{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.nikopol-1396","hasFind":true,"slug":"nikopol-1396","url":"/en/stories/nikopol-1396/","topic":"Nikopol","title":"Why did the crusade stop at Nicopolis?","summary":"Sigismund gathers allies against Ottoman expansion. Following the Danube, the army reaches Vidin and Nicopolis. A period helmet and a captive’s account guide us through the events.","cover":{"title":"Why did the crusade stop at Nicopolis?","subtitle":"Sigismund, Bayezid and the battle of 1396","hook":"Why do the allies lose at Nicopolis?","summary":"Sigismund gathers allies against Ottoman expansion. Following the Danube, the army reaches Vidin and Nicopolis. A period helmet and a captive’s account guide us through the events.","takeaway":"In our view, the argument before the attack shows how hard joint action is for the allies. The defeat strengthens Ottoman power, but does not reduce the fate of all Bulgarian lands to a single date."},"sortYear":1396,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Second Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Second Tsardom","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Nikopol","date":"1396","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-480.d422969e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-1205.d422969e.avif","w":1205}],"dominant":"#605650","h":1881,"w":1205,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-cutout-960.d422969e.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Pointed steel helmet with a face opening and small holes across its surface.","objectCaption":"Helmet","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown Italian craftsman; photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},"scenes":[{"id":"nikopol-1396.s1-allies","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sigismund gathers allies","body":"In 1396 Hungary’s king Sigismund gathers an army against the Ottomans, the sultan’s subjects. Sultan is their ruler’s title. French knights arrive. A knight is a warrior from the nobility: people with special rights. He usually trains to fight on horseback. Jean de Nevers leads fighters from Burgundy, a territory in Western Europe. Not all are knights. This is a crusade: a war for a Christian cause, supported by the pope. The participants have different goals.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-480.af78c3a8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-1067.af78c3a8.avif","w":1067}],"dominant":"#503316","h":1600,"w":1067,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sigismund-960.af78c3a8.webp","id":"asset.nik.sigismund","alt":"Painted portrait of a bearded Sigismund wearing a fur hat.","objectCaption":"Painted portrait of a bearded Sigismund wearing a fur hat.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Drawing","kind":"artwork","visibleKind":"Drawing","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown artist; formerly attributed to Pisanello. Photo: Vassil. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-480.f374fb5e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-1217.f374fb5e.avif","w":1217}],"dominant":"#b9ad9a","h":1600,"w":1217,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","id":"asset.nik.bayezid","alt":"Engraved portrait of Bayezid I wearing a turban.","objectCaption":"Engraved portrait of Bayezid I wearing a turban.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayezid_I,_sultano.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.537583333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s1-allies","duration":30.635,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/s1-allies.da0882bf.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.met.knights"},{"id":"src.nik.image.sigismund"},{"id":"src.nik.image.bayezid"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s2-danube-towns","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"From Vidin to besieged Nicopolis","body":"Vidin comes before Nicopolis on the army’s advance. Bulgarian ruler Ivan Sratsimir rules there. Before the crusade he accepts the Ottoman ruler’s authority over him. Now he supports Sigismund. After Vidin the army reaches Nicopolis and besieges it. A siege means surrounding a fortress and trying to force it to surrender. They operate by land and water. Days pass, but the town does not fall. Sultan Bayezid I brings his army to help it.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-480.7604fd0d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-1600.7604fd0d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a3aaa9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","id":"asset.nik.danube","alt":"Snow-covered Danube bank with a boat near Nikopol.","objectCaption":"Snow-covered Danube bank with a boat near Nikopol.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Photo: Preslav; transfer to Commons: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-480.60f75dfe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-1600.60f75dfe.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#91806f","h":1063,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.webp","id":"asset.nik.vidin","alt":"Baba Vida fortress with stone towers and a bridge to the entrance.","objectCaption":"Baba Vida fortress with stone towers and a bridge to the entrance.