{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.philippopolis","hasFind":true,"slug":"philippopolis","url":"/en/stories/philippopolis/","topic":"Philippopolis","title":"A stadium below the shop windows","summary":"A stadium lies hidden beneath Plovdiv’s main street. A stage, a mosaic floor and the city’s names lead us to distinguish evidence from tradition.","cover":{"title":"A stadium below the shop windows","subtitle":"Philippopolis, Trimontium and present-day Plovdiv","hook":"Why are there seats beneath the street?","summary":"A stadium lies hidden beneath Plovdiv’s main street. A stage, a mosaic floor and the city’s names lead us to distinguish evidence from tradition.","takeaway":"The stadium, theatre and house show different sides of life in one city; its names and traditions need separate scrutiny."},"sortYear":125,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Antiquity: Thracians, Greeks, Romans","dateLabel":"1st millennium BC – 6th century AD","eraShort":"Antiquity","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Plovdiv","date":"2nd–4th c.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-coin-reverse-cutout-480.41520f4b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-coin-reverse-cutout-960.41520f4b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-coin-reverse-cutout-1600.41520f4b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#584a39","h":2178,"w":2209,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-coin-reverse-cutout-960.41520f4b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-phil-coin-reverse-cutout-960.41520f4b.webp","id":"asset.phil.coin.reverse-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. One round bronze coin with a figure and Greek lettering on a white background.","objectCaption":"Roman coin","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"National Library of France (image provider) · Public domain · National Library of France / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Image: National Library of France, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: National Library of France, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Unmodified. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Bronze,_Philippopolis,_Thrace,_Antonin_Le_Pieux_-_btv1b85873741_(2_of_2).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"philippopolis.s1-under-the-street","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Below the shop windows","body":"Part of ancient Philippopolis’s stadium survives beneath the modern street. Most remains under the buildings. Marble seats survive in some basements.\n\nRows curve around the northern end of the ancient track. The track was the space for competitions. Today’s city passes above; below is where spectators once sat.\n\nThe stadium was first discovered in 1923. Later building work revealed more sections. In 2004 work at a former cinema uncovered five rows of seats.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-overview-480.f5b9351f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-overview-960.f5b9351f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-overview-1600.f5b9351f.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#605c58","h":966,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-overview-960.f5b9351f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-overview-960.f5b9351f.webp","id":"asset.phil.stadium.overview","alt":"Marble rows below a modern pedestrian deck.","objectCaption":"Marble rows below a modern pedestrian deck.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plovdiv-2020-08-AntichenStadion01.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.061583333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.philippopolis.philippopolis.s1-under-the-street","duration":30.165,"src":"/audio/en/philippopolis/s1-under-the-street.e76508ce.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.stadium.visit"},{"id":"src.phil.stadium.research"},{"id":"src.phil.stadium.museum"}]},{"id":"philippopolis.s2-city-names","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Three names for one city","body":"Today we call it Plovdiv. Philippopolis means “city of Philip”. It is linked to the Macedonian ruler Philip II. In the fourth century BCE, Philip conquered an older Thracian settlement.\n\nNot every founder story is fact. A tradition says Philip gathered scoundrels here, explaining the mocking nickname Poneropolis. It does not establish who lived here.\n\nThe Roman name Trimontium points to three hills: Nebet, Dzhambaz and Taksim. Different names were sometimes used together.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"","precision":"approximate","id":"place.phil.stadium","name":"Ancient Stadium, Dzhumaya Square","latitude":42.1475679,"longitude":24.7480184,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":80,"sourceIds":["src.phil.coordinates.stadium"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"phil.stadium","url":"/en/map/#phil.stadium"},{"note":"","precision":"approximate","id":"place.phil.theatre","name":"Ancient Theatre","latitude":42.146838888889,"longitude":24.751005555556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":60,"sourceIds":["src.phil.coordinates.theatre"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"phil.theatre","url":"/en/map/#phil.theatre"},{"note":"","precision":"approximate","id":"place.phil.eirene","name":"House of 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The stone ends in a lion paw. Steps between the rows lead down towards the track.\n\nThe stadium was built in the early second century, under Emperor Hadrian. It was over two hundred metres long and about fifty wide. Fourteen rows of marble seats surrounded the track. Its capacity is estimated at about thirty thousand spectators.