{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.revival-school-gabrovo","hasFind":true,"slug":"revival-school-gabrovo","url":"/en/stories/revival-school-gabrovo/","topic":"Gabrovo school of 1835","title":"How a school changed a town","summary":"Before the new school, Gabrovo had cell-school teaching. The story connects three themes: the Fish Primer of 1824, the donors to the Gabrovo school and the work of its first teacher, Neofit Rilski. The story runs from the cell school to the first New Bulgarian secular school and to the building that now houses the National Museum of Education.","cover":{"title":"How a school changed a town","subtitle":"The Fish Primer, Vasil Aprilov and the school of 1835","hook":"How did children write in sand?","summary":"Before the new school, Gabrovo had cell-school teaching. The story connects three themes: the Fish Primer of 1824, the donors to the Gabrovo school and the work of its first teacher, Neofit Rilski. The story runs from the cell school to the first New Bulgarian secular school and to the building that now houses the National Museum of Education.","takeaway":"The example spread quickly. Teachers trained in Gabrovo under Neofit Rilski went on to teach in towns on both sides of the Balkan range, and in 1837 Neofit himself opened a school in Koprivshtitsa. According to the figures summarised by Penka Tsoneva, there were over two hundred mutual schools by the mid-1850s and about fifteen hundred by 1878. In 1856 the first chitalishta, community reading rooms, appeared in Svishtov, Lom and Shumen."},"sortYear":1835,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Gabrovo","date":"1835","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout-267.177c9b4e.avif","w":267}],"dominant":"#ac9075","h":549,"w":267,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout-267.177c9b4e.webp","w":267}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout-267.177c9b4e.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-cutout","alt":"The dolphin woodcut from the Fish Primer, isolated from a reproduction of the page.","objectCaption":"Fish Primer illustrations","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Photonik · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riben-bukvar-pril3-1600.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},"scenes":[{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s1","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Before 1835: letters through prayers","body":"Before the new school, Gabrovo had cell-school teaching. In her survey of cell schools in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, Penka Tsoneva describes reading prayers and service books, writing and arithmetic. This is a general account of the earlier tradition, rather than a surviving Gabrovo curriculum from the 1820s. In this tradition, a teacher could be a clergyman or a literate craftsman.\n\nNikolay Hristoforov Palauzov was born in Gabrovo in 1821 and attended a local cell school. In 1830 he left for Odessa to join his uncle Nikolay Stefanov Palauzov, an associate of Vasil Aprilov.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-480.2119f0ac.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-960.2119f0ac.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-1024.2119f0ac.avif","w":1024}],"dominant":"#a48d64","h":575,"w":1024,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-960.2119f0ac.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-kanitz-gabrovo-960.2119f0ac.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.kanitz-gabrovo","alt":"Artistic view with a river, stone bridge, houses along the bank and a bell tower.","objectCaption":"Artistic view with a river, stone bridge, houses along the bank and a bell tower.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Felix Philipp Kanitz (Феликс Каниц) · Public domain (PD-old) · Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-old)","attribution":"Felix Kanitz, Gabrovo, 1885. A later artistic view of the town, fifty years after the school opened. Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Felix Kanitz, Gabrovo, 1885. A later artistic view of the town, fifty years after the school opened. Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gabrovo_by_Felix_Kanitz.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":38.699375,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s1","duration":38.827,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s1.a2950655.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.tsoneva-2015"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.burceva-2016"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s2","number":2,"kind":"artifact","title":"The primer with a whale and a dolphin","body":"In 1824 a small book with a long title came out in Brașov: \"Primer with Various Instructions\". It was compiled by Petar Beron from Kotel. The book was published with financial help from Anton Jovanović. Inside were the alphabet, arithmetic, physics, fables, moral lessons and prayers. There were also twelve drawings of animals. The last sheet of illustrations shows a whale, no. 11, and a dolphin, no. 12. The Bulgarian National Bank links the name Fish Primer to both images, while the World Digital Library description names the whale.\n\nAccording to the Bulgarian National Bank's account, Beron describes the poor state of education in his foreword. According to the Bulgarian National Bank's description, the primer served as an aid to mutual instruction for both children and teachers. The price is printed at the back: three grosh.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-480.98c4e596.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-960.98c4e596.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1280.98c4e596.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#e1d4ad","h":1036,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-960.98c4e596.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-960.98c4e596.