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-480.9ee3301f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-1166.9ee3301f.avif","w":1166}],"dominant":"#c4ac7e","h":1600,"w":1166,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.webp","id":"asset.nik.sratsimir","alt":"Miniature of Tsar Ivan Alexander and his sons, wearing crowns and long robes.","objectCaption":"Miniature of Tsar Ivan Alexander and his sons, wearing crowns and long robes.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown medieval artist; chronicle text by: Constantine Manasses; reproduction after Иван Дуйчев, Миниатюри на Манасиевата летопис (София: Български художник, 1962). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-480.d6e5b5f7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-1600.d6e5b5f7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7a847e","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-nikopol-gate-960.d6e5b5f7.webp","id":"asset.nik.nikopol-gate","alt":"Stone gate and walls with a person outside the entrance.","objectCaption":"Stone gate and walls with a person outside the entrance.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Photo: Preslav. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of a gate and masonry, with a person outside. It does not prove this gate existed in 1396. The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of a gate and masonry, with a person outside. It does not prove this gate existed in 1396. The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Buda is a geographical reference, not an established camp location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.nik.buda","name":"Buda","latitude":47.466666666667,"longitude":19.05,"radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.nik.coords.buda"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"nik.buda","url":"/en/map/#nik.buda"},{"note":"Approximate reference point; does not outline medieval boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Vidin","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/en/map/#vid.vidin"},{"note":"Approximate town marker; not the exact battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.nikopol","name":"Nikopol","latitude":43.698571,"longitude":24.892409,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-nikopol","src.nik.coords.nikopol"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.nikopol","url":"/en/map/#vid.nikopol"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-7eeed0357a50b2a7.jpg?v=5df09e7728","w":2048,"h":1924,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/story-7eeed0357a50b2a7-dark.jpg?v=61c200dcdd","w":2048,"h":1924,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[]},"places":[{"note":"Buda is a geographical reference, not an established camp location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.nik.buda","name":"Buda","latitude":47.466666666667,"longitude":19.05,"radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.nik.coords.buda"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"nik.buda","url":"/en/map/#nik.buda","number":1,"x":25.33268,"y":27.1168,"inside":true,"viewX":25.332680000000003,"viewY":13.609749593750001},{"note":"Approximate reference point; does not outline medieval boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Vidin","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/en/map/#vid.vidin","number":2,"x":57.6239,"y":71.92064,"inside":true,"viewX":57.62389999999999,"viewY":80.95552159375},{"note":"Approximate town marker; not the exact battlefield.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.nikopol","name":"Nikopol","latitude":43.698571,"longitude":24.892409,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":3000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-nikopol","src.nik.coords.nikopol"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.nikopol","url":"/en/map/#vid.nikopol","number":3,"x":74.66732,"y":75.53626,"inside":true,"viewX":74.66732,"viewY":86.39025040624999}],"extent":[-0.6812499999999999,-1.3816227498174327,1.480301125,2.1505910336678666],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":61.406,"y":87.877,"viewX":61.40599999999999,"viewY":104.93992521874998},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":73.425,"y":94.723,"viewX":73.425,"viewY":115.23031896875},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":96.371,"y":90.233,"viewX":96.371,"viewY":108.48128771875001},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":83.73,"y":73.831,"viewX":83.73,"viewY":83.82703146875},{"name":"Veliko Tarnovo","kind":"town","x":80.788,"y":83.24,"viewX":80.788,"viewY":97.96993459374997},{"name":"Pleven","kind":"town","x":72.255,"y":79.029,"viewX":72.255,"viewY":91.64027521874998},{"name":"Stara