{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.melnik","hasFind":true,"slug":"melnik","url":"/en/stories/melnik/","topic":"Melnik","title":"Melnik: walls, sand and wine","summary":"A despot ruled from Melnik. Later, merchants exported its wine, according to a tourism brochure. A wall, a barrel and sandy slopes help separate evidence from suggestions.","cover":{"title":"Melnik: walls, sand and wine","subtitle":"From Slav’s capital to barrels of wine","hook":"What can a Melnik barrel tell us?","summary":"A despot ruled from Melnik. Later, merchants exported its wine, according to a tourism brochure. A wall, a barrel and sandy slopes help separate evidence from suggestions.","takeaway":"Melnik preserves traces of different centuries. Not every old wall belongs to Slav’s time, and the sand pyramids are natural landforms."},"sortYear":1215,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Main period: Second Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Main period: Second Tsardom","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Melnik","date":"13th–19th c.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-cutout-480.3c4b7766.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-cutout-960.3c4b7766.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-cutout-1600.3c4b7766.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-cutout-2400.3c4b7766.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#725e51","h":1905,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-cutout-960.3c4b7766.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-cutout-960.3c4b7766.webp","id":"asset.mel.bolyar.facade-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Surviving Bolyar House façade: stonework below, brick ornament and window openings.","objectCaption":"Bolyar wall","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Cut-out detail; background removed. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Cut-out detail; background removed. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_%27Byzantine_House%27,_Melnik_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"melnik.s1-small-town","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"The barrel at Kordopulov House","body":"A huge wooden barrel stands before you. It is inside Kordopulov House in Melnik. This barrel suggests work for many hands. Grapes must be harvested, juice made into wine, and wine sold. The barrel is a storage container. Merchants used other containers for transport, according to the brochure Wine tours in Bulgaria. How did they carry the wine?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-barrel-480.9b4356b7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-barrel-960.9b4356b7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-barrel-1200.9b4356b7.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#4a3d31","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-barrel-960.9b4356b7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-barrel-960.9b4356b7.webp","id":"asset.mel.kordopulov.barrel","alt":"Large wooden barrel at Kordopulov House, partly obscured by a timber support, with visitors in front.","objectCaption":"Large wooden barrel at Kordopulov House, partly obscured by a timber support, with visitors in front.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Kordopulov_House_037.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.8185,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.melnik.melnik.s1-small-town","duration":21.931,"src":"/audio/en/melnik/s1-small-town.194680bb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.tourism-house"},{"id":"src.mel.wine-tours"}]},{"id":"melnik.s2-slav","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Slav rules from Melnik","body":"In the early thirteenth century Alexius Slav ruled from Melnik. The town was the capital of his lands. A capital is the place from which a ruler governs. Melnik did not become the capital of the whole Bulgarian kingdom. Slav held the title despot. This was a high rank for a ruler.\n\nAbove the town is high, flat ground called St Nicholas plateau. Archaeologists have investigated a fortified home of the rulers there.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-overview-480.523f1b8d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-overview-960.523f1b8d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-overview-1600.523f1b8d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#68665a","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-overview-960.523f1b8d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-overview-960.523f1b8d.webp","id":"asset.mel.bolyar.overview","alt":"View over the surviving walls of the Bolyar House towards the present town.","objectCaption":"View over the surviving walls of the Bolyar House towards the present town.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_%27Byzantine_House%27,_Melnik_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.498833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.melnik.melnik.s2-slav","duration":25.6,"src":"/audio/en/melnik/s2-slav.832792d9.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.naim2022"},{"id":"src.mel.nesheva2008"},{"id":"src.mel.bulletin2016"}]},{"id":"melnik.s3-bolyar","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Brick patterns on Bolyar House","body":"The Bolyar House stands on Chatal hill. A bolyar was someone from a powerful family with authority in the Middle Ages. Look at the wall: stone below, brick patterns above, openings for windows. Its name does not tell us who built each part.\n\nOne archaeological interpretation suggests the earlier tower may have been Slav’s home. The house was added later. There are different views about the building’s age. The photograph alone cannot date each part.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-480.cb019e5d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-960.cb019e5d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-1600.cb019e5d.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-2400.cb019e5d.