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin","alt":"Page of woodcuts from the Fish Primer: two birds numbered 9 and 10, a dolphin numbered 12 and a large whale numbered 11","objectCaption":"Fish Primer illustrations","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Photonik · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Illustrations from the Fish Primer, first published in 1824. The photographed copy is undated. Photo: Photonik / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riben-bukvar-pril3-1600.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-480.29f46dab.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-960.29f46dab.avif","w":960}],"dominant":"#bba380","h":1344,"w":960,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-960.29f46dab.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-title-960.29f46dab.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-title","alt":"Title page reading 'Bukvar s razlichni poucheniya', with the name Petra Kh. Berovicha and the year 1824","objectCaption":"Title page reading 'Bukvar s razlichni poucheniya', with the name Petra Kh. Berovicha and the year 1824","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Петър Берон (book author) · Public domain · World Digital Library / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Title page of the Fish Primer, 1824. World Digital Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Title page of the Fish Primer, 1824. World Digital Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beron_Primer_title_page.png","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-US"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-480.93d2b43e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-960.93d2b43e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-1280.93d2b43e.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#beb595","h":1000,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-960.93d2b43e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan-960.93d2b43e.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-whale-dolphin-1824-scan","alt":"Yellowed page from a copy of the 1824 Fish Primer showing a whale, a dolphin and two birds","objectCaption":"Yellowed page from a copy of the 1824 Fish Primer showing a whale, a dolphin and two birds","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Петър Берон (book author) · Public domain (PD-old-70-1923) · National Library of Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-old-70-1923)","attribution":"Petar Beron, Primer with Various Instructions, 1824, page with drawings 9–12. St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Petar Beron, Primer with Various Instructions, 1824, page with drawings 9–12. St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petar_Beron_-_Bukvar_s_razlichni_pouchenija_(Riben_bukvar,_1824).pdf","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old-70-1923"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-480.6c36c5e3.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-500.6c36c5e3.avif","w":500}],"dominant":"#4a3c25","h":678,"w":500,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-500.6c36c5e3.webp","w":500}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-beron-portrait-500.6c36c5e3.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.beron-portrait","alt":"A man in glasses and a black cap reads a sheet at a desk with books. An armillary sphere is at the lower left.","objectCaption":"A man in glasses and a black cap reads a sheet at a desk with books. An armillary sphere is at the lower left.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Николай Павлович · Public domain (PD-Art | PD-old-auto-expired) · National Gallery / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-Art | PD-old-auto-expired)","attribution":"Nikolai Pavlovich, Portrait of Dr Petar Beron, c. 1886. Posthumous portrait. National Gallery, Sofia / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Nikolai Pavlovich, Portrait of Dr Petar Beron, c. 1886. Posthumous portrait. National Gallery, Sofia / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolai_Pavlovich_-_Portret_na_d-r_Petar_Beron.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Art"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"gabrovo.s2.dolphin","x":0.8,"y":0.37,"title":"The dolphin, no. 12","body":"The last picture in the book. The Bulgarian National Bank links the primer's nickname to the images of the whale and dolphin.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-nlib-pdf"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"gabrovo.s2.whale","x":0.51,"y":0.8,"title":"The whale, no. 11","body":"The largest picture at the end of the primer. The World Digital Library description links the nickname to the whale.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-wdl-scan"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"gabrovo.s2.numbers","x":0.55,"y":0.22,"title":"The numbers","body":"Every animal is numbered. The book has twelve drawings, and this page shows the last four.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-nlib-pdf"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"The First Romanian School museum in Brașov preserves a printing press associated with the Fish Primer.","precision":"exact","id":"place.gabrovo.brasov-press","name":"First Romanian School museum, Schei district, Brașov (press of the Fish Primer)","latitude":45.635869,"longitude":25.5812131,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.mfa-brasov-2016","src.gabrovo.osm"],"short":"Brașov","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.brasov-press","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.brasov-press"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":53.769125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s2","duration":53.888,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s2.1ecb58b2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bnb-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-wdl-scan"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.riben-bukvar-nlib-pdf"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.mfa-brasov-2016"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s3","number":3,"kind":"narrative","title":"The merchant from Odessa","body":"Vasil Aprilov was born in Gabrovo in 1789. In 1809 or 1811 he settled in Odessa and set up a trading firm with his brother. In 1826 Aprilov withdrew his capital from the firm and deposited it in a bank. Historian Teodorichka Gotovska-Henze links his turn towards Bulgarian education from 1831 to the influence of Yuri Venelin's book \"The Ancient and Present-Day Bulgarians\".