{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.serdica-roman-sofia","hasFind":true,"slug":"serdica-roman-sofia","url":"/en/stories/serdica-roman-sofia/","topic":"Serdica","title":"A street by the metro","summary":"Surviving streets and brick supports reveal Roman building and heating methods. An imperial order and a later tradition tell different things about the rulers.","cover":{"title":"A street by the metro","subtitle":"Serdica, Roman Sofia","hook":"Why is a Roman street by the metro?","summary":"Surviving streets and brick supports reveal Roman building and heating methods. An imperial order and a later tradition tell different things about the rulers.","takeaway":"A stone road, an old text and a later tradition are different kinds of evidence. Each tells us something, but none tells us everything."},"sortYear":311,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.antiquity","styleId":"antiquity","sortOrder":6,"title":"Antiquity: Thracians, Greeks, Romans","dateLabel":"1st millennium BC – 6th century AD","eraShort":"Antiquity","slug":"antiquity","fill":"#D4CBBE","ink":"#221616","raised":"#DAD3C8","dark":"#6B6862"},"epochId":"epoch.antiquity","placeShort":"Sofia","date":"1st–4th c.","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-480.6c3193f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-1223.6c3193f1.avif","w":1223}],"dominant":"#69543f","h":2180,"w":1223,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition.","objectCaption":"Bronze head","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (photograph, 2006); ancient sculptor unknown · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"},"scenes":[{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Below the passengers’ feet","body":"The photographs show surviving remains of Roman Serdica. Beside the modern passages are stone paving and remains of walls. This is Serdica, the Roman city beneath today's city. During construction of the second metro line, archaeologists investigated beneath Knyaginya Maria Luiza Boulevard. Work there continued in 2010–2012.\n\nBeneath Nezavisimost Square is a space called the Largo. Part of a street between the eastern and western gates is displayed there. Shops beside it sold food and other goods.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-480.a73e0e35.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-1600.a73e0e35.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#463c33","h":324,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-eastern-gate-960.a73e0e35.webp","id":"asset.serd.eastern-gate","alt":"Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible.","objectCaption":"Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_-_The_Eastern_Gate_of_Serdica_Fortress_at_the_Serdika_Metro_Station_(Panorama).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-480.b804bf4d.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-1600.b804bf4d.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#4b5a57","h":1199,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","id":"asset.serd.largo","alt":"Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back.","objectCaption":"Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — beneath Nezavisimost Square","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/en/map/#serd.largo"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.327041666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s1-under-the-metro","duration":31.445,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/s1-under-the-metro.c5651493.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.complex"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s2-name-and-streets","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Two streets between the gates","body":"The Roman town of Serdica developed here in the first century AD. Two main streets linked the city gates. The cardo maximus was the main street running north–south. The decumanus maximus was the main street running east–west.\n\nThe map shows the Largo and the nearby round church of St George. A round building like this is called a rotunda.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — beneath Nezavisimost Square","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/en/map/#serd.largo"},{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda of St George","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/en/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.largo","name":"Largo — beneath Nezavisimost Square","latitude":42.69745,"longitude":23.321332,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":100,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-largo","src.serd.complex"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#largo","slug":"serd.largo","url":"/en/map/#serd.largo","number":1,"x":22.76665,"y":50.83241,"inside":true,"viewX":28.201269677419354,"viewY":49.99082775161291},{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda of St 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brick supports arranged in rows. They were not little seats. They held up the floor of a room. Space for warm air remained underneath. This heated the room from below. The system is called a hypocaust.\n\nIn the photograph, the upper floor is gone and the supports are visible. They help us understand how the heating worked. We do not need to know who used the room.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-480.f4def431.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-1600.f4def431.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7e7571","h":1284,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-excavations","alt":"Brick supports beside the rotunda, interpreted as underfloor heating. The upper floor is missing.","objectCaption":"Brick supports beside the rotunda, interpreted as underfloor heating. The upper floor is missing.","caption":"Brick supports beside the rotunda, interpreted as underfloor heating. The upper floor is missing.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Bjoertvedt · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Bjoertvedt · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Excavations_Church_St_Georg_Rotunda_IMG_0612.