{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.paisiy-1762","hasFind":true,"slug":"paisiy-1762","url":"/en/stories/paisiy-1762/","topic":"Paisius of Hilendar","title":"Paisius: how one book reaches other people","summary":"Paisius compiles a history, and Stoyko Vladislavov copies it. Pages, books and two monasteries show how the text reaches new readers and listeners.","cover":{"title":"Paisius: how one book reaches other people","subtitle":"The 1762 manuscript and the people who copy it","hook":"Who copies Paisius’s book?","summary":"Paisius compiles a history, and Stoyko Vladislavov copies it. Pages, books and two monasteries show how the text reaches new readers and listeners.","takeaway":"The book lives through its copyists and listeners; “the beginning of the Revival” is an assessment of its significance."},"sortYear":1762,"firstActivity":6,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Athos and Kotel","date":"1762–1765","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-cutout-480.e2e0911b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-cutout-960.e2e0911b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-cutout-1600.e2e0911b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c1beb8","h":2344,"w":1675,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-cutout-960.e2e0911b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-cutout-960.e2e0911b.webp","id":"asset.pai.draft-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. The Zograf draft: opening page","objectCaption":"Zograf manuscript","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"I. Stankov · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya-slavyanobulgarska.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"paisiy-1762.s1-small-book","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Paisius writes a history","body":"In 1762, the monk Paisius completed Slavo-Bulgarian History. It was a manuscript: its letters were written by hand. In the title he calls himself a hieromonk. That means a monk who is also a priest. His book tells of Bulgarian rulers, saints and events in the past.\n\nHe spoke directly to the people for whom he was writing. He urged them to know their origins and language, and not to feel ashamed of them. The book is both an account of the past and an appeal to its reader.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-480.25f43e8a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-960.25f43e8a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-1600.25f43e8a.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b6b4af","h":2400,"w":1732,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-960.25f43e8a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-960.25f43e8a.webp","id":"asset.pai.draft","alt":"The Zograf draft: opening page","objectCaption":"Zograf manuscript","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"I. Stankov · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya-slavyanobulgarska.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.364958333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.s1-small-book","duration":29.483,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/s1-small-book.7b4c79a6.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.penev"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.s2-two-monasteries","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Two monasteries, one book","body":"The map marks Hilandar and Zograf, two monasteries on Athos. Athos is a peninsula in present-day Greece, also called the Holy Mountain. A monastery is a community where monks live. Paisius worked at Hilandar. He gathered information from books, then moved to Zograf. There he completed his history.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-hilandar-480.0b5d10dc.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-hilandar-960.0b5d10dc.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-hilandar-1600.0b5d10dc.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a9924d","h":1067,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-hilandar-960.0b5d10dc.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-hilandar-960.0b5d10dc.webp","id":"asset.pai.hilandar","alt":"Hilandar: a modern photograph, not a view from 1762","objectCaption":"The photograph shows Hilandar long after Paisius’s time. These photographs do not show exactly where Paisius worked.","caption":"The photograph shows Hilandar long after Paisius’s time. These photographs do not show exactly where Paisius worked.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Sreten Vukovic · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Sreten Vukovic / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Hilandar: a modern photograph, not a view from 1762. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Sreten Vukovic / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Hilandar: a modern photograph, not a view from 1762. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilandar_08.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-zograf-480.a53f5b77.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-zograf-960.a53f5b77.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-zograf-1600.a53f5b77.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63635c","h":1205,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-zograf-960.a53f5b77.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-zograf-960.a53f5b77.webp","id":"asset.pai.zograf","alt":"Zograf: the monastery photographed in 2005","objectCaption":"The photograph shows Zograf in 2005, long after Paisius’s time. These photographs do not show exactly where Paisius worked.","caption":"The photograph shows Zograf in 2005, long after Paisius’s time. These photographs do not show exactly where Paisius worked.