\n\nTogether with Nikolay Stefanov Palauzov, Aprilov helped establish the school in Gabrovo. Vasil Rasheev was also among the donors. According to BTA's calendar, the Bulgarian population took on the school's upkeep.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-480.5332e922.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-960.5332e922.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-1105.5332e922.avif","w":1105}],"dominant":"#525044","h":1600,"w":1105,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-960.5332e922.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-portrait-960.5332e922.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.aprilov-portrait","alt":"Portrait of Vasil Aprilov with dark hair, a white collar and a dark coat.","objectCaption":"Portrait of Vasil Aprilov with dark hair, a white collar and a dark coat.","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain (PD-old) · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-old)","attribution":"Vasil Aprilov, portrait by an Unknown artist, undated. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, Central State Archives, f. 546K, inv. 1, a.u. 108, sh. 21 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cropped from the archival copy. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Vasil Aprilov, portrait by an Unknown artist, undated. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, Central State Archives, f. 546K, inv. 1, a.u. 108, sh. 21 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Cropped from the archival copy. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-21-Vasil_Aprilov_(cropped).JPG","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Vasil Aprilov lived in Odesa and supported Bulgarian educational projects, including the school in Gabrovo.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.odesa","name":"Odesa (Odessa)","latitude":46.4843023,"longitude":30.7322878,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa","src.gabrovo.gotovska-2024","src.gabrovo.osm","src.vaz.coord.odesa"],"radiusMeters":5000,"short":"Odesa","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.odesa","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.odesa"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":41.09104166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s3","duration":41.216,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s3.5a7140e3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.gotovska-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nag-history"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-en"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.virtual-museum"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s4","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"The second of January, 1835","body":"The school opened on 2 January 1835. That date is Old Style; in today's calendar it is 14 January. The first teacher was Neofit Rilski, a monk of the Rila Monastery born in Bansko. A year earlier he had gone to Bucharest to learn the mutual method, and he prepared charts and textbooks for the new school.\n\nAccording to local historians, the first building was an old two-storey house next to the Holy Trinity church. It no longer stands. The school is remembered as the first New Bulgarian secular school: lessons were in Bulgarian, and not only from church books.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-480.ea737ee5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-960.ea737ee5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-1280.ea737ee5.avif","w":1280}],"dominant":"#302a21","h":1530,"w":1280,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-960.ea737ee5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-neofit-rilski-photo-960.ea737ee5.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.neofit-rilski-photo","alt":"Black-and-white photograph of an elderly monk with a white beard and a black monastic veil","objectCaption":"Black-and-white photograph of an elderly monk with a white beard and a black monastic veil","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown photographer · Public domain (PD-anon-70-EU) · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-anon-70-EU)","attribution":"Neofit Rilski, photograph before 1881, not from the time the school opened. Unknown photographer. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, Central State Archives, f. 844K, inv. 2, a.u. 121, sh. 1 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Neofit Rilski, photograph before 1881, not from the time the school opened. Unknown photographer. Bulgarian Archives State Agency, Central State Archives, f. 844K, inv. 2, a.u. 121, sh. 1 / Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-844K-2-121-1-Neofit_Rilski.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-anon-70-EU"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The first Gabrovo school stood beside Holy Trinity church. Its 1835 building has not survived.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.first-premises","name":"First premises of the school (1835), next to Holy Trinity church, Gabrovo","latitude":42.8727784,"longitude":25.3197884,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.virtual-museum","src.gabrovo.osm"],"radiusMeters":150,"short":"Gabrovo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.first-premises","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.first-premises"},{"note":"Neofit Rilski studied the monitorial method in Bucharest before using it at the Gabrovo school.