\n\nThere were seats of honour too. Greek inscriptions reserved them for people of high public status.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-paws-480.4eaeec4b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-paws-960.4eaeec4b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-paws-1600.4eaeec4b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#79706a","h":2400,"w":1697,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-paws-960.4eaeec4b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-paws-960.4eaeec4b.webp","id":"asset.phil.stadium.paws","alt":"A stairway between rows; carved paws appear on the seat ends.","objectCaption":"A stairway between rows; carved paws appear on the seat ends.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plovdiv-2020-08-AntichenStadion06.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-stairs","x":0.52,"y":0.58,"title":"A path between the rows","body":"These steps gave spectators access to their seats.","sourceIds":["src.phil.stadium.architecture"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-paw","x":0.66,"y":0.47,"title":"Lion paw","body":"The seat end is decorated with a carved lion paw.","sourceIds":["src.phil.stadium.architecture"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-marble","x":0.27,"y":0.39,"title":"Marble block","body":"The seats are carved from solid marble blocks.","sourceIds":["src.phil.stadium.architecture"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.471,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.philippopolis.philippopolis.s3-stone-seats","duration":28.587,"src":"/audio/en/philippopolis/s3-stone-seats.dce3bdd1.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.stadium.architecture"},{"id":"src.phil.stadium.museum"},{"id":"src.phil.city.archaeology"}]},{"id":"philippopolis.a1-under-street","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: below the street","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.phil.street","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What lies beneath the main pedestrian street?","sourceIds":["src.phil.stadium.visit","src.phil.theatre.architecture","src.phil.eirene.operator"],"items":[{"id":"opt-a","label":"The ancient stadium"},{"id":"opt-b","label":"The entire ancient theatre","whyWrong":"The theatre is on the slope between two hills."},{"id":"opt-c","label":"The House of Eirene","whyWrong":"That is a different site displayed in an underpass."}],"explanation":"The stadium lies below the street. Its northern end is displayed at Dzhumaya Square.","correctItemId":"opt-a","sources":[{"id":"src.phil.stadium.visit"},{"id":"src.phil.theatre.architecture"},{"id":"src.phil.eirene.operator"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3354166666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.philippopolis.philippopolis.a1-under-street","duration":3.456,"src":"/audio/en/philippopolis/a1-under-street.17a19424.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.stadium.visit"},{"id":"src.phil.theatre.architecture"},{"id":"src.phil.eirene.operator"}]},{"id":"philippopolis.s4-theatre","number":5,"kind":"artifact","title":"Columns above the stage","body":"The theatre stands on the slope between Taksim and Dzhambaz hills. Here the rows form a semicircle before a stage, rather than a long track. Restored sections are part of what we see today.\n\nThe theatre dates from Roman times. Its precise date remains disputed.\n\nToday the re-erected columns face an audience again: concerts and performances take place here.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-theatre-overview-480.ef831da7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-theatre-overview-960.ef831da7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-theatre-overview-1600.ef831da7.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#83827d","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-theatre-overview-960.ef831da7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-phil-theatre-overview-960.ef831da7.webp","id":"asset.phil.theatre.overview","alt":"Curving rows face a restored front wall with columns; modern concert equipment is present.","objectCaption":"Curving rows face a restored front wall with columns; modern concert equipment is present.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"CivArmy · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: CivArmy, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"CivArmy, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_theatre_of_Plovdiv,_Bulgaria.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-theatre-seats","x":0.58,"y":0.48,"title":"Spectator seats","body":"The curved rows face the space before the stage.","sourceIds":["src.phil.theatre.architecture"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-stage","x":0.19,"y":0.43,"title":"Stage columns","body":"The columns belong to the restored front wall of the stage building. The photograph shows the site today.","sourceIds":["src.phil.theatre.architecture"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-chairs","x":0.19,"y":0.61,"title":"Modern chairs","body":"The black chairs and equipment serve modern performances. They are not Roman finds.","sourceIds":["src.phil.theatre.operator"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":22.72404166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.philippopolis.philippopolis.s4-theatre","duration":22.827,"src":"/audio/en/philippopolis/s4-theatre.a0079478.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.theatre.operator"},{"id":"src.phil.theatre.architecture"},{"id":"src.phil.theatre.landslide"}]},{"id":"philippopolis.s5-eirene","number":6,"kind":"artifact","title":"Little stones in the floor","body":"At the House of Eirene, look down. A mosaic is a design of small coloured pieces called tesserae. The photo shows stones and curling lines. Elsewhere in this house, a Greek inscription names a female image: Eirene.