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Georgid · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Georgid / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Zograf: the monastery photographed in 2005. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Georgid / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Zograf: the monastery photographed in 2005. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zograf_Monastery.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fire-480.fa35dfd8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fire-960.fa35dfd8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fire-1600.fa35dfd8.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#848778","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fire-960.fa35dfd8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-fire-960.fa35dfd8.webp","id":"asset.pai.fire","alt":"Hilandar after the 2004 fire","objectCaption":"Hilandar was damaged by fire in 2004 and underwent reconstruction afterwards. The photograph after the fire shows walls without roofs. This is a later state of the monastery.","caption":"Hilandar was damaged by fire in 2004 and underwent reconstruction afterwards. The photograph after the fire shows walls without roofs. This is a later state of the monastery.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Tomislav Ž. Popović · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Tomislav Ž. Popović / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Hilandar after the 2004 fire. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Tomislav Ž. Popović / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Hilandar after the 2004 fire. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hilandar_posle_po%C5%BEara.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The monastery where Paisius worked. The marker shows a general area, not a working room.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pai.hilandar","name":"Hilandar Monastery","latitude":40.339861111111,"longitude":24.120916666667,"radiusMeters":200,"sourceIds":["src.pai.geo.hilandar","src.pai.penev"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pai.hilandar","url":"/en/map/#pai.hilandar"},{"note":"The monastery where Paisius completed the history in 1762. The marker shows a general area.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pai.zograf","name":"Zograf Monastery","latitude":40.305833,"longitude":24.160278,"radiusMeters":200,"sourceIds":["src.pai.geo.zograf","src.pai.penev"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pai.zograf","url":"/en/map/#pai.zograf"},{"note":"The town where Stoyko made the first known copy in 1765. 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The marker shows a general area, not a working room.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pai.hilandar","name":"Hilandar Monastery","latitude":40.339861111111,"longitude":24.120916666667,"radiusMeters":200,"sourceIds":["src.pai.geo.hilandar","src.pai.penev"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pai.hilandar","url":"/en/map/#pai.hilandar","number":1,"x":36.01853,"y":70.15715,"inside":true,"viewX":36.01853,"viewY":82.29657015234375},{"note":"The monastery where Paisius completed the history in 1762. The marker shows a general area.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pai.zograf","name":"Zograf Monastery","latitude":40.305833,"longitude":24.160278,"radiusMeters":200,"sourceIds":["src.pai.geo.zograf","src.pai.penev"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pai.zograf","url":"/en/map/#pai.zograf","number":2,"x":36.4911,"y":70.66366,"inside":true,"viewX":45.01853,"viewY":88.29657015234375},{"note":"The town where Stoyko made the first known copy in 1765. 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A draft is a working version of a text. The lines and old letter shapes are visible even where the words are hard to read. The photograph shows a handwritten page.\n\nPaisius had not personally seen the medieval rulers he described. He gathered what other authors had written. He also used Russian versions of older histories. The old book is evidence of his work, but it cannot, by itself, prove every event described inside.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-480.25f43e8a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-960.25f43e8a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-1600.25f43e8a.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b6b4af","h":2400,"w":1732,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-960.25f43e8a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-960.25f43e8a.webp","id":"asset.pai.draft","alt":"The Zograf draft: opening page","objectCaption":"Zograf manuscript","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"I. Stankov · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya-slavyanobulgarska.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-pai-heading","x":0.43,"y":0.12,"title":"Opening of the manuscript","body":"The heading is handwritten. The photograph is described as the opening of the Zograf draft.","sourceIds":["src.pai.image.draft"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-pai-lines","x":0.4,"y":0.53,"title":"Lines of letters","body":"The letters have older shapes. A manuscript is a text written by hand.","sourceIds":["src.pai.image.draft"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-pai-stamp","x":0.73,"y":0.34,"title":"A stamp on the page","body":"An oval stamp is visible over the writing. The photograph does not establish when it was applied.","sourceIds":["src.pai.image.draft"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.376583333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.s3-draft","duration":29.483,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/s3-draft.90c1dbdb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.cronia"},{"id":"src.pai.image.draft"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.s4-read-and-hear","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"A book for listeners too","body":"In his opening address Paisius speaks to readers and listeners. A person does not have to hold the book to learn what it says. One person can read while another listens. The address itself shows that the author had both people in mind. The page addresses the Bulgarian reader.