rabisha","hook":"A calendar made with bat droppings?","summary":"Dark figures made with bat guano, scenes interpreted as hunting, and a possible calendar. We look at visible shapes and their proposed meanings.","takeaway":"The paintings are real traces, but their meaning remains open to investigation. The difference between “I see a circle” and “this is a calendar” is part of what Magura teaches us to notice."},"sortYear":-3000,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.bronze","styleId":"bronze","sortOrder":7,"title":"Bronze Age","dateLabel":"4th–2nd millennia BC · approximate","eraShort":"Bronze Age","slug":"bronze","fill":"#7A5E4C","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#6A5242","dark":"#705E51"},"epochId":"epoch.bronze","placeShort":"Rabisha","date":"Copper–Bronze Age","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.avif","w":436}],"dominant":"#8c6d58","h":733,"w":436,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","w":436}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-cutout-436.4443d7a3.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting-cutout","alt":"An isolated silhouette from a Magura wall painting; not a portable object.","objectCaption":"Painted figure","caption":"A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"magura-cave.s1-guano","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Paint from the cave","body":"Dark figures of people, animals and signs are painted on the pale wall. Their paint was made with bat guano. Guano means accumulated bat droppings. The marks are still here.\n\nWe are in Magura, near Rabisha village in Vidin district. Hundreds of images cover part of the cave. We do not know the painters’ names. We can look closely at what they left. Find a figure with raised arms. Then find an animal beside the person in the lower row. What might these figures be doing?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Dark human and animal figures in two rows on rock.","objectCaption":"Painted figure","caption":"A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.192375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.magura-cave.magura-cave.s1-guano","duration":28.288,"src":"/audio/en/magura-cave/s1-guano.e2e5fde1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.mitova2017"},{"id":"src.mag.unesco1984"},{"id":"src.mag.museum.cave"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s2-dating","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"How old are the paintings?","body":"The paintings are thousands of years old. Researchers propose different dates. One scholarly overview places them in the fifth–third millennia before Christ. A millennium means a thousand years. Earlier dates have also been proposed. We cannot give every figure the same date. Old guano and repainting can make dating difficult. A dwelling found here does not date every painting. A connection between them needs to be established.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate entrance area. The point does not locate the underground painting gallery.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Magura Cave — entrance","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/en/map/#mag.cave"},{"note":"Lake reference point, not a shoreline access point.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Rabisha Lake","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/en/map/#mag.lake"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate entrance area. The point does not locate the underground painting gallery.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.cave","name":"Magura Cave — entrance","latitude":43.727842,"longitude":22.5826747,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.mag.osm","src.mag.wikidata.cave","src.mag.unesco1984"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/magura-cave/","slug":"mag.cave","url":"/en/map/#mag.cave","number":1,"x":13.53343,"y":23.50252,"inside":true,"viewX":16.76399070967742,"viewY":30.128714348387103},{"note":"Lake reference point, not a shoreline access point.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mag.lake","name":"Rabisha Lake","latitude":43.73888889,"longitude":22.585,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.mag.wikidata.lake","src.mag.museum.research"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/lake-rabisha/","slug":"mag.lake","url":"/en/map/#mag.lake","number":2,"x":13.5625,"y":23.20699,"inside":true,"viewX":25.76399070967742,"viewY":36.128714348387106}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Veliko 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Above them are figures with arms over their heads. Sometimes the arms form a circle. Some bodies look like two joined triangles.\n\nResearchers read these groups as hunting, dancing or ritual. A ritual is an action people repeat because of their beliefs. But the wall preserves no explanation from its painters. We cannot name the festival or the people. Look at the shape first. Then decide what is visible and what we add as an interpretation.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-480.0266d1e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-1600.0266d1e6.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-2400.0266d1e6.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e7468","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-hunting-960.0266d1e6.webp","id":"asset.mag.hunting","alt":"Dark human and animal figures in two rows on rock.","objectCaption":"Painted figure","caption":"A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. A composition interpreted as hunting and dancing. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_hunting_scene_1519.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-person","x":0.369,"y":0.755,"title":"Human figure","body":"A figure with outstretched arms in the lower row. Calling it a hunter interprets the scene.