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-serd-support","x":0.45,"y":0.55,"title":"Brick support","body":"Supports like this held the upper floor. That floor is now missing.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-gap","x":0.51,"y":0.47,"title":"Space below the floor","body":"Space between the supports allowed warm air underneath. This is part of the hypocaust.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-wall","x":0.08,"y":0.43,"title":"Thick wall","body":"Rows of brick and stone are visible. The photograph alone cannot date every repair.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda of St George","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/en/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":22.364166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s3-warm-floor","duration":22.485,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/s3-warm-floor.b86427f3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: warmth underfoot","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.hypocaust","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What were the low brick supports for?","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.hypocaust","src.serd.commons"],"items":[{"id":"opt-seats","label":"Seats beside the street.","whyWrong":"The supports were under the floor, rather than accessible seats."},{"id":"opt-floor","label":"A floor with warm air passing underneath."},{"id":"opt-writing","label":"Writing imperial orders on.","whyWrong":"The story shows a heating system, rather than an inscription."}],"explanation":"The supports held the floor above a space for warm air. This is a hypocaust.","correctItemId":"opt-floor","sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.6272083333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a1-hypocaust","duration":2.731,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/a1-hypocaust.56970e7f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"Galerius allows Christian assemblies","body":"In AD 311 Emperor Galerius allowed Christians to practise their religion again. He also allowed them to assemble. The order is called an edict. They had to keep order and pray for the ruler and the state.\n\nThe document is also known as the “Edict of Serdica”. However, the surviving account names another place: Nicomedia. The order was announced publicly there on 30 April 311. Where it was drawn up remains uncertain.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-480.a0fbec0c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-1600.a0fbec0c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#888c98","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-obverse-960.a0fbec0c.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-obverse","alt":"Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find.","objectCaption":"Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Galerius’s profile according to the photographer’s description; a coin from Cyzicus, not the edict or an established Sofia find. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Obverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-480.9e5b5e27.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-1600.9e5b5e27.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#868a96","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-galerius-reverse-960.9e5b5e27.webp","id":"asset.serd.galerius-reverse","alt":"Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict.","objectCaption":"Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MumblerJamie · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","attribution":"Photo: MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MumblerJamie. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 2.0. Coin reverse with a standing figure. The same coin type as the Galerius portrait photograph; not a document of the edict. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Galerius_-_Reverse.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.170666666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s4-edict","duration":27.264,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/s4-edict.a1a74c72.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.dimitrov2017"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Constantine and his “Rome”","body":"Constantine also stayed in Serdica. The words “Serdica is my Rome” are attributed to him.\n\nThe saying survives in a later account, rather than a record of the conversation itself. We therefore present it as a tradition. These are words passed down about the past, whose accuracy we cannot confirm.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-480.530ad4f8.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-1062.530ad4f8.avif","w":1062}],"dominant":"#9a9080","h":1600,"w":1062,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-960.530ad4f8.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head","alt":"Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition.","objectCaption":"Bronze head","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (photograph, 2006); ancient sculptor unknown · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":18.730208333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s5-my-rome","duration":18.859,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/s5-my-rome.30f676ea.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline"},{"id":"src.serd.capitoline-provenance"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the evidence in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the events in order, starting with the earliest.","sourceIds":["src.serd.antiquity","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.complex"],"items":[{"id":"ev-town","label":"The Roman town develops"},{"id":"ev-edict","label":"Galerius issues his edict"},{"id":"ev-metro","label":"Excavations for the metro"}],"explanation":"The Roman town developed in the first century AD. The edict of AD 311 came next, followed by the excavations of 2010–2012.","correctOrderIds":["ev-town","ev-edict","ev-metro"],"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.834625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a2-timeline","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/a2-timeline.4fc1aba2.