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fair-copy-480.edbff5e1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fair-copy-960.edbff5e1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fair-copy-1586.edbff5e1.avif","w":1586}],"dominant":"#d3b572","h":2400,"w":1586,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-fair-copy-960.edbff5e1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-fair-copy-960.edbff5e1.webp","id":"asset.pai.fair-copy","alt":"Page from a clean handwritten copy according to Wikimedia Commons","objectCaption":"According to Wikimedia Commons, this is a page from a clean handwritten copy. The copyist is not named.","caption":"According to Wikimedia Commons, this is a page from a clean handwritten copy. The copyist is not named.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown eighteenth-century scribe · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unidentified eighteenth-century copyist; digital image from Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. According to Wikimedia Commons, this is a page from a clean handwritten copy. The copyist is not named. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unidentified eighteenth-century copyist; digital image from Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. According to Wikimedia Commons, this is a page from a clean handwritten copy. The copyist is not named. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya_Slavyanobolgarskaya_Fair_Copy.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-pai-address","x":0.38,"y":0.49,"title":"Address to the reader","body":"Here the text rebukes a reader ashamed of their origins. This is the author’s voice, not an impartial assessment of every person.","sourceIds":["src.pai.primary","src.pai.image.fair-copy"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-pai-hand","x":0.52,"y":0.79,"title":"Unidentified copyist","body":"According to Wikimedia Commons, this is a page from a clean handwritten copy. The copyist is not named.","sourceIds":["src.pai.image.fair-copy"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-pai-surface","x":0.47,"y":0.23,"title":"Hard-to-read areas","body":"Some words in the photograph are hard to read.","sourceIds":["src.pai.primary","src.pai.image.fair-copy"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":16.652041666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.s4-read-and-hear","duration":16.768,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/s4-read-and-hear.6de1aabc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.image.fair-copy"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.s5-another-hand","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Stoyko makes a copy","body":"Paisius asks people to copy the book and preserve it. In 1765, in Kotel, the priest Stoyko Vladislavov made the first known copy. He later became known as Sophronius of Vratsa. These are two names for one person.\n\nCopying means writing the text out again by hand. There are differences between copies. Other copies survive too.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-480.7c335eb7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-960.7c335eb7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-1462.7c335eb7.avif","w":1462}],"dominant":"#6c5b3e","h":1600,"w":1462,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-960.7c335eb7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-960.7c335eb7.webp","id":"asset.pai.eskizagra","alt":"A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora.","objectCaption":"A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Eskizagra is an older name for Stara Zagora. This is not the Kotel copy.","caption":"A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Eskizagra is an older name for Stara Zagora. This is not the Kotel copy.","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Processed image. document","attributionParts":[{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Processed image. document","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya_slavyanobolgarskaya_transcript_from_Eskizagra1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-nedelnik-480.cc7f0e1c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-nedelnik-960.cc7f0e1c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-nedelnik-1200.cc7f0e1c.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#807b80","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-nedelnik-960.cc7f0e1c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-nedelnik-960.cc7f0e1c.webp","id":"asset.pai.nedelnik","alt":"Sophronius’s Nedelnik, 1806: a different, printed book","objectCaption":"Nedelnik is a collection of religious teachings. It was printed in 1806. This is a different book by Sophronius. It must not be confused with his handwritten copy of Paisius’s history.","caption":"Nedelnik is a collection of religious teachings. It was printed in 1806. This is a different book by Sophronius. It must not be confused with his handwritten copy of Paisius’s history.