{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.tarnovo-constitution-1879","hasFind":true,"slug":"tarnovo-constitution-1879","url":"/en/stories/tarnovo-constitution-1879/","topic":"Tarnovo Constitution","title":"Who writes the rules in 1879?","summary":"After nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule, representatives in Tarnovo debate the powers of a prince and an assembly. One book connects their decisions to schools, newspapers and personal freedom.","cover":{"title":"Who writes the rules in 1879?","subtitle":"Debating the Tarnovo Constitution","hook":"Who governs? What rights do people have?","summary":"After nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule, representatives in Tarnovo debate the powers of a prince and an assembly. One book connects their decisions to schools, newspapers and personal freedom.","takeaway":"The constitution sets out who governs and which rights must be protected. A written rule alone does not prove that it was always obeyed."},"sortYear":1879,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Tarnovo","date":"1879","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-480.774c706a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-672.774c706a.avif","w":672}],"dominant":"#6a4724","h":1063,"w":672,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-672.774c706a.webp","w":672}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-cutout-672.774c706a.webp","id":"asset.tar.constitution-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Binding of the Tarnovo Constitution","objectCaption":"Tarnovo Constitution","caption":"Archival image of the Tarnovo Constitution’s binding. The date below is 16 April 1879, old style.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly · Public domain · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},"scenes":[{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s1-assembly","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"An assembly in the former konak","body":"February 1879. Representatives in Tarnovo prepare a basic law: rules of government. Their meeting is called a Constituent Assembly. It opens on 10 February in the calendar then used. Antim I chairs it. Ottoman officials once worked here, in the konak.\n\nThe new state is a principality, headed by a prince. The Berlin treaty says it should govern itself. For now, Russian administration continues temporarily. The state still recognises the sultan, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, and owes him tribute, a payment. This is not full independence.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-480.ab4f67fd.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-960.ab4f67fd.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-1600.ab4f67fd.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#c5b0ae","h":1142,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-960.ab4f67fd.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-assembly-960.ab4f67fd.webp","id":"asset.tar.assembly","alt":"Portrait montage of the Constituent Assembly","objectCaption":"Assembled portraits with names; Antim I is in the centre. This is a montage, not a group photograph taken during a sitting.","caption":"Assembled portraits with names; Antim I is in the centre. This is a montage, not a group photograph taken during a sitting.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Scanned from История на България, т. 7, БАН, София, 1991, pp. 62–63. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Scanned from История на България, т. 7, БАН, София, 1991, pp. 62–63. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian-Constituent-Assembly-1879.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-antim-480.adb7143a.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-antim-960.adb7143a.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-antim-1062.adb7143a.avif","w":1062}],"dominant":"#bea478","h":1600,"w":1062,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-antim-960.adb7143a.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-antim-960.adb7143a.webp","id":"asset.tar.antim","alt":"Antim I, photograph by Kosta Razmov","objectCaption":"Antim I. Historical photograph by Kosta Razmov, not a moment from a sitting.","caption":"Antim I. Historical photograph by Kosta Razmov, not a moment from a sitting.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kosta Razmov · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Kosta Razmov; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Kosta Razmov; Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antim_I_Kosta_Razmov.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-480.d95ca2a4.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-960.d95ca2a4.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-1600.d95ca2a4.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#877464","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-960.d95ca2a4.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-konak-960.d95ca2a4.webp","id":"asset.tar.konak","alt":"Present-day museum display in the former konak","objectCaption":"A present-day display with cases in the museum. This photograph does not show the assembly hall as it was in 1879.","caption":"A present-day display with cases in the museum. This photograph does not show the assembly hall as it was in 1879.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"MalevE93 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Photo: MalevE93; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"MalevE93; Wikimedia Commons; CC0. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_Renaissance_and_Constituent_Assembly,_Veliko_Tarnovo.jpg","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Tarnovo was the medieval capital associated with Tsar Ivan Alexander. Ivan of Rila’s relics were returned from here to Rila Monastery in 1469.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tetra.tarnovo","name":"Tarnovo — modern Veliko Tarnovo","latitude":43.078652,"longitude":25.628291,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.tarnovo","src.tetra.coordinates","src.tetra.nomination","src.ivr.wikidata.tarnovo","src.ivr.bakalova1981","src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","src.tar.coord.tarnovo","src.tar.constitution"],"short":"Tarnovo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"tetra.tarnovo","url":"/en/map/#tetra.tarnovo"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.644416666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s1-assembly","duration":36.736,"src":"/audio/en/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s1-assembly.355bf935.