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.gabrovo.bucharest","name":"Bucharest","latitude":44.4361414,"longitude":26.102684,"accuracy":"approximate","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-rila-2023","src.gabrovo.visit-bansko","src.gabrovo.osm"],"radiusMeters":5000,"short":"Bucharest","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.bucharest","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.bucharest"},{"note":"Rila Monastery combines Hrelyo’s medieval tower with a church and wings rebuilt in the nineteenth century. Neofit Rilski worked here as a scholar and teacher.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.rila.monastery","name":"Rila Monastery","latitude":42.134379,"longitude":23.339551,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-rila-2023","src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024","src.gabrovo.osm","src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.rila"],"short":"Rila Monastery","guideUrl":null,"slug":"rila.monastery","url":"/en/map/#rila.monastery"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":39.05929166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s4","duration":39.168,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s4.a3c36edb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.nag-history"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.virtual-museum"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-en"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-rila-2023"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nim-seal"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.visit-bansko"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a1","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"The first teacher","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Who was the first teacher at the Gabrovo school in 1835?","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg","src.gabrovo.nim-seal","src.gabrovo.bnb-2024","src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa","src.gabrovo.visit-bansko","src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"],"items":[{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.neofit","label":"Neofit Rilski"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.beron","label":"Petar Beron","whyWrong":"Petar Beron compiled the Fish Primer. Neofit Rilski was appointed the Gabrovo school's first teacher in 1835."},{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.aprilov","label":"Vasil Aprilov","whyWrong":"Vasil Aprilov was among the donors and organisers. The appointed first teacher was Neofit Rilski."},{"id":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.palauzov","label":"Nikolay Stefanov Palauzov","whyWrong":"This is the donor Nikolay Stefanov Palauzov, uncle of the pupil mentioned earlier. The first teacher was Neofit Rilski."}],"explanation":"The first teacher was Neofit Rilski. Before the school opened he studied the mutual method in Bucharest.","correctItemId":"q.gabrovo.first-teacher.neofit","sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nim-seal"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bnb-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.visit-bansko"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":6.005708333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a1","duration":6.101,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.a1.bbe8a64e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.nim-seal"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bnb-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-odesa"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.visit-bansko"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bas-enc-palauzov"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s5","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"How the mutual method works","body":"There was one teacher and many children. So the teacher trained the most advanced pupils, and they showed the rest. The method is associated with Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster, who developed different versions of it.\n\nThe reconstruction of a mutual school in Bansko shows roles such as monitors, called pokazvateli, and door-keepers. The monitors are pupils who help the others. The door-keepers check the pupils' appearance and the supplies they need. The display also shows the stages of writing: first in sand, then on a slate with a slate pencil, and finally with a pen on paper. The most advanced pupils write with pen and ink on paper. Above the teacher's desk in the reconstruction are white signs for praise and black signs for reprimand. For Gabrovo, Neofit Rilski published mutual-instruction charts in 1835.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-monitorial-school-borough-road-480.756b52f7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-monitorial-school-borough-road-956.756b52f7.avif","w":956}],"dominant":"#d3d3d5","h":619,"w":956,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-monitorial-school-borough-road-956.756b52f7.webp","w":956}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-monitorial-school-borough-road-956.756b52f7.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.monitorial-school-borough-road","alt":"Engraving of a huge schoolroom with long rows of desks and hundreds of children grouped around monitors","objectCaption":"Engraving of a huge schoolroom with long rows of desks and hundreds of children grouped around monitors","caption":"","kind":"artwork","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonymous engraver · Public domain (PD-Art | PD-anon-expired | PD-old) · British and Foreign School Society archives / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-Art | PD-anon-expired | PD-old)","attribution":"Interior of the Central School of the British and Foreign School Society, Borough Road, London, 1817. Anonymous engraving / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Interior of the Central School of the British and Foreign School Society, Borough Road, London, 1817. Anonymous engraving / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Central_School_Borough_Road.png","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Art"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-museum-classroom-480.8c4e0cfb.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-museum-classroom-960.8c4e0cfb.