Zagora","kind":"town","x":80.934,"y":91.195,"viewX":80.934,"viewY":109.92729396874998},{"name":"Shumen","kind":"town","x":91.925,"y":80.831,"viewX":91.925,"viewY":94.34890646875},{"name":"Vidin","kind":"town","x":57.572,"y":71.827,"viewX":57.572,"viewY":80.81476896874999},{"name":"Blagoevgrad","kind":"town","x":59.484,"y":96.11,"viewX":59.484,"viewY":117.31515334374998},{"name":"Haskovo","kind":"town","x":80.267,"y":97.156,"viewX":80.267,"viewY":118.88742209375},{"name":"Sliven","kind":"town","x":86.747,"y":88.073,"viewX":86.747,"viewY":105.23453771874998},{"name":"Dobrich","kind":"town","x":99.45,"y":77.101,"viewX":99.45,"viewY":88.74225021874999},{"name":"Pernik","kind":"town","x":59.007,"y":89.008,"viewX":59.007,"viewY":106.63995959374999},{"name":"Yambol","kind":"town","x":88.272,"y":90.484,"viewX":88.272,"viewY":108.85857209374998},{"name":"Pazardzhik","kind":"town","x":69.949,"y":94.027,"viewX":69.949,"viewY":114.18414396875},{"name":"Vratsa","kind":"town","x":63.356,"y":81.583,"viewX":63.356,"viewY":95.47925646874998},{"name":"Gabrovo","kind":"town","x":78.267,"y":85.716,"viewX":78.267,"viewY":101.69167209374999},{"name":"Kyustendil","kind":"town","x":56.079,"y":92.921,"viewX":56.079,"viewY":112.52168771875},{"name":"Montana","kind":"town","x":60.587,"y":79.084,"viewX":60.587,"viewY":91.72294709375},{"name":"Lovech","kind":"town","x":73.162,"y":82.485,"viewX":73.162,"viewY":96.83507521874999},{"name":"Silistra","kind":"town","x":94.665,"y":70.315,"viewX":94.665,"viewY":78.54204396874998},{"name":"Targovishte","kind":"town","x":88.852,"y":81.078,"viewX":88.852,"viewY":94.72017834375},{"name":"Razgrad","kind":"town","x":88.383,"y":77.588,"viewX":88.383,"viewY":89.47427209374997},{"name":"Kazanlak","kind":"town","x":78.894,"y":88.834,"viewX":78.894,"viewY":106.37841584374999},{"name":"Danube","kind":"nature","x":77.355,"y":75.368,"viewX":77.355,"viewY":86.13733459374998},{"name":"Balkan Mountains","kind":"nature","x":73.887,"y":87.237,"viewX":73.887,"viewY":103.97792521874997},{"name":"Rila","kind":"nature","x":63.332,"y":94.789,"viewX":63.332,"viewY":115.32952521874999},{"name":"Pirin","kind":"nature","x":62.318,"y":99.381,"viewX":62.318,"viewY":122.23187521874999},{"name":"Strandzha","kind":"nature","x":97.531,"y":95.758,"viewX":97.531,"viewY":116.78605334374998}],"crop":{"sx":1,"sy":0.6652806652806653,"x":0,"y":0.18062496735966738},"credit":{"id":"map-relief"}},"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.784458333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s2-danube-towns","duration":28.885,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/s2-danube-towns.f3f50a3d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.coords.buda"},{"id":"src.nik.coords.vidin"},{"id":"src.nik.coords.nikopol"},{"id":"src.nik.image.danube"},{"id":"src.nik.image.vidin"},{"id":"src.nik.image.sratsimir"},{"id":"src.nik.image.nikopol-gate"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"A steel helmet with a pointed top","body":"Look at the steel helmet. This type is called a bascinet. The museum dates it to about 1375–1400, the crusade’s time. It is Italian. Its pointed top and face opening are clear. Small holes dot its surface. It was not found at Nicopolis. It was found in 1840 at Chalcis fortress on Euboea, an island in modern Greece. Other armour was found there too: the warriors’ protective clothing. We do not know who wore it.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Pointed steel helmet with a face opening and small holes across its surface.","objectCaption":"Helmet","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown Italian craftsman; photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-helmet-point","x":0.52,"y":0.1,"title":"Pointed top","body":"The steel helmet has a high pointed top. The museum dates it to about 1375–1400.","sourceIds":["src.nik.met.bascinet","src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-face","x":0.31,"y":0.66,"title":"Face opening","body":"In the helmet’s displayed condition, the opening leaves the face exposed.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-helmet-holes","x":0.56,"y":0.53,"title":"Small holes","body":"There are small holes in the steel. The cause of each hole has not been established here.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.helmet"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.5275,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s3-helmet","duration":29.653,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/s3-helmet.fd1ede48.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.met.bascinet"},{"id":"src.nik.image.helmet"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s4-battle","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"Jean insists on attacking first","body":"In September 1396 the armies meet near Nicopolis. According to Schiltberger, Jean de Nevers insists his fighters attack first. The king wants the Hungarians, who have fought the Ottomans before, to begin. In this account the first attackers break through the forward troops, but are then surrounded. Sigismund fights on with the remaining forces. Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević fights beside Bayezid. He is a vassal: he accepts a stronger ruler’s authority and owes him service. Bayezid’s army wins.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-480.40c32881.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-1600.40c32881.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#999998","h":2400,"w":1903,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","id":"asset.nik.helmet","alt":"Pointed steel helmet with a face opening and small holes across its surface.","objectCaption":"Helmet","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown Italian craftsman; photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-480.1b887476.