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#89898e","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-960.cb019e5d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-bolyar-facade-960.cb019e5d.webp","id":"asset.mel.bolyar.facade","alt":"Surviving Bolyar House façade: stonework below, brick ornament and window openings.","objectCaption":"Bolyar wall","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece., Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_%27Byzantine_House%27,_Melnik_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-masonry","x":0.36,"y":0.73,"title":"Stone","body":"Stones of different sizes are visible below. The photograph does not date each of them.","sourceIds":["src.mel.photo.bolyar-facade","src.mel.nesheva2009"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-bricks","x":0.445,"y":0.233,"title":"Brick ornament","body":"Bricks form a pattern above the stonework. The visible decoration alone does not establish who built it.","sourceIds":["src.mel.photo.bolyar-facade","src.mel.nesheva2009"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-window","x":0.535,"y":0.35,"title":"Window opening","body":"An opening with a brick arch is visible in the surviving façade. We are looking at the remains today, rather than a reconstructed room.","sourceIds":["src.mel.photo.bolyar-facade","src.mel.nesheva2009"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.157541666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.melnik.melnik.s3-bolyar","duration":28.288,"src":"/audio/en/melnik/s3-bolyar.a28c1a44.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.nesheva2009"},{"id":"src.mel.dermendzhiev2020"}]},{"id":"melnik.a1-title","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what is a despot","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.mel.title","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What does “despot” mean for Slav in this story?","sourceIds":["src.mel.nesheva2008"],"items":[{"id":"opt-rank","label":"A high rank held by a ruler."},{"id":"opt-wine","label":"A wine merchant.","whyWrong":"Trade belongs to the later part of the story; despot is a title."},{"id":"opt-monk","label":"A monk who paints icons.","whyWrong":"Slav governs a domain; this is not a monastery office."}],"explanation":"It is the ruler’s high title.","correctItemId":"opt-rank","sources":[{"id":"src.mel.nesheva2008"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.2773333333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.melnik.melnik.a1-title","duration":3.371,"src":"/audio/en/melnik/a1-title.788b7d8d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.nesheva2008"}]},{"id":"melnik.s4-landscape","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"Water shapes the pyramids","body":"Sand pyramids rise around Melnik. No ruler built them. River water and rain wash particles out of the crumbly rocks. Sandstone is rock made of sand grains. Water shapes the steep slopes this way. Small new pyramids keep forming.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-pyramids-karlanovo-480.3835e19e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-pyramids-karlanovo-960.3835e19e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-pyramids-karlanovo-1600.3835e19e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#394140","h":1071,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-pyramids-karlanovo-960.3835e19e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-pyramids-karlanovo-960.3835e19e.webp","id":"asset.mel.pyramids.karlanovo","alt":"Pale eroded pinnacles near Karlanovo with vegetation at their base.","objectCaption":"Pale eroded pinnacles near Karlanovo with vegetation at their base.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Dreamsdestroyer · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Dreamsdestroyer, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image. 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Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Спасимир, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Processed image. 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The Ministry of Tourism dates the church’s completion after rebuilding to 1732.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mel.rozhen","name":"Rozhen Monastery","latitude":41.530277777778,"longitude":23.426388888889,"radiusMeters":80,"sourceIds":["src.mel.coordinates-rozhen","src.mel.tourism-rozhen","src.mel.municipality-rozhen","src.mel.nesheva2008"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/rozhen-monastery/","slug":"mel.rozhen","url":"/en/map/#mel.rozhen"},{"note":"Approximate location of the surviving walls.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mel.bolyar","name":"Bolyar House","latitude":41.523774,"longitude":23.395815,"radiusMeters":50,"sourceIds":["src.mel.coordinates-bolyar"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#bolyar-house","slug":"mel.bolyar","url":"/en/map/#mel.bolyar"},{"note":"Approximate location marker.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mel.kordopulov","name":"Kordopulov House","latitude":41.52305556,"longitude":23.39833333,"radiusMeters":60,"sourceIds":["src.mel.coordinates-house"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/kordopulov-house/","slug":"mel.kordopulov","url":"/en/map/#mel.kordopulov"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate location marker.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mel.town","name":"Melnik","latitude":41.522792,"longitude":23.391049,"radiusMeters":800,"sourceIds":["src.mel.coordinates-town"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"mel.town","url":"/en/map/#mel.town","number":1,"x":23.63811,"y":81.4414,"inside":true,"viewX":29.28075561290323,"viewY":76.20907212903225},{"note":"Approximate area of the natural formations.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.mel.pyramids","name":"Melnik Earth Pyramids","latitude":41.52615,"longitude":23.39687,"radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.mel.mgu-pyramids"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"mel.pyramids","url":"/en/map/#mel.pyramids","number":2,"x":23.71087,"y":81.3547,"inside":true,"viewX":38.280755612903235,"viewY":82.20907212903225},{"note":"Rozhen Monastery has a church called the Nativity of the Virgin. 