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-animal","x":0.488,"y":0.741,"title":"Four-legged animal","body":"A four-legged animal stands beside the human figure. We do not assign a precise species from this silhouette.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-raised","x":0.398,"y":0.251,"title":"Raised arms","body":"The upper figure has arms above its head. A dance or ritual is a possible reading, not the painter’s surviving account.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.hunting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.55770833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.magura-cave.magura-cave.s3-figures","duration":32.683,"src":"/audio/en/magura-cave/s3-figures.5636c4aa.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.hunting"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.figures"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s4-calendar","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"The circle with rays","body":"Another wall has a large circle with rays. Below it, dark and light squares alternate. T-shaped signs stand nearby. The circle is interpreted as the sun. The T-shapes have been compared with axes, but that too is uncertain.\n\nIn one interpretation, this is a calendar: signs mark days and festivals. The calendar meaning is a proposed interpretation. You can count marks in the photograph. That alone cannot establish how the painter counted them. What else would you need to accept the calendar reading?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-480.ed7f21ce.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-1600.ed7f21ce.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-2400.ed7f21ce.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#7e6f5d","h":1349,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-calendar-960.ed7f21ce.webp","id":"asset.mag.calendar","alt":"Dark circles with rays, T-shaped signs and a row of squares on pale rock.","objectCaption":"The signs called a calendar","caption":"The signs called a calendar","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Octopus at Slovenian Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. The signs called a calendar. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magura_cave_calendar_1528.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hmag-rays","x":0.535,"y":0.565,"title":"Rayed circle","body":"A circle with lines radiating outwards. It is interpreted as a solar sign.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-checks","x":0.489,"y":0.75,"title":"Row of squares","body":"Alternating dark and light spaces form part of the calendar reading. Their counting is uncertain.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hmag-t","x":0.35,"y":0.471,"title":"T-shaped sign","body":"The shape is visible. Comparing such signs to axes is a hypothesis.","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.258916666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.magura-cave.magura-cave.s4-calendar","duration":30.379,"src":"/audio/en/magura-cave/s4-calendar.5e53ed4e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.a1-reading","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what does the circle prove","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.mag.reading","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What can we say about the “calendar”?","sourceIds":["src.mag.arca2014","src.mag.photo.calendar"],"items":[{"id":"opt-reading","label":"It is a possible reading of the signs."},{"id":"opt-agreed","label":"The photograph itself proves this is a calendar.","whyWrong":"The photograph shows the shapes but does not prove their meaning."},{"id":"opt-count","label":"The painter’s method for counting the signs is known.","whyWrong":"Our total does not establish the ancient counting method."}],"explanation":"The circle and squares are visible. Their calendar meaning is an interpretation.","correctItemId":"opt-reading","sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.4182083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.magura-cave.magura-cave.a1-reading","duration":2.517,"src":"/audio/en/magura-cave/a1-reading.4bf666e4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mag.arca2014"},{"id":"src.mag.photo.calendar"}]},{"id":"magura-cave.s5-care","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Protecting the paintings","body":"In 1984, Magura was submitted to UNESCO’s Tentative List. UNESCO supports education, science and culture. This list contains possible future World Heritage sites. A 2017 paper reports restricted public access from 2008. Supervised visits were allowed. Reasons included deliberate damage and changes from visitors and lighting. During the study, visible groups of fungi grew in guano deposits. Fungi were scarce on painted walls. The authors recommend monitoring rather than usual chemicals against fungi.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-480.5f9091a1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-960.5f9091a1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-1600.5f9091a1.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6d3c15","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-960.5f9091a1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mag-panel-960.5f9091a1.webp","id":"asset.mag.panel","alt":"Painted wall and modern lighting","objectCaption":"Painted wall and modern lighting","caption":"Painted wall and modern lighting","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Painted wall and modern lighting. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Unmodified. Painted wall and modern lighting. 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