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Софроний Врачански (book author) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Book author: Sophronius of Vratsa. Digital image from Wikimedia Commons; uploaded by Miko. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Book author: Sophronius of Vratsa. Digital image from Wikimedia Commons; uploaded by Miko. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nedelnik_Sophronius_of_Vratsa.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The town where Stoyko made the first known copy in 1765. The marker shows a general area.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.pai.kotel","name":"Kotel","latitude":42.88628,"longitude":26.449964,"radiusMeters":2500,"sourceIds":["src.pai.geo.kotel","src.pai.library","src.pai.kotel-first"],"accuracy":"approximate","guideUrl":null,"slug":"pai.kotel","url":"/en/map/#pai.kotel"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":22.666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.s5-another-hand","duration":22.784,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/s5-another-hand.6fd32293.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"},{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.image.eskizagra"},{"id":"src.pai.image.nedelnik"},{"id":"src.pai.nedelnik.catalog"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.a1-copyist","number":6,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: who makes a copy?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.pai.copyist","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Which two names belong to the same copyist?","sourceIds":["src.pai.library","src.pai.kotel-first"],"items":[{"id":"opt-author","label":"Paisius and Stoyko","whyWrong":"Paisius is the author; Stoyko makes the Kotel copy."},{"id":"opt-stoyko","label":"Stoyko Vladislavov and Sophronius of Vratsa"},{"id":"opt-orbini","label":"Mavro Orbini and Sophronius","whyWrong":"Sophronius is Stoyko’s later name, not Orbini’s."}],"explanation":"Stoyko Vladislavov makes the copy in 1765. He later becomes known as Sophronius of Vratsa.","correctItemId":"opt-stoyko","sources":[{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.196083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.a1-copyist","duration":3.285,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/a1-copyist.29f1b3f5.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the books in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.pai.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put these events in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.pai.primary","src.pai.library","src.pai.kotel-first","src.pai.image.nedelnik","src.pai.nedelnik.catalog"],"items":[{"id":"ev-history","label":"Paisius completes the history"},{"id":"ev-kotel","label":"Stoyko copies the history"},{"id":"ev-nedelnik","label":"The printed Nedelnik appears"}],"explanation":"The history is completed before the Kotel copy. Nedelnik is a different book, printed later.","correctOrderIds":["ev-history","ev-kotel","ev-nedelnik"],"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"},{"id":"src.pai.image.nedelnik"},{"id":"src.pai.nedelnik.catalog"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.509541666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.a2-timeline","duration":3.627,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/a2-timeline.c7c608f3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"},{"id":"src.pai.image.nedelnik"},{"id":"src.pai.nedelnik.catalog"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.s6-an-epoch","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Paisius’s book today","body":"A single book does not change everyone in one day. Later historians see Paisius’s work as a beginning of the Bulgarian National Revival. This was a period of growing interest in Bulgarian language, education and community. This is an interpretation of the book’s significance. It does not mark an exact moment when everyone changed.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-480.7c335eb7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-960.7c335eb7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-1462.7c335eb7.avif","w":1462}],"dominant":"#6c5b3e","h":1600,"w":1462,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-960.7c335eb7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-pai-eskizagra-960.7c335eb7.webp","id":"asset.pai.eskizagra","alt":"A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora.","objectCaption":"A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Eskizagra is an older name for Stara Zagora. This is not the Kotel copy.","caption":"A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Eskizagra is an older name for Stara Zagora. This is not the Kotel copy.","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Scroch · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Processed image. document","attributionParts":[{"text":"Scroch / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. A fragment of the Eskizagra copy according to Wikimedia Commons; collection of the museum in Stara Zagora. Processed image. document","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya_slavyanobolgarskaya_transcript_from_Eskizagra1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":20.15825,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.s6-an-epoch","duration":20.267,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/s6-an-epoch.02a6c012.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.revival"},{"id":"src.pai.penev"},{"id":"src.pai.primary"},{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"},{"id":"src.pai.image.memorial"}]},{"id":"paisiy-1762.