{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.pleven-1877","hasFind":true,"slug":"pleven-1877","url":"/en/stories/pleven-1877/","topic":"Pleven","title":"Why did Osman Pasha delay the advance?","summary":"Earthworks stop repeated attacks. Then the roads bringing food are closed. A story about Osman Pasha, Russian and Romanian troops, and the difference between a battlefield and a painting of it.","cover":{"title":"Why did Osman Pasha delay the advance?","subtitle":"The fighting for Pleven in 1877","hook":"How did Pleven withstand three assaults?","summary":"Earthworks stop repeated attacks. Then the roads bringing food are closed. A story about Osman Pasha, Russian and Romanian troops, and the difference between a battlefield and a painting of it.","takeaway":"Pleven fell after a blockade and a failed breakout. The later Panorama depicts another moment: the September assault."},"sortYear":1877,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Pleven","date":"1877","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-480.c27b2114.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-1600.c27b2114.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-2400.c27b2114.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#9f9279","h":386,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","id":"asset.ple.sword-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","objectCaption":"Blade fragment","caption":"Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Joe Mabel · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plevna_sword.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"pleven-1877.s1-roads","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"The town on the roads","body":"July 1877. Russia's army has crossed the Danube in its war against the Ottoman Empire. Ahead lies Pleven, a town of about 17,000 people according to the museum guide. Important roads pass through it. Troops based here can threaten movement along them.\n\nOn 19 July, the Ottoman commander Osman Pasha arrives. Pasha is a title for a senior Ottoman official or commander. He comes from Vidin and places his soldiers on the heights around the town. The defenders build earthworks: banks of earth that provide cover.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-osman-300.304e0ca2.avif","w":300}],"dominant":"#8f8572","h":400,"w":300,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-osman-300.304e0ca2.webp","w":300}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-osman-300.304e0ca2.webp","id":"asset.ple.osman","alt":"Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph.","objectCaption":"Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph. Scanned and retouched by Tim Ross.","caption":"Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph. Scanned and retouched by Tim Ross.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Abdullah frères · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Abdullah frères / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph. Scanned and retouched by Tim Ross. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Abdullah frères / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Portrait of Osman Pasha, about 1890–1895; not a siege photograph. Scanned and retouched by Tim Ross. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":33.83479166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s1-roads","duration":33.963,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/s1-roads.e9f2b949.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.kiel2007"},{"id":"src.ple.pasha2007"},{"id":"src.ple.image.osman"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s2-assaults","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Two assaults against the earthworks","body":"Russian troops attack on 20 July. The town stays in Ottoman hands. A second assault follows on 30 July. An assault is a direct attack to capture a position. This attempt also fails.\n\nAround Pleven stand redoubts: separate forts protected by earth banks. Attackers must reach them under fire. The defenders hold the town. Russian commanders prepare another attack. On the map, Grivitsa lies east of Pleven. Romanian troops will also fight there in the next major assault.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-480.143652f3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-1600.143652f3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#ddd3b9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","id":"asset.ple.historical-map","alt":"Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey.","objectCaption":"Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark.","caption":"Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark.","kind":"map","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / British Library","license":"Public domain","attribution":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:424_of_%27The_Defence_of_Plevna,_1877._Written_by_One_who_took_part_in_it%27_(11232304696).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate town location, not the line of the 1877 defences.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.pleven","name":"Pleven","latitude":43.413188,"longitude":24.616916,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q165420"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.pleven","url":"/en/map/#ple.pleven"},{"note":"Approximate village location, not the captured redoubt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.grivitsa","name":"Grivitsa","latitude":43.413207,"longitude":24.705414,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q2990475"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.grivitsa","url":"/en/map/#ple.grivitsa"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Approximate town location, not the line of the 1877 defences.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.pleven","name":"Pleven","latitude":43.413188,"longitude":24.616916,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q165420"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.pleven","url":"/en/map/#ple.pleven","number":1,"x":38.96145,"y":31.89748,"inside":true,"viewX":48.26192516129032,"viewY":40.89051145806452},{"note":"Approximate village location, not the captured redoubt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.grivitsa","name":"Grivitsa","latitude":43.413207,"longitude":24.705414,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q2990475"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.grivitsa","url":"/en/map/#ple.grivitsa","number":2,"x":40.06768,"y":31.89697,"inside":true,"viewX":57.26192516129032,"viewY":46.89051145806452}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":28.210374193548386,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":50.24949677419356,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":99.32469677419355,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":92.32350967741935,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":69.14601290322581,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Veliko 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Romania's army, led by Prince Carol I, now fights alongside Russia's. At Grivitsa, Romanian soldiers with Russian support capture a fort. Pleven itself is not taken.