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.antiquity"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.complex"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","number":8,"kind":"artifact","title":"The round building remains","body":"St George stands in the Presidency courtyard. The municipality dates the round building to the early fourth century. It may have served as a baptistry in early Christian times. This means a place for Christian baptism.\n\nAccording to one interpretation, the rotunda itself was originally a hot room in a Roman bath. Its original purpose remains uncertain.\n\nLook at the round brick wall and the ruins before it. Today's roof and the large surrounding buildings belong to later history.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-480.119086ed.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-1600.119086ed.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#766b5d","h":1600,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-960.119086ed.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda","alt":"Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view.","objectCaption":"Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Ann Wuyts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 2.0. Round brick church among later buildings and archaeological remains; present-day view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_Sveti_Georgi%2C_Sofia.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-480.eece903c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-1600.eece903c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#806459","h":1594,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-detail-960.eece903c.webp","id":"asset.serd.rotunda-detail","alt":"Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair.","objectCaption":"Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Gitanes232. Wikimedia Commons. CC0. Detail of the rotunda’s present brick wall. The photograph cannot date every repair. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StGeorgi-Rotundata-Sofia30.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-480.6bab5c3b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-1600.6bab5c3b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#8f7d6f","h":1536,"w":2048,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-fortress-960.6bab5c3b.webp","id":"asset.serd.fortress","alt":"Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry.","objectCaption":"Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Elena Chochkova. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Brick arch and stone elements displayed in an underpass. Not all visible elements are untouched ancient masonry. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serdica_Fortress_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-480.a253dfeb.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-1594.a253dfeb.avif","w":1594}],"dominant":"#a3938f","h":2400,"w":1594,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-vertical-960.a253dfeb.webp","id":"asset.serd.largo-vertical","alt":"Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface.","objectCaption":"Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Laurens R. Krol · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Laurens R. Krol. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 4.0. Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Laurens R. Krol. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY 4.0. Modern glass cover and floor of the Largo with displayed masonry; not a photograph of an ancient road surface. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-07-27_Bulgaria%2C_Sofia%2C_Serdica_DSC_8821_DxO_2.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-serd-round","x":0.51,"y":0.35,"title":"Round wall","body":"The circular shape explains the word rotunda. This is the building as it looks today.","sourceIds":["src.serd.municipality-rotunda","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-bricks","x":0.53,"y":0.51,"title":"Bricks","body":"Rows of red bricks are visible. The photograph cannot prove every row is fourth-century.","sourceIds":["src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-serd-neighbours","x":0.35,"y":0.68,"title":"Remains before the church","body":"The rotunda belongs to a larger archaeological complex. We do not call every wall a palace.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.desena2014","src.serd.commons"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[{"note":"Reference for the present-day site. The zone does not show ancient boundaries.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.serd.rotunda","name":"Rotunda of St George","latitude":42.696906,"longitude":23.322896,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.serd.coordinates-rotunda"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#saint-george-rotunda-church","slug":"serd.rotunda","url":"/en/map/#serd.rotunda"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.76125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.s6-rotunda","duration":28.885,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/s6-rotunda.e3c8af9f.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"},{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.hypocaust"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.commons"}]},{"id":"serdica-roman-sofia.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what each word means","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.serd.