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A cellar is a wine storage room. Here it is cut into rock. The brochure says wine stays cooler underground.\n\nIt describes merchants from the city of Dubrovnik. They carried wine in caravans: groups of pack animals. According to the brochure, the cargo travelled in skins, bags of animal hide, on mules and horses. It mentions markets in Thessaloniki and Venice, a city in Italy.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-exterior-480.77f60718.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-exterior-960.77f60718.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-exterior-1600.77f60718.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#747471","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-exterior-960.77f60718.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-kordopulov-exterior-960.77f60718.webp","id":"asset.mel.kordopulov.exterior","alt":"Kordopulov House: white upper part, dark windows and stone lower storeys.","objectCaption":"Kordopulov House: white upper part, dark windows and stone lower storeys.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vislupus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Vislupus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. 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The rebuilt church was completed in 1732. Kordopulov House was built in 1754. Both dates fall in the eighteenth century.","correctOrderIds":["ev-capital","ev-church","ev-house"],"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.naim2022"},{"id":"src.mel.tourism-rozhen"},{"id":"src.mel.tourism-house"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.347,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.melnik.melnik.a2-timeline","duration":3.456,"src":"/audio/en/melnik/a2-timeline.ca6594b6.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.naim2022"},{"id":"src.mel.tourism-rozhen"},{"id":"src.mel.tourism-house"}]},{"id":"melnik.s6-today","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Walls, barrels and a table","body":"At the Bolyar House, look for brick patterns on the surviving outer wall. At Kordopulov House, notice the white upper part above the stone storeys. Inside are large barrels and a rock-cut cellar.\n\nAt Rozhen, look at the courtyard and the refectory, a room for shared meals. The photograph shows its long table. Then compare the built walls with the surrounding sandy slopes. People made the walls. Water shapes the pyramids.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-rozhen-refectory-480.64738383.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-rozhen-refectory-960.64738383.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-mel-rozhen-refectory-1600.64738383.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7c4e3c","h":1068,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-mel-rozhen-refectory-960.64738383.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-mel-rozhen-refectory-960.64738383.webp","id":"asset.mel.rozhen.refectory","alt":"Long wooden table and benches in Rozhen Monastery refectory; painted fragments survive on the walls.","objectCaption":"Long wooden table and benches in Rozhen Monastery refectory; painted fragments survive on the walls.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Wouter Hagens · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Wouter Hagens, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. 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Water shapes the pyramids. The barrel stores wine. The long table stands in the refectory.","sources":[{"id":"src.mel.nesheva2009"},{"id":"src.mel.mgu-pyramids"},{"id":"src.mel.tourism-house"},{"id":"src.mel.municipality-rozhen"},{"id":"src.mel.photo.rozhen-refectory"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.6024166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.melnik.melnik.a3-matching","duration":3.712,"src":"/audio/en/melnik/a3-matching.e9fad5df.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.mel.nesheva2009"},{"id":"src.mel.mgu-pyramids"},{"id":"src.mel.tourism-house"},{"id":"src.mel.municipality-rozhen"},{"id":"src.mel.photo.rozhen-refectory"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2016,"url":"https://www.tourism.government.bg/sites/tourism.government.bg/files/ministry_of_tourism_bulletin_45.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Министерство на туризма на Република България","id":"src.mel.bulletin2016","title":"Открий и сподели… град Мелник","container":"Информационен бюлетин на Министерството на туризма","issue":"45","pages":"7","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Alternative 1215 capital date; eighteenth-century commercial revival and listed markets including Venice."},"authors":["Министерство на туризма на Република България"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.uni-vt.bg/res/11738/35._Evgeni_Dermendzhiev.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Евгени Дерменджиев","id":"src.mel.dermendzhiev2020","title":"„Къщата на госпожда Бойка“ във Велико Търново","container":"Владетел, държава и църква на Балканите през Средновековието. 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Дерменджиев (2020), с. 483, съобщава и мнение за XVII век. Пълният първоначален аргумент за тази датировка не е проверен. / Nesheva connects the earlier tower with Slav and dates the annex to the late fourteenth century. Dermendzhiev (2020), p. 483, also reports a seventeenth-century opinion; its underlying full argument was not consulted."},"authors":["Виолета Нешева"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rozhen_Monastery_03.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Wouter Hagens","id":"src.mel.photo.rozhen-refectory","title":"Rozhen Monastery 03.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Photographic appearance of the modern site/object only; photo licensing via CC BY-SA 4.0. 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