\n\nThe painting shows earth banks, guns and smoke. It is an artistic reconstruction. It helps us imagine the fort, but cannot prove where every soldier stood.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-480.f5d396e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-960.f5d396e6.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-1600.f5d396e6.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#a0988f","h":1200,"w":2080,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-960.f5d396e6.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-grivitsa-painting-960.f5d396e6.webp","id":"asset.ple.grivitsa-painting","alt":"Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph.","objectCaption":"Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph.","caption":"Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painting by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1885. Artistic reconstruction, not a battle photograph. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zahvat_grivickogo_reduta.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-480.deb65b8f.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-960.deb65b8f.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-1300.deb65b8f.avif","w":1300}],"dominant":"#8d8277","h":1942,"w":1300,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-960.deb65b8f.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-skobelev-960.deb65b8f.webp","id":"asset.ple.skobelev","alt":"Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction.","objectCaption":"Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction.","caption":"Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_Skobelev_(Dimitriev-Orenburgsky).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-redoubt-earth","x":0.59,"y":0.61,"title":"Earth bank","body":"This earth bank is part of the fort. The artist shows a battle, not an exact plan.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting","src.ple.akcakaya2023"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-redoubt-gun","x":0.76,"y":0.69,"title":"Gun","body":"A gun is painted behind the bank. Soldiers fight around it.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-redoubt-smoke","x":0.83,"y":0.46,"title":"Painted smoke","body":"The artist adds smoke to the battle scene. This is a painting from 1885.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Approximate village location, not the captured redoubt.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.grivitsa","name":"Grivitsa","latitude":43.413207,"longitude":24.705414,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1500,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q2990475"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.grivitsa","url":"/en/map/#ple.grivitsa"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.011208333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s3-redoubt","duration":25.131,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/s3-redoubt.3c4d0ca2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.panorama"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting"},{"id":"src.ple.image.skobelev"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.a1-redoubt","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: the redoubt and the town","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ple.redoubt","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What do Romanian troops with Russian support achieve at Grivitsa in the third assault?","sourceIds":["src.ple.museum-guide","src.ple.akcakaya2023"],"items":[{"id":"opt-fort","label":"They capture one fortification, but not Pleven."},{"id":"opt-city","label":"They capture Pleven in September.","whyWrong":"The town falls in December, not in the September assault."},{"id":"opt-alone","label":"They fight without any Russian participation.","whyWrong":"The story identifies Russian support."},{"id":"opt-paint","label":"They build the Panorama during the fighting.","whyWrong":"The Panorama is a later building; its construction is not a military success at Grivitsa."}],"explanation":"The local success at Grivitsa does not break the entire defence. Pleven remains in Ottoman hands.","correctItemId":"opt-fort","sources":[{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":5.715458333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.a1-redoubt","duration":5.845,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/a1-redoubt.a4d5755c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s4-blockade","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"The road that brings food","body":"After the third failure, Russian and Romanian troops change tactics. General Eduard Totleben directs a blockade. The blockade closes roads bringing food and reinforcements.\n\nThis does not happen all at once. According to the museum guide, the ring closes completely in late October. Food in Pleven runs low. Hunger and disease weaken Osman Pasha's army. The commander must decide whether to surrender or try to lead his troops through the blockade.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-480.143652f3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-1600.143652f3.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#ddd3b9","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-historical-map-960.143652f3.webp","id":"asset.ple.historical-map","alt":"Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey.","objectCaption":"Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark.","caption":"Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark.","kind":"map","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons / British Library","license":"Public domain","attribution":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"F. S. Weller (map); Frederick William von Herbert (book); British Library (digitisation) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Later map in a defender’s book. It shows no state borders and is not a modern survey. Map from 1895, Public domain. The British Library provides this collection under Public Domain Mark. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:424_of_%27The_Defence_of_Plevna,_1877._Written_by_One_who_took_part_in_it%27_(11232304696).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.727958333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s4-blockade","duration":27.819,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/s4-blockade.37d94d0d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.herbert-map"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.a2-timeline","number":6,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ple.