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each word or saying to its meaning in the story.","sourceIds":["src.serd.rotunda-archaeology","src.serd.lactantius","src.serd.desena2014","src.serd.municipality-rotunda"],"items":[{"id":"m-heat","label":"Hypocaust","pairedLabel":"Heating beneath the floor"},{"id":"m-edict","label":"Edict","pairedLabel":"An imperial order"},{"id":"m-tradition","label":"“Serdica is my Rome”","pairedLabel":"Words preserved as a later tradition"},{"id":"m-rotunda","label":"Rotunda","pairedLabel":"A round building"}],"explanation":"The brick supports belong to heating. An edict is an order. The saying is attributed to Constantine in a late text. Rotunda names a building's shape.","sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"}],"columns":["Item","Meaning"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.8114166666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.serdica-roman-sofia.serdica-roman-sofia.a3-matching","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/en/serdica-roman-sofia/a3-matching.d29dfb03.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.serd.rotunda-archaeology"},{"id":"src.serd.lactantius"},{"id":"src.serd.desena2014"},{"id":"src.serd.municipality-rotunda"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/1-хилядолетие-пр-н-е-–-7-век","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.serd.antiquity","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"title":"Античност /1 хилядолетие пр.Хр. – 7 век/","container":"Regional History Museum – Sofia (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Serdi, Roman urbanisation, Trajan, walls and minting; not all broad claims about religious policy are adopted."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.museicapitolini.org/it/opera/statua-colossale-bronzea-di-costantino-testa","institutionOrAuthor":"Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale","id":"src.serd.capitoline","authors":["Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale"],"title":"Statua colossale bronzea di Costantino: testa","container":"Musei Capitolini (collection catalogue)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Museum identification of bronze head MC1072 and collection history in Rome. Does not establish a findspot in Serdica."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://capitolini.info/scu01072/","institutionOrAuthor":"Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale","id":"src.serd.capitoline-provenance","authors":["Musei Capitolini / Roma Capitale"],"title":"Testa colossale di Costantino (Scu 1072)","container":"Musei Capitolini (detailed collection catalogue)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"The sculpture’s provenance is unknown. Lateran collection history and transfer in 1471 do not establish its findspot."}},{"year":null,"url":"","institutionOrAuthor":"Photographers credited with each image","id":"src.serd.commons","authors":["Photographers credited with each image"],"title":"Serdica photographs","container":"Wikimedia Commons","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Licences and visible photographic features; coin identification according to photographer."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/obekti/kompleks-serdica","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – София","id":"src.serd.complex","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – София"],"title":"Античен културно-комуникационен комплекс Сердика","container":"Regional History Museum – Sofia (website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Largo, decumanus, shops, excavations 2010–2012, displayed buildings and Felix mosaic."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://visitsofia.bg/bg/cityinfrastructure/какво-да-посетя/археологически-паметници/древна-сердика-останките-от-центъра","institutionOrAuthor":"Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration","id":"src.serd.coordinates-largo","authors":["Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration"],"title":"Античен културно-комуникационен комплекс Сердика","container":"Visit Sofia (municipal tourism website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Coordinate reference for complex, not ancient city limits."},"fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.visitsofia.bg/bg/национален-и-официални-празници/index.php?Itemid=354&lang=bg&layer=50000&obektid=1434&option=com_cityinfrastructure&view=objectdetails","institutionOrAuthor":"Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration","id":"src.serd.coordinates-rotunda","authors":["Visit Sofia / Sofia Tourism Administration"],"title":"Ротондата „Св. Георги Победоносец”","container":"Visit Sofia (municipal tourism website)","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Coordinate reference for rotunda; historical details checked separately."},"fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2014,"url":"https://zavodsm.rs/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/International-symposium-Constantine-Sirmium-and-early-Christianity-proceedings.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Eric C. De Sena","id":"src.serd.desena2014","authors":["Eric C. De Sena"],"title":"Constantine in the Imperial Palace at Serdica","container":"Constantine, Sirmium and Early Christianity (Proceedings), ed. 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Archaeological remains presented in the modern underpass at Serdika station; modern interventions are also visible. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_-_The_Eastern_Gate_of_Serdica_Fortress_at_the_Serdika_Metro_Station_(Panorama).jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.serd.largo","src":"/media/asset-serd-largo-960.b804bf4d.webp","alt":"Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back.","w":1600,"h":1199,"caption":"","credit":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Sofia Historiy Museum 1928. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Archaeological site today. The broad lower floor is modern; old masonry is displayed at the back. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"}},{"id":"asset.serd.rotunda-excavations","src":"/media/asset-serd-rotunda-excavations-960.f4def431.webp","alt":"Brick supports beside the rotunda, interpreted as underfloor heating. 