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.background"},{"id":"src.tar.berlin"},{"id":"src.tar.tankova2013"},{"id":"src.tar.chronology"},{"id":"src.tar.dryanovski2022"},{"id":"src.tar.museum"},{"id":"src.tar.image.assembly"},{"id":"src.tar.image.antim"},{"id":"src.tar.image.konak"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s2-senate","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Does it need a Senate?","body":"Imagine the elected representatives passing a law. Should another group examine it again? In Tarnovo, deputies discuss a Senate, a second chamber of parliament. A chamber means a separate assembly within it.\n\nThey disagree. Petko Slaveykov opposes a Senate. Yakov Gerov supports his objection. Gerov fears that a Senate could join the prince against the people’s representatives. This is his concern, not proof of what would necessarily happen.\n\nThe Senate proposal is rejected. Parliament keeps one chamber.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-480.1652ca6c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-960.1652ca6c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-1103.1652ca6c.avif","w":1103}],"dominant":"#b09c86","h":1600,"w":1103,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-960.1652ca6c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-slaveykov-960.1652ca6c.webp","id":"asset.tar.slaveykov","alt":"Petko Slaveykov, archival photograph","objectCaption":"Petko Slaveykov. Unknown photographer and undetermined date; the identity is supplied by the archival metadata.","caption":"Petko Slaveykov. Unknown photographer and undetermined date; the identity is supplied by the archival metadata.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-373K-1-697-5-Petko Slaveykov Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-373K-1-697-5-Petko Slaveykov Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-373K-1-697-5-Petko_Slaveykov.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.444708333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s2-senate","duration":30.549,"src":"/audio/en/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s2-senate.e6c1407b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.dryanovski2022"},{"id":"src.tar.image.slaveykov"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s3-book","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"The date on the book","body":"The binding bears a crowned lion, a name and a date: Tarnovo, 16 April 1879. That is when the constitution, the basic law, was adopted.\n\nIt provides for hereditary monarchy: a ruler’s throne passes down under set rules. Here, the ruler is a prince. But his powers have constitutional limits. Legislative power means the right to make laws. It belongs to the prince and the national representatives, meaning the National Assembly. The prince approves the Assembly’s laws and promulgates them: publishes them officially.\n\nWhat about people outside the assembly?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-480.afb8c4e6.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-680.afb8c4e6.avif","w":680}],"dominant":"#65421f","h":1073,"w":680,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-680.afb8c4e6.webp","w":680}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-constitution-680.afb8c4e6.webp","id":"asset.tar.constitution","alt":"Binding of the Tarnovo Constitution","objectCaption":"Tarnovo Constitution","caption":"Archival image of the Tarnovo Constitution’s binding. The date below is 16 April 1879, old style.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly · Public domain · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-480.82f3d99e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.avif","w":638}],"dominant":"#dbd9c1","h":1024,"w":638,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","w":638}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","id":"asset.tar.first-page","alt":"Title page of the constitution, 1879","objectCaption":"Title page naming the principality and the adoption date. A digital image of an archival document, not a modern reconstruction.","caption":"Title page naming the principality and the adoption date. A digital image of an archival document, not a modern reconstruction.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly · Public domain · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Bulgarian Constituent Assembly; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-tar-title","x":0.5,"y":0.14,"title":"Constitution","body":"The basic law sets out how the principality is governed. Its name appears in large letters on the binding.","sourceIds":["src.tar.constitution","src.tar.image.constitution"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-tar-arms","x":0.51,"y":0.51,"title":"Crowned lion","body":"A coat of arms with a crowned lion is visible in the centre. It is a detail of the binding, not a portrait of the prince.","sourceIds":["src.tar.image.constitution"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-tar-date","x":0.51,"y":0.85,"title":"Tarnovo and the date","body":"The bottom line names Tarnovo and 16 April 1879. Old style means the calendar used then. The date 16 April corresponds to 28 April in today’s calendar, called new style. This is one day.","sourceIds":["src.tar.image.constitution","src.tar.constitution","src.tar.tankova2013"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":38.29304166666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s3-book","duration":38.4,"src":"/audio/en/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s3-book.e234dc86.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"},{"id":"src.tar.tankova2013"},{"id":"src.tar.image.constitution"},{"id":"src.tar.image.first-page"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.a1-power","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: who shares legislative power?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.tar.power","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Who holds legislative power according to the story?","sourceIds":["src.tar.constitution"],"items":[{"id":"opt-shared","label":"The prince and