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put these events at Pleven in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.ple.akcakaya2023","src.ple.city","src.ple.museum-guide"],"items":[{"id":"ev-july20","label":"Russian attacks on Pleven"},{"id":"ev-july30","label":"Fort captured at Grivitsa"},{"id":"ev-september","label":"Supply roads closed"}],"explanation":"The Russian attacks fail. During the next major assault, Romanian soldiers capture a fort at Grivitsa, but not Pleven. A blockade follows and closes supply roads.","correctOrderIds":["ev-july20","ev-july30","ev-september"],"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.city"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.055208333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.a2-timeline","duration":4.181,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/a2-timeline.a9efbb82.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.city"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s5-two-dates","number":7,"kind":"artifact","title":"Two dates on a sword","body":"Osman Pasha tries to lead his troops through the blockade. On 10 December his troops attack westwards, near the Vit River. The attempt is repulsed. He is wounded and surrenders.\n\nThe museum sword shown here bears two dates: 28 November and 10 December 1877. This is one day recorded in two calendars. The Julian calendar, called Old Style, then runs twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar, or New Style. This story uses New Style dates.\n\nThe inscription associates the sword with Edhem Pasha, not Osman Pasha.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-480.c676f9f4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-1600.c676f9f4.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-2400.c676f9f4.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#8d6a45","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.webp","id":"asset.ple.sword","alt":"Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","objectCaption":"Blade fragment","caption":"Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Joe Mabel · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plevna_sword.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-480.4284d7fe.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-960.4284d7fe.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-1279.4284d7fe.avif","w":1279}],"dominant":"#969198","h":885,"w":1279,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-960.4284d7fe.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-sortie-print-960.4284d7fe.webp","id":"asset.ple.sortie-print","alt":"Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout.","objectCaption":"Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout.","caption":"Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout.","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Print in The Illustrated London News, February 1878; artistic depiction of the breakout. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_sortie_from_Plevna.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-480.5be23529.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-960.5be23529.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-1600.5be23529.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8d8076","h":772,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-960.5be23529.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-surrender-print-960.5be23529.webp","id":"asset.ple.surrender-print","alt":"Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date.","objectCaption":"Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are Unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date.","caption":"Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are Unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are Unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Wide archival photographic view with a join, catalogued as the surrender. The photographer and precise exposure moment are Unknown; the event date does not establish the photograph date. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0310_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B,_10_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_1877.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-sword-name","x":0.22,"y":0.32,"title":"The name","body":"The inscription reads “Edhem Pasha”. This is a different name from Osman Pasha.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.sword"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sword-dates","x":0.55,"y":0.32,"title":"Two dates","body":"It gives 28 November and 10 December 1877: one day in Old and New Style.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.sword","src.ple.city"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-sword-scabbard","x":0.66,"y":0.75,"title":"Scabbard","body":"Below the blade is the scabbard, the sword's protective sheath. This is a museum detail, not an image of the surrender.","sourceIds":["src.ple.image.sword"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Approximate town location, not the line of the 1877 defences.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.pleven","name":"Pleven","latitude":43.413188,"longitude":24.616916,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q165420"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"ple.pleven","url":"/en/map/#ple.pleven"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":35.878166666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s5-two-dates","duration":35.968,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/s5-two-dates.506eab14.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.city"},{"id":"src.ple.romanian2007"},{"id":"src.ple.image.sword"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.s6-memory","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"The 115-metre canvas","body":"The Panorama opens on 10 December 1977. Its 115-metre-long canvas depicts the September assault. Painted landscape meets a model of the terrain in front of it. The December battle appears separately: a painting with a terrain model in front of it. The Panorama helps visitors imagine the battle. The huge painting was made to remember the war. It is not a photograph of the past.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-480.47b770d5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-960.47b770d5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-1600.47b770d5.