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Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found.","objectCaption":"Coin of Nikephoros I","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Francesco Bini. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gold coin of Nikephoros I in the Numismatic Museum, Athens, photographed by Francesco Bini. Crown, face and cross are visible. We do not know where this coin was found. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monete_bizantine_della_collezione_di_louise_riancourt,_41_niceforo_I.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"minutes":3,"sceneCount":9},{"storyId":"story.kazanlak-tomb","title":"Hands beneath the dome","topic":"Kazanlak Tomb","eyebrow":"Kazanlak Tomb · Kazanlak","url":"/en/stories/kazanlak-tomb/","reason":"","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-480.02e7401c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-1349.02e7401c.avif","w":1349}],"dominant":"#67503a","h":1843,"w":1349,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-kazan-jug-cutout-960.02e7401c.webp","id":"asset.kazan.jug-cutout","alt":"A jug in a museum display, isolated from the photograph. Its association with the tomb is unconfirmed.","objectCaption":"Silver jug","caption":"Silver jug with gilded decoration, museum display","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"SashaCoachman · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"SashaCoachman; Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0. 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Original versus display copy is unconfirmed.","objectCaption":"Ram-head rhyton","caption":"Ram-head rhyton. Dionysos, Eriope and two maenads are depicted on the neck. Museum display. It has not been confirmed whether the photographed object is the original or a museum replica.","kindLabel":"Photo","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Apostoloff · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display; original or replica unconfirmed","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Apostoloff, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display; original or replica unconfirmed","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_History_Museum,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_20090405_333.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"minutes":5,"sceneCount":9}],"people":[{"id":"person.galerius","name":"Galerius","url":"/en/people/galerius/"},{"id":"person.constantine-great","name":"Constantine","url":"/en/people/constantine-great/"},{"id":"person.saint-george","name":"Saint George","url":"/en/people/saint-george/"}],"rulers":[],"status":"draft","fact":{"id":"fact.discover.serdica-roman-sofia","storyId":"story.serdica-roman-sofia","factId":"F05","text":"Under Trajan the city acquired the name Ulpia Serdica.","sourceIds":["src.serd.antiquity","src.serd.names"]},"collectionFind":{"number":21,"total":59,"title":"Bronze head","dateLabel":"Date not specified","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-480.6c3193f1.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-1223.6c3193f1.avif","w":1223}],"dominant":"#69543f","h":2180,"w":1223,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-serd-constantine-head-cutout-960.6c3193f1.webp","id":"asset.serd.constantine-head-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition.","objectCaption":"Bronze head","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Jastrow (photograph, 2006); ancient sculptor unknown · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Jastrow (2006). Ancient sculptor Unknown. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Bronze head presented as Constantine, MC1072, Capitoline Museums, Rome. It is not known as a find from Serdica. The neck is a later addition. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Constantine_Musei_Capitolini_MC1072.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-user"}},"ui":{"web.learnPromo":"Read these stories in Bulgarian — learn the language","web.travelPromo":"Visit this place — Travel Guide Bulgaria","web.autoAdvance":"Auto-advance to the next scene","web.repeatActivities":"Repeat activities","web.shortcuts":"Keyboard shortcuts","web.sceneNavigation":"Previous / next scene","web.findCount":"Found {count} of {total}","web.resumeNarration":"Resume {time}","web.activityLabel":"Activity","web.skippedActivities":"Activities · {count} — start","web.placesCount":"places: {count}","web.moreAnswers":"More answers below","web.playerSceneOf":"Scene {scene} of {total}: {title}","web.closeStory":"Close story","web.imageFit":"Show the whole image","web.activityOf":"Activity · {scene} of {total}","web.activityMoved":"Moved to position {scene} of {total}","web.activityIncomplete":"Connect all pairs","web.seekTen":"Back / forward 10 seconds","web.activityFromScene":"From scene {scene}","web.nextStory":"Next story","web.transcriptRevised":"text revised","action.close":"Close","action.next":"Next","action.retry":"Retry","activity.check":"Check","answer.correct":"Correct","answer.incorrect":"Not quite","audio.backTen":"Back 10 seconds","audio.pause":"Pause","audio.play":"Play narration","audio.seek":"Narration position","audio.speed":"Narration speed","audio.synthetic":"Synthetic voice","audio.unavailable":"Audio is unavailable. The text is here.","bookmark.add":"Save story","bookmark.inSaved":"In Saved","bookmark.remove":"Remove saved story","bookmark.removed":"Bookmark removed","credit.title":"Images","discover.audioMinutes %lld":"%lld min","discover.mapLabel":"Geographic context, without historical borders","player.approximate":"Approximate location","player.back":"Back","player.completed":"A new find for your collection","player.counter %lld %lld":"%1$lld / %2$lld","player.details %lld":"Details (%lld)","player.explanation":"Why is that?","player.finish":"Finish","player.firstCorrect":"✓ Correct on the first attempt","player.firstOther":"The first attempt is recorded. Retrying is practice.","player.interpretation":"Interpretation","player.matchHint":"Tap a term on the left, then a meaning on the right. 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