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match people and places","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.pai.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each name with its role in the story.","sourceIds":["src.pai.penev","src.pai.library","src.pai.kotel-first"],"items":[{"id":"m-paisius","label":"Paisius","pairedLabel":"Author of the history"},{"id":"m-stoyko","label":"Stoyko Vladislavov","pairedLabel":"The Kotel copyist"},{"id":"m-zograf","label":"Zograf","pairedLabel":"Place where the book was completed"}],"explanation":"Paisius is the author. Stoyko copies the text in Kotel. Zograf is the monastery where Paisius completes the book.","sources":[{"id":"src.pai.penev"},{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.0915833333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.paisiy-1762.paisiy-1762.a3-matching","duration":3.2,"src":"/audio/en/paisiy-1762/a3-matching.f83f6a14.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.pai.penev"},{"id":"src.pai.library"},{"id":"src.pai.kotel-first"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/454/","institutionOrAuthor":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre","id":"src.pai.athos","title":"Mount Athos","container":"World Heritage List, property 454","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Athos is a monastic peninsula in northern Greece, also called the Holy Mountain; contemporary geography only, no historical borders."},"authors":["UNESCO World Heritage Centre"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2018,"url":"https://liternet.bg/publish32/arturo-kronia/orbini-paisii.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Артуро Крония; превод Роберто Адинолфи; научна редакция Мила Кръстева","id":"src.pai.cronia","title":"„Царството на славяните“ на Мавро Орбини (1601) и „История славянобългарска“ на монах Паисий (1762)","container":"Електронно списание LiterNet; превод по самостоятелното издание 1940 на труд, публикуван първо 1939","issue":"11 (228)","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Scholarly textual comparison: use of Russian versions of Orbini and Baronius; distinction between compilation and an account by an eyewitness of medieval events."},"authors":["Артуро Крония; превод Роберто Адинолфи; научна редакция Мила Кръстева"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2024,"url":"https://preservehilandar.org/2024/03/09/twenty-years-of-the-devastating-fire-in-hilandar/","institutionOrAuthor":"The Hilandar Monastery Foundation","id":"src.pai.fire","title":"Twenty Years Of The Devastating Fire In Hilandar","container":"Preserve Hilandar","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Fire during the night 3–4 March 2004 and subsequent reconstruction. The photographed surviving wall is not identified as Paisius’s room."},"authors":["The Hilandar Monastery Foundation"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya-slavyanobulgarska.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"I. Stankov","id":"src.pai.image.draft","title":"File:Istoriya-slavyanobulgarska.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons / imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual identification and rights of this exact image only; not sole support for the historical narrative."},"authors":["I. Stankov"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya_slavyanobolgarskaya_transcript_from_Eskizagra1.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Scroch","id":"src.pai.image.eskizagra","title":"File:Istoriya slavyanobolgarskaya transcript from Eskizagra1.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons / imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual identification and rights of this exact image only; not sole support for the historical narrative."},"authors":["Scroch"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istoriya_Slavyanobolgarskaya_Fair_Copy.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Неизвестен преписвач от XVIII век (според Wikimedia Commons)","id":"src.pai.image.fair-copy","title":"File:Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya Fair Copy.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons / imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual identification and rights of this exact image only; not sole support for the historical narrative."},"authors":["Неизвестен преписвач от XVIII век (според Wikimedia Commons)"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomn%C3%ADk_Paisiji_Chilandarsk%C3%A9mu,_Bansko.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Ondřej Žváček","id":"src.pai.image.memorial","title":"File:Pomník Paisiji Chilandarskému, Bansko.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons / imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Identification and CC BY 4.0 of the photograph only. Sculpture author documented separately in src.pai.memorial.municipality; reproduction basis pending, asset rightsStatus unknown."},"authors":["Ondřej Žváček"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nedelnik_Sophronius_of_Vratsa.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Софроний Врачански (1739 - 1813)","id":"src.pai.image.nedelnik","title":"File:Nedelnik Sophronius of Vratsa.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons / imageinfo API","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Visual identification and rights of this exact image only; not sole support for the historical narrative."