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#878f6c","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-960.47b770d5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-ple-park03-960.47b770d5.webp","id":"asset.ple.park03","alt":"Guns displayed in Skobelev Park for visitors.","objectCaption":"Later, part of the battlefield becomes Skobelev Park. It has an ossuary, a building holding remains of the dead. Issa Aga redoubt is restored. The guns are displayed in the park for visitors. The photograph does not show their positions during the battle. The model and combat history of each gun have not been established.","caption":"Later, part of the battlefield becomes Skobelev Park. It has an ossuary, a building holding remains of the dead. Issa Aga redoubt is restored. The guns are displayed in the park for visitors. The photograph does not show their positions during the battle. The model and combat history of each gun have not been established.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Спасимир · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Later, part of the battlefield becomes Skobelev Park. It has an ossuary, a building holding remains of the dead. Issa Aga redoubt is restored. The guns are displayed in the park for visitors. The photograph does not show their positions during the battle. The model and combat history of each gun have not been established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Спасимир / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Later, part of the battlefield becomes Skobelev Park. It has an ossuary, a building holding remains of the dead. Issa Aga redoubt is restored. The guns are displayed in the park for visitors. The photograph does not show their positions during the battle. The model and combat history of each gun have not been established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Scobelev_03.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Approximate area of the later park. Guns are displayed for visitors.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.skobelev-park","name":"Skobelev Park","latitude":43.39861111,"longitude":24.60611111,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":500,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q7536057","src.ple.park"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#skobelev-park","slug":"ple.skobelev-park","url":"/en/map/#ple.skobelev-park"},{"note":"Approximate museum location. The large canvas depicts the September assault.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.ple.panorama","name":"Pleven Panorama","latitude":43.39877777777778,"longitude":24.606305555555554,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.ple.coord.q2023134","src.ple.panorama"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/pleven-panorama/","slug":"ple.panorama","url":"/en/map/#ple.panorama"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":24.39591666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.s6-memory","duration":24.491,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/s6-memory.054791b3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.park"},{"id":"src.ple.panorama"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.image.park03"}]},{"id":"pleven-1877.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.ple.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each commander with his role in the story.","sourceIds":["src.ple.akcakaya2023","src.ple.museum-guide","src.ple.panorama"],"items":[{"id":"m-osman","label":"Osman Pasha","pairedLabel":"Directs the Ottoman defence of Pleven"},{"id":"m-totleben","label":"Eduard Totleben","pairedLabel":"Directs the blockade of Pleven"},{"id":"m-skobelev","label":"Mikhail Skobelev","pairedLabel":"Attacks the southern redoubts"},{"id":"m-carol","label":"Prince Carol I","pairedLabel":"Leads the Romanian army"}],"explanation":"The story distinguishes the defence, the blockade and the actions of individual allied commanders.","sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.panorama"}],"columns":["Person","Role"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.3818333333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.pleven-1877.pleven-1877.a3-matching","duration":3.499,"src":"/audio/en/pleven-1877/a3-matching.50731141.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023"},{"id":"src.ple.museum-guide"},{"id":"src.ple.panorama"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1361452","institutionOrAuthor":"Umut Akcakaya","id":"src.ple.akcakaya2023","authors":["Umut Akcakaya"],"title":"Battles of Pleven: A Glorious Defeat in Military History","container":"Journal of Universal History Studies","volume":"6","issue":"2","pages":"168–190","doi":"10.38000/juhis.1361452","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Roads; arrival; first, second and third attacks; siege; hunger; breakout; attributed strategic interpretation. Nationally framed title and rhetoric are not adopted."},"license":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — research reference only, not a distributable image asset","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://pleven.bg/bg/istoricheska-spravka","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Плевен","id":"src.ple.city","authors":["Община Плевен"],"title":"Историческа справка","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Arrival context, three assaults, 28 November / 10 December dual date, surrender; “three months isolation” retained as wording of source. The “За превземането” paragraph does not supply 20 July; that date is supported by Akcakaya p. 172."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165420","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.ple.coord.q165420","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Pleven: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Coordinates only, never evidence for historical claims."},"license":"CC0","accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990475","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia geographical database contributors","id":"src.ple.coord.q2990475","authors":["Wikimedia geographical database contributors"],"title":"Grivitsa: geographical record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Coordinates only, never evidence for historical claims."},"license":"CC0","accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":1895,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:424_of_%27The_Defence_of_Plevna,_1877._Written_by_One_who_took_part_in_it%27_(11232304696).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Frederick William von Herbert; map signed F. S. Weller, F.R.G.S.; digitised by the British Library","id":"src.ple.herbert-map","authors":["Frederick William von Herbert; map signed F. S. Weller, F.R.G.S.; digitised by the British Library"],"title":"The 4th Battle of Plevna, 10th December, 1877. Position of the troops at daybreak","container":"The Defence of Plevna, 1877. Written by One who took part in it. London: Longmans, Green & Co.","pages":"unnumbered fold-out, scan 424","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Retrospective participant map: Pleven, Grivitsa, Vit, encirclement depiction. Not surveyed modern geometry or proof of every troop position."