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-1097.1b887476.avif","w":1097}],"dominant":"#7d7478","h":1600,"w":1097,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","alt":"Miniature showing armed horsemen, guns and fortified buildings.","objectCaption":"Miniature showing armed horsemen, guns and fortified buildings.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, after Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.152916666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s4-battle","duration":31.275,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/s4-battle.e5d24ca1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: alliances","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.alliance","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Who fights on Bayezid’s side?","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"opt-sigismund","label":"Sigismund, king of Hungary","whyWrong":"Sigismund leads the opposing army besieging Nicopolis."},{"id":"opt-stefan","label":"Stefan Lazarević"},{"id":"opt-nevers","label":"Jean de Nevers","whyWrong":"Jean de Nevers leads the Burgundian contingent among the crusaders."}],"explanation":"Lazarević is Bayezid’s vassal and fights with his army. A Christian fights on the sultan’s side. From this we can conclude that religion alone does not explain the alliances.","correctItemId":"opt-stefan","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.6155833333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a1-alliance","duration":2.731,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/a1-alliance.fd7b9586.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s5-witness","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"The captive who tells his story","body":"Johann Schiltberger is captured. After returning in 1427, he recounts his experiences. The leaf shown opens a later manuscript copy. A manuscript copy is a text copied by hand. It is not a notebook written on the battlefield. A participant’s account matters, but not every detail is accurate. We do not know the exact number of fighters.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-480.1f6bd018.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-1159.1f6bd018.avif","w":1159}],"dominant":"#9f9d8d","h":1631,"w":1159,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-schiltberger-960.1f6bd018.webp","id":"asset.nik.schiltberger","alt":"Manuscript leaf with a large red opening letter and lines of dark text.","objectCaption":"Manuscript leaf with a large red opening letter and lines of dark text.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; cropped version from Commons. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-witness-initial","x":0.15,"y":0.12,"title":"Opening letter","body":"The large red letter marks the start of the account in this copy. A manuscript is a book copied by hand.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-witness-name","x":0.48,"y":0.07,"title":"The narrator’s name","body":"Johann Schiltberger’s name appears in the first line.","sourceIds":["src.nik.image.schiltberger","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":22.445416666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s5-witness","duration":22.571,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/s5-witness.773febb7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.barany2015"},{"id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: which came first?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.sequence","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put these events in the order described in the story.","sourceIds":["src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"ev-vidin","label":"The army reaches Vidin"},{"id":"ev-siege","label":"The crusaders besiege Nicopolis"},{"id":"ev-battle","label":"Bayezid’s army wins near Nicopolis"},{"id":"ev-return","label":"Schiltberger’s return"}],"explanation":"Vidin comes before Nicopolis on the army’s advance. The siege is already underway when Bayezid arrives. Schiltberger is captured in the battle and returns years later.","correctOrderIds":["ev-vidin","ev-siege","ev-battle","ev-return"],"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.5792083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a2-sequence","duration":3.669,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/a2-sequence.bae43446.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sigismund escapes aboard a ship","body":"Sigismund escapes aboard a ship. For many others, retreat ends in death or capture. Some prisoners are killed. Others become slaves: they lose their freedom and can be sold. Money is demanded to release some nobles. This payment is called a ransom. Ivan Sratsimir is also captured. The year is uncertain.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-480.7604fd0d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-1600.7604fd0d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a3aaa9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","id":"asset.nik.danube","alt":"Snow-covered Danube bank with a boat near Nikopol.","objectCaption":"Snow-covered Danube bank with a boat near Nikopol.