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-museum-classroom-1600.8c4e0cfb.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#9f9890","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-museum-classroom-960.8c4e0cfb.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-museum-classroom-960.8c4e0cfb.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.museum-classroom","alt":"Museum classroom with wooden desks, a teacher's lectern and an inscription on the wall","objectCaption":"Museum classroom with wooden desks, a teacher's lectern and an inscription on the wall","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Mihal Orela (Михал Орела) · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Museum classroom in Gabrovo, photographed on 12 June 2006. The precise period reconstructed is not established. Photo: Mihal Orela / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Museum classroom in Gabrovo, photographed on 12 June 2006. The precise period reconstructed is not established. Photo: Mihal Orela / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_first_Bulgarian_School,_Gabrovo.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":49.92625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s5","duration":50.048,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.s5.576d9865.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-calendar-bg"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.dcb-lancaster"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-bansko-2024"},{"id":"src.gabrovo.krasteva-2024"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a2","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Sand, slate, ink","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools","kind":"matching","prompt":"Using the described reconstruction in Bansko, match each item or role with its description.","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.bta-bansko-2024"],"items":[{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.sand","label":"Sand tray","pairedLabel":"First stage: writing in sand"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.slate","label":"Slate","pairedLabel":"Second stage: writing with slate pencil"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.ink","label":"Pen, ink and paper","pairedLabel":"Third stage: writing on paper"},{"id":"q.gabrovo.mutual-tools.monitor","label":"Pokazvatel","pairedLabel":"A pupil who helps the others"}],"explanation":"In the described reconstruction, writing progresses from sand to slate and then to paper. A pokazvatel is a pupil who helps the others.","sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-bansko-2024"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":6.307541666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.revival-school-gabrovo.revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.a2","duration":6.4,"src":"/audio/en/revival-school-gabrovo/gabrovo.a2.e8154b4e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.gabrovo.bta-bansko-2024"}]},{"id":"revival-school-gabrovo.gabrovo.s6","number":8,"kind":"map","title":"After Gabrovo","body":"The example spread quickly. Teachers trained in Gabrovo under Neofit Rilski went on to teach in towns on both sides of the Balkan range, and in 1837 Neofit himself opened a school in Koprivshtitsa. According to the figures summarised by Penka Tsoneva, there were over two hundred mutual schools by the mid-1850s and about fifteen hundred by 1878. In 1856 the first chitalishta, community reading rooms, appeared in Svishtov, Lom and Shumen.\n\nIn Gabrovo a large new building went up from 1851, and in 1872 the school became a gymnasium. In 1897 Aprilov's remains were reburied in the school yard. Today the building houses the National Aprilov High School and the National Museum of Education.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-school-building-480.4ccaf541.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-school-building-960.4ccaf541.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-school-building-1600.4ccaf541.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#807f69","h":1216,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-school-building-960.4ccaf541.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-gabrovo-aprilov-school-building-960.4ccaf541.webp","id":"asset.gabrovo.aprilov-school-building","alt":"Yellow facade with white window frames and signs beside the museum entrance.","objectCaption":"Yellow facade with white window frames and signs beside the museum entrance.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Izvora · Public domain (PD-self) · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain (PD-self)","attribution":"Entrance to the National Museum of Education, Gabrovo. Construction of the main building began in 1851. The National History Museum gives completion in 1872; the Virtual Museum records consecration in the 1873–1874 school year. The complex also has later additions. Photo: Izvora / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Entrance to the National Museum of Education, Gabrovo. Construction of the main building began in 1851. The National History Museum gives completion in 1872; the Virtual Museum records consecration in the 1873–1874 school year. The complex also has later additions. Photo: Izvora / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Education,_Aprilovska_gimnasia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Today’s Aprilov High School and National Museum of Education continue the story of the Gabrovo school opened in 1835.","precision":"exact","id":"place.gabrovo.aprilov-school","name":"National Aprilov High School and National Museum of Education, Gabrovo","latitude":42.8701774,"longitude":25.3166045,"accuracy":"verified_point","sourceIds":["src.gabrovo.nag-history","src.gabrovo.nim-seal","src.gabrovo.osm","src.gabrovo.virtual-museum"],"short":"Gabrovo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"gabrovo.aprilov-school","url":"/en/map/#gabrovo.aprilov-school"},{"note":"The first Gabrovo school stood beside Holy Trinity church. 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