},"license":"Public domain: British Library out-of-copyright digitised books collection; Commons metadata says No restrictions and wikitext says Flickr-no known copyright restrictions. See src.ple.bl-publicdomain; no PD-old template is asserted for this file.","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zahvat_grivickogo_reduta.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky","id":"src.ple.image.grivitsa-painting","authors":["Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky"],"title":"File:Zahvat grivickogo reduta.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons image record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator and rights only; historical claims require the textual sources."},"license":"Public domain","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Abdullah frères","id":"src.ple.image.osman","authors":["Abdullah frères"],"title":"File:GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons image record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator and rights only; historical claims require the textual sources. Includes the prior scan/retouch by Tim Ross; the app makes no further alteration."},"license":"Public domain","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Scobelev_03.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Спасимир","id":"src.ple.image.park03","authors":["Спасимир"],"title":"File:Park Scobelev 03.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons image record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator and rights only; historical claims require the textual sources."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_Skobelev_(Dimitriev-Orenburgsky).jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky","id":"src.ple.image.skobelev","authors":["Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky"],"title":"File:General Skobelev (Dimitriev-Orenburgsky).jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons image record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator and rights only; historical claims require the textual sources."},"license":"Public domain","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plevna_sword.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Joe Mabel","id":"src.ple.image.sword","authors":["Joe Mabel"],"title":"File:Plevna sword.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons image record","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Image identity, creator and rights only; historical claims require the textual sources."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2007,"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/plevne","institutionOrAuthor":"Machiel Kiel","id":"src.ple.kiel2007","authors":["Machiel Kiel"],"title":"PLEVNE","container":"TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi","volume":"34","pages":"302–303","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Urban Ottoman context; July–December siege and destruction; Muslim population displacement, not quantified in story."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://app.panorama-pleven.com/zali/","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален военноисторически музей – Плевен","id":"src.ple.museum-guide","authors":["Регионален военноисторически музей – Плевен"],"title":"Зали и изображения — аудиогид на Панорама „Плевенска епопея 1877 г.“","container":"Официален дигитален музеен гид","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Pleven circa 17,000; Osman Pasha; earthworks; Romanian and Russian attacks; blockade; Vit; painting technique and dates. “Панорамно изкуство” describes the intended immersive effect of canvas and terrain model; supports the attributed basis for q.ple.05 (interpretation)."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":null,"url":"https://panorama-pleven.com/museum/panorama/","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален военноисторически музей – Плевен","id":"src.ple.panorama","authors":["Регионален военноисторически музей – Плевен"],"title":"Панорама „Плевенска епопея 1877 г.“","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"1977 opening; third assault represented by panorama; December action represented by diorama; 13 artists; Skobelev redoubts."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","container":""},{"year":2017,"url":"https://www.pleven.bg/bg/informatsiya-za-turisticheskite-obekti/skobelev-park-muzey","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Плевен","id":"src.ple.park","authors":["Община Плевен"],"title":"Парк-музей „Ген. М. Д. Скобелев“","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"1904–1907 park; ossuary; restored Issa Aga; original guns; opening 3 September 1907."},"accessed":"2026-11-03","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2007,"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pasa","institutionOrAuthor":"Abdülkadir Özcan","id":"src.ple.pasha2007","authors":["Abdülkadir Özcan"],"title":"PAŞA","container":"TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi","volume":"34","pages":"182–183","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Explains the title Pasha at first mention; no etymology imported into story."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"},{"year":2007,"url":"https://english.mapn.ro/cpresa/1776_Ceremony-dedicated-to-the-Pleven-Heroes","institutionOrAuthor":"Romanian Ministry of National Defence, MoD Press Office","id":"src.ple.romanian2007","authors":["Romanian Ministry of National Defence, MoD Press Office"],"title":"Ceremony dedicated to the Pleven Heroes","container":"Press release No. 504","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","supports":{"en":"Romanian participation; both calendars; attribution of surrender to Colonel Mihail Cerchez. This is a commemorative institutional account, not a neutral adjudication of surrender protocol."},"accessed":"2026-11-03"}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.ple.sword-cutout","src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-cutout-960.c27b2114.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","w":2400,"h":386,"caption":"Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","credit":"Joe Mabel · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. 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Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Painted portrait by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1883; later depiction. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_Skobelev_(Dimitriev-Orenburgsky).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.ple.sword","src":"/media/asset-ple-sword-960.c676f9f4.webp","alt":"Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. It is not established as Osman Pasha’s sword.","w":2400,"h":1800,"caption":"Museum detail of a sword and scabbard. The inscription names Edhem Pasha and the two capture dates. 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