\n\nThe figure is interpreted as peace shown as a person. We cannot establish whether it portrays a woman who lived here. One interpretation sees a wish for peace after wars.\n\nThe house was uncovered in 1983–1984.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-eirene-detail-480.3d82acce.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-eirene-detail-960.3d82acce.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-phil-eirene-detail-1600.3d82acce.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#9a816a","h":1536,"w":2048,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-phil-eirene-detail-960.3d82acce.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-phil-eirene-detail-960.3d82acce.webp","id":"asset.phil.eirene.detail","alt":"Close view of stones, circles and curling lines in a mosaic. The female image is not visible.","objectCaption":"Close view of stones, circles and curling lines in a mosaic. The female image is not visible.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Realsteel007 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Realsteel007, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Realsteel007, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eirene_mosaics11.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-tesserae","x":0.46,"y":0.88,"title":"Tesserae","body":"A mosaic is a design made from many small coloured pieces called tesserae.","sourceIds":["src.phil.eirene.unesco"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-curls","x":0.37,"y":0.61,"title":"Curling lines","body":"Light and dark pieces form a curling pattern. We do not see the female image here.","sourceIds":["src.phil.photo.11"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-loss","x":0.48,"y":0.16,"title":"Missing patch","body":"The design is interrupted in this patch. The photograph does not reconstruct what is missing.","sourceIds":["src.phil.photo.11"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.621916666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.philippopolis.philippopolis.s5-eirene","duration":28.715,"src":"/audio/en/philippopolis/s5-eirene.71f328c4.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.eirene.operator"},{"id":"src.phil.eirene.topalilov2018"},{"id":"src.phil.eirene.unesco"}]},{"id":"philippopolis.a2-discoveries","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: three discoveries","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.phil.discovery-order","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the discoveries in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.phil.stadium.research","src.phil.eirene.operator"],"items":[{"id":"ev-stadium","label":"Stadium discovered"},{"id":"ev-eirene","label":"House of Eirene uncovered"},{"id":"ev-cinema","label":"Seats at the cinema"}],"explanation":"The dates establish the order: 1923, then 1983–1984, then 2004.","correctOrderIds":["ev-stadium","ev-eirene","ev-cinema"],"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.stadium.research"},{"id":"src.phil.eirene.operator"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.6256666666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.philippopolis.philippopolis.a2-discoveries","duration":3.755,"src":"/audio/en/philippopolis/a2-discoveries.eb2da8fe.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.phil.stadium.research"},{"id":"src.phil.eirene.operator"}]},{"id":"philippopolis.s6-see-today","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Rows, columns and floors","body":"What can you see today? 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Publisher PDF obtained and cited pages read; local research copy is not a reusable app asset."},"authors":["Ivo Topalilov"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2018,"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6287/","institutionOrAuthor":"Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Culture; hosted by UNESCO World Heritage Centre","id":"src.phil.eirene.unesco","title":"Bishop's Basilica and Late-Antique Mosaics of Philippopolis, Roman Province of Thrace","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Irene building; mosaics, tesserae and Greek inscription; chronology in nomination description. This is a Tentative List submission, not World Heritage inscription."},"authors":["Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Culture; hosted by UNESCO World Heritage Centre"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://invest.plovdiv.bg/culture-and-tourism/","institutionOrAuthor":"Plovdiv Invest / Община Пловдив","id":"src.phil.names.invest","title":"Culture and tourism","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Municipal timeline of city names; mythic Eumolpus genealogy differs from other municipal page."},"authors":["Plovdiv Invest / Община Пловдив"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2006,"url":"https://www1.ku.de/ggf/ag/tabula_peutingeriana/trefferanzeige_en.php?id=1093","institutionOrAuthor":"Iris von Bredow; Johannes Niehoff (Der Neue Pauly entry)","id":"src.phil.names.ku","title":"Philippopolis (Der Neue Pauly), reproduced in Tabula Peutingeriana entry 1093","container":"Der Neue Pauly; Tabula Peutingeriana research database, Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"341 BCE compared with Oxford 342 BCE; three hills; Pulpudeva and modern name; uncertainty of Eumolpia and Odrysa identifications; nickname Poneropolis."