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Photo: Preslav; transfer to Commons: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":19.844791666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.s6-consequences","duration":19.968,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/s6-consequences.ef4e2682.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"},{"id":"src.nik.kacar2013"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.petrova2023"}]},{"id":"nikopol-1396.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: people and roles","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.nik.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each person to their role in the story.","sourceIds":["src.nik.celik2023","src.nik.dimitrov1998","src.nik.schiltberger1879"],"items":[{"id":"m-sigismund","label":"Sigismund","pairedLabel":"King of Hungary, leads the crusade"},{"id":"m-sratsimir","label":"Ivan Sratsimir","pairedLabel":"Bulgarian ruler in Vidin"},{"id":"m-bayezid","label":"Bayezid I","pairedLabel":"Ottoman sultan, comes to relieve Nicopolis"},{"id":"m-witness","label":"Johann Schiltberger","pairedLabel":"Captured participant who later recounts events"}],"explanation":"These are four different roles: crusade leader, ruler in Vidin, sultan, and participant who tells his story.","sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}],"columns":["Person","Role"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.05675,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.nikopol-1396.nikopol-1396.a3-matching","duration":3.157,"src":"/audio/en/nikopol-1396/a3-matching.cc21d5c2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.nik.celik2023"},{"id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998"},{"id":"src.nik.schiltberger1879"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2015,"url":"https://real.mtak.hu/31675/1/BaranyCT4%20partir.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Attila Bárány","id":"src.nik.barany2015","title":"King Sigismund of Luxemburg and the preparations for the Hungarian crusading host of Nicopolis (1389–1396)","container":"Daniel Baloup and Manuel Sánchez Martínez (eds.), Partir en croisade à la fin du Moyen Âge. Financement et logistique. Croisades Tardives. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi, Méridiennes","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Earlier estimate by Rázsó (1973, p. 417), cited by Bárány, of 12,000–15,000 for the Nicopolis host in a study of the Hungarian army; indirect nature of surviving mobilisation evidence and cost of sustaining the campaign. Not a roster or an Ottoman army estimate."},"volume":"4","pages":"153–178","authors":["Attila Bárány"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true},{"year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI2360219C","institutionOrAuthor":"Siren Çelik","id":"src.nik.celik2023","title":"The Crusade of Nicopolis and Its Aftermath: Views from Byzantine, French and Ottoman Sources","container":"Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"25 September 1396; coalition composition, Sigismund and Jean de Nevers; Stefan Lazarević as Bayezid’s Christian vassal; aims including relief of Constantinople; distinction between crusading ideology and other motives. Note 2 corrects claims of an English national contingent. Papal support through indulgences on 3 June 1394: p. 220, paragraph 2 and note 5."},"volume":"60","issue":"1","pages":"219–246","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI2360219C","authors":["Siren Çelik"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193478","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.nik.coords.buda","title":"Buda","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Modern settlement reference point only; approximate story marker; does not locate a medieval battle line."},"authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409102","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.nik.coords.nikopol","title":"Nikopol","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Modern settlement reference point only; approximate story marker; does not locate a medieval battle line."},"authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178531","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.nik.coords.vidin","title":"Vidin","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Modern settlement reference point only; approximate story marker; does not locate a medieval battle line."},"authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":1998,"url":"https://promacedonia.org/hd/hd_10.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Христо Димитров","id":"src.nik.dimitrov1998","title":"Българо-унгарски отношения през Средновековието","container":"София: Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов“","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Prior Ottoman suzerainty over Sratsimir and garrison at Vidin; differing accounts of submission or brief fighting; interpretation of pressured cooperation; discussion of a late-1397 end of the kingdom and chronicle year 1397–1398. The later dates do not establish an exact day of Sratsimir’s capture or prove a secret alliance."