},"authors":["Софроний Врачански (1739 - 1813)"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2022,"url":"https://www.nationallibrary.bg/www/2022/03/10/първи-котленски-препис-на-история-сла/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национална библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“","id":"src.pai.kotel-first","title":"Първи котленски препис на История славянобългарска, 1765 г.","container":"Виртуална галерия на преписите; НБКМ 368; публикация 10.03.","pages":"85 л. (описание на ръкописа)","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Explicit first known copy; Stoyko = Sophronius; Kotel and 1765. Source of this catalog claim, not proof that no earlier copy existed."},"authors":["Национална библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.nationallibrary.bg/www/дигитална-библиотека/славянски-и-други-ръкописи/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национална библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“","id":"src.pai.library","title":"Славянски и други ръкописи","container":"Дигитална библиотека, Национална библиотека","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"First Sofroniy/Kotel copy, Stoyko Vladislavov, Kotel, 1765; around forty copies in this institution, not a worldwide total."},"authors":["Национална библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2022,"url":"https://sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/novini/istoricheski-kalendar/1593-300-godini-ot-rozhdenieto-na-paisii-hilendarski","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.pai.museum","title":"300 години от рождението на Паисий Хилендарски","container":"Исторически календар, РИМ – София","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Independent institutional corroboration of Zograf completion and copying; disagreement with Penev over Karlovci date (1758 / 1761), uncertainty of biography. Do not adopt the article’s inference of a complete political programme as a verbatim manifesto."},"authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1806,"url":"https://zografnasledstvo.com/книги/scan14145/","institutionOrAuthor":"Софроний Врачански; каталог: Фондация Наследство на Зографската света обител","id":"src.pai.nedelnik.catalog","title":"Кѷріакодроміон, сиреч Недѣлникъ","container":"Първо изд. Римник: Типография на Римническата епископия [Димитрих Михайло Попович и Георгия, синът му]; дигитална библиотека, инв. № 14145; М. Стоянов, т. I, № 7186","pages":"6 + 265 л.; 28 см (каталог: резюме 544 с.)","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Printed 1806 collection of religious teachings by Sophronius; distinct from his 1765 handwritten copy of Paisius."},"authors":["Софроний Врачански; каталог: Фондация Наследство на Зографската света обител"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"container":"bg"}},{"year":2005,"url":"https://electronic-library.org/books/Book_0045.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Боян Пенев (1876–1927)","id":"src.pai.penev","title":"Начало на Българското възраждане","container":"София: ИК Кама,; електронна библиотека по архивистика и документалистика, 2013; първо издание 1918","pages":"107 pp.; section locators used because HTML has no stable page mapping","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Historical literary scholarship: Athos libraries, 1761 Karlovci, transfer to Zograf, completion 1762, copying in Kotel 1765, contents, cultural purpose. Older interpretive vocabulary and unverified biographical claims are not adopted wholesale."},"authors":["Боян Пенев (1876–1927)"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2012,"url":"https://histdict.uni-sofia.bg/backend/textcorpus/show/doc_137","institutionOrAuthor":"Паисий Хилендарски; критическо издание: Димитър Пеев, Маргарет Димитрова, Петко Петков; електронен корпус: Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“","id":"src.pai.primary","title":"История Славянобългарска (Зограф 43; с попълнения по НБКМ 368)","container":"Исторически речник / Текстов корпус; по изданието на Зографска света обител, Атон","pages":"413 pp. in cited edition; web corpus unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Primary evidence for author, date, intended readers/listeners, appeal to copy and preserve, language and historical subjects. Corpus supplements lost draft leaves from the Kotel copy; never claim all displayed corpus text survives in the autograph."},"authors":["Паисий Хилендарски; критическо издание: Димитър Пеев, Маргарет Димитрова, Петко Петков; електронен корпус: Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“"],"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2006,"url":"https://liternet.bg/publish15/a_pipin/istoria/02.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Aleksandr N. Pypin; Vladimir D. Spasovich; Bulgarian translation G. N. Kolushkiy; electronic edition Albena Vacheva","id":"src.pai.revival","title":"Istoriya na balgarskata literatura. II. Vekovete na turskoto igo i nachaloto na Vazrazhdaneto","container":"Varna: LiterNet,; first Bulgarian edition Kyustendil: V. D. Probornik, 1884","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Historical scholarship explicitly treats the 1762 book as a beginning of the Revival, while dating a broader movement later. Evidence of interpretive periodisation; dated rhetoric and ethnic generalisations not adopted."},"authors":["Aleksandr N. Pypin; Vladimir D. Spasovich; Bulgarian translation G. N. Kolushkiy; electronic edition Albena Vacheva"],"accessed":"2026-11-03"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.pai.draft-cutout","src":"/media/asset-pai-draft-cutout-960.e2e0911b.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. The Zograf draft: opening page","w":1675,"h":2344,"caption":"","credit":"I. Stankov · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"I. Stankov / Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. The Zograf draft: opening page. 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