},"authors":["Iris von Bredow; Johannes Niehoff (Der Neue Pauly entry)"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.plovdiv.bg/en/tourists/sight-seeing/ancient-plovdiv/","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Пловдив","id":"src.phil.names.municipality","title":"Ancient Plovdiv","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Eumolpus as mythical founder; Philip's conquest and renaming, not origin of all habitation."},"authors":["Община Пловдив"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2016,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4980","institutionOrAuthor":"Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond","id":"src.phil.names.oxford","title":"Philippopolis","container":"Oxford Classical Dictionary (online)","doi":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4980","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"342 BCE foundation tradition; Theopompus and Poneropolis; Trimontium. Only public extract read."},"authors":["Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond"],"accessed":"2026-11-02"},{"year":2007,"url":"https://cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi-bin/search.cgi?db=REAL&enlogin=&field=adlerhw_gr&login=&searchstr=pi%2C2039","institutionOrAuthor":"Suda; Ioannis Doukas (translator); Suda On Line, University of Kentucky","id":"src.phil.names.suda","title":"Ponêropolis, Adler π 2039","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Later source transmits Theopompus' hostile foundation anecdote; editorial notes identify derogatory nickname, not secure official city name."},"authors":["Suda; Ioannis Doukas (translator); Suda On Line, University of Kentucky"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.visitplovdiv.com/en/node/520","institutionOrAuthor":"Visit Plovdiv / Municipality of Plovdiv","id":"src.phil.names.visit","title":"The Antique Plovdiv","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Meaning city of Philip; Philip II conquered an existing Thracian settlement; no claim that habitation began with him."},"authors":["Visit Plovdiv / Municipality of Plovdiv"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://ancient-stadium-plovdiv.eu/?l=2&p=12","institutionOrAuthor":"Maya Martinova-Kjutova; Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041","id":"src.phil.stadium.architecture","title":"Ancient Stadium of Philippopolis","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Approximate dimensions; marble seats; lion paws; stepped aisles; northern curve and covered passage; Greek seat inscriptions."},"authors":["Maya Martinova-Kjutova; Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://ramplovdiv.com/римският-стадион/","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален археологически музей – Пловдив","id":"src.phil.stadium.museum","title":"Римски стадион","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Hadrianic dating; about 30,000 spectators; dimensions; fourteen rows; seats under present buildings."},"authors":["Регионален археологически музей – Пловдив"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://ancient-stadium-plovdiv.eu/?l=2&p=24","institutionOrAuthor":"Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041","id":"src.phil.stadium.research","title":"Archaeological Research and Exhibition of the Stadium","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"1923 discovery; basement seat displays; 2004 discovery of five seat rows; later excavations."},"authors":["Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://ancient-stadium-plovdiv.eu/?l=2&p=13","institutionOrAuthor":"Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041","id":"src.phil.stadium.visit","title":"Visit the Ancient Stadium","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Stadium below pedestrian street; visible northern curve and track at Dzhumaya Square; hypothetical reconstruction is labelled."},"authors":["Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://ancient-stadium-plovdiv.eu/?l=2&p=45","institutionOrAuthor":"Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041","id":"src.phil.theatre.architecture","title":"Ancient Theatre","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Southern slope; semicircular marble seating; stage; restoration; older Trajanic dating retained as a disagreement."},"authors":["Regional Administration Plovdiv, project BG 0041"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.plovdivcitycard.com/place/ancient-theater/","institutionOrAuthor":"Plovdiv City Card","id":"src.phil.theatre.landslide","title":"Ancient Theatre","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Tourism-provider account of a landslide uncovering the theatre in 1972; not independent archaeological confirmation."},"authors":["Plovdiv City Card"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://oldplovdiv.bg/en/sights/3","institutionOrAuthor":"Общински институт „Старинен Пловдив“","id":"src.phil.theatre.operator","title":"The Ancient Theatre","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Operator gives construction in the 90s CE under Domitian, research 1968–1979, and contemporary performances."},"authors":["Общински институт „Старинен Пловдив“"],"accessed":"2026-11-02","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"},"container":""}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.phil.coin.reverse-cutout","src":"/media/asset-phil-coin-reverse-cutout-960.41520f4b.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. 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Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Bronze,_Philippopolis,_Thrace,_Antonin_Le_Pieux_-_btv1b85873741_(2_of_2).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.phil.stadium.overview","src":"/media/asset-phil-stadium-overview-960.f5b9351f.webp","alt":"Marble rows below a modern pedestrian deck.","w":1600,"h":966,"caption":"","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Unmodified. 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