},"pages":"243–247 (consulted passages)","authors":["Христо Димитров"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978)","id":"src.nik.image.battle-miniature","title":"File:Battle of Nicopolis.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Commons attribution and reproduction rights only. Supplemental later artwork; not evidence of the battlefield’s appearance, guns or buildings in 1396. Subject identification and date require a catalogue check before publication."},"authors":["Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayezid_I,_sultano.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento","id":"src.nik.image.bayezid","title":"File:Bayezid I, sultano.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2006,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki","id":"src.nik.image.danube","title":"File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art","id":"src.nik.image.helmet","title":"File:Bascinet MET DP-12880-041x.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2007,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Preslav","id":"src.nik.image.nikopol-gate","title":"File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Licensing and modern photographic identity only; no dating of the gate as a structure."},"authors":["Preslav"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod._Pal._germ._216_Schiltberger_Heidelberger_Handschrift_1r_cropped.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons","id":"src.nik.image.schiltberger","title":"File:Cod. Pal. germ. 216 Schiltberger Heidelberger Handschrift 1r cropped.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":1433,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil","id":"src.nik.image.sigismund","title":"File:Kunsthistorisches Museum Emperor Sigismund 23062013 1.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962)","id":"src.nik.image.sratsimir","title":"File:69-manasses-chronicle.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962)"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2009,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_4.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Klearchos Kapoutsis","id":"src.nik.image.vidin","title":"File:Baba Vida Klearchos 4.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons file record","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Identity and licensing of this image only; descriptive historical claims require the scholarly or museum sources listed separately."},"authors":["Klearchos Kapoutsis"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2013,"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2013_num_91_4_8474","institutionOrAuthor":"Hilmi Kaçar; Jan Dumolyn","id":"src.nik.kacar2013","title":"The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), Burgundian Catastrophe and Ottoman Fait Divers","container":"Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Historiographical differences, tactical interpretation, captives and ransoms, stronger Ottoman control in the Balkans; not an exact reconstruction of every battlefield movement."},"volume":"91","issue":"4","pages":"905–934","doi":"10.3406/rbph.2013.8474","authors":["Hilmi Kaçar; Jan Dumolyn"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/22772","institutionOrAuthor":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","id":"src.nik.met.bascinet","title":"Bascinet, Italian, ca. 1375–1400; accession 29.158.45","container":"The Met Collection","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Steel helmet and date; part of armour found in 1840 at Chalcis on Euboea. It is a contextual object, not a Nicopolis battlefield find."},"authors":["The Metropolitan Museum of Art"],"accessed":"2026-10-28"},{"year":2001,"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/feudalism-and-knights-in-medieval-europe","institutionOrAuthor":"Michael Norris; Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art","id":"src.nik.met.knights","title":"Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe","container":"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Knights as mounted armoured warriors; by the later twelfth century considered members of the nobility. Supports the period-specific child-friendly definition in S1, not noble origins for every knight in all centuries."},"authors":["Michael Norris; Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2023,"url":"https://periodicals.karazin.ua/drinov/article/download/23163/21160/","institutionOrAuthor":"Деница Петрова, Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН","id":"src.nik.petrova2023","title":"Българите през XIV–XV век – между византийската общност и Османската империя","container":"Дриновський збірник / Дриновски сборник","volume":"16","pages":"26–37","doi":"10.7546/DS.2023.16.03","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Traditional 1396 conquest of Vidin and capture/deportation of Ivan Sratsimir, attributed there to Bozhilov and Gyuzelev 1999, pp. 667–668; Tarnovo’s conquest in 1393. Provides a directly consulted scholarly position to compare with Dimitrov’s discussion of 1397–1398. Does not settle the dispute."},"authors":["Деница Петрова, Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН"],"accessed":"2026-10-28","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":1879,"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52569/52569-h/52569-h.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Johann Schiltberger; translated and edited by J. 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Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous painter (formerly attributed to Pisanello); photograph: Vassil. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photograph of a fifteenth-century portrait; it does not show the king on the day of battle. The former attribution to Pisanello is uncertain. Processed image. Fifteenth-century painted portrait, photographed by Vassil.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Emperor_Sigismund_23062013_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.nik.bayezid","src":"/media/asset-nik-bayezid-960.f374fb5e.webp","alt":"Engraved portrait of Bayezid I wearing a turban.","w":1217,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Aliprando Caprioli; digitisation: Biblioteca comunale di Trento. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. A later artistic likeness, about 1596–1600, not a portrait from life in 1396. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayezid_I,_sultano.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.nik.danube","src":"/media/asset-nik-danube-960.7604fd0d.webp","alt":"Snow-covered Danube bank with a boat near Nikopol.","w":1600,"h":1200,"caption":"","credit":"Photo: Preslav; transfer to Commons: Dionysos1~commonswiki. · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Preslav (English Wikipedia uploader credited in Commons description); Commons transfer: Dionysos1~commonswiki. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. A modern photograph of the river, not a view of the battlefield in 1396. The boat is modern. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol-danube.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.nik.vidin","src":"/media/asset-nik-vidin-960.60f75dfe.webp","alt":"Baba Vida fortress with stone towers and a bridge to the entrance.","w":1600,"h":1063,"caption":"","credit":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis. · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. A modern photograph of the fortress. It does not establish which visible masonry dates from Sratsimir’s time, is later, or has been restored. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_4.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.nik.sratsimir","src":"/media/asset-nik-sratsimir-960.9ee3301f.webp","alt":"Miniature of Tsar Ivan Alexander and his sons, wearing crowns and long robes.","w":1166,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown medieval artist; chronicle text by: Constantine Manasses; reproduction after Иван Дуйчев, Миниатюри на Манасиевата летопис (София: Български художник, 1962). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified medieval illuminator; text of chronicle: Constantine Manasses; book reproduction: Ivan Duichev, Miniatures from the Manasses Chronicle (Sofia: Bulgarski hudojnik, 1962). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Medieval miniature of Ivan Alexander and his sons, including Ivan Sratsimir, according to the Commons description. Reproduction from a 1962 book; not an image of the battle. 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The masonry’s date and restorations have not been established here. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopolfortressgate.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.nik.helmet","src":"/media/asset-nik-helmet-960.40c32881.webp","alt":"Pointed steel helmet with a face opening and small holes across its surface.","w":1903,"h":2400,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown Italian craftsman; photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown Italian armourer; photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. An original period helmet found at Chalcis on Euboea in 1840; not a Nicopolis find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bascinet_MET_DP-12880-041x.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.nik.battle-miniature","src":"/media/asset-nik-battle-miniature-960.1b887476.webp","alt":"Miniature showing armed horsemen, guns and fortified buildings.","w":1097,"h":1600,"caption":"","credit":"Unknown Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, after Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Будапеща: Corvina, 1978). · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified Ottoman artist; scan: Szilas, from Géza Fehér, Török miniatúrák (Budapest: Corvina, 1978). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Later Ottoman miniature presented on Commons as the Battle of Nicopolis. Commons lists Topkapı, Hazine 1523, folio 108b. Its identification and date still need a catalogue check. The guns and buildings do not establish the battle’s appearance in 1396. 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Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Anonymous scribe; text: Johann Schiltberger; digitisation: Heidelberg University Library; crop as credited on Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cod. Pal. germ. 216, folio 1r, Heidelberg University Library. A later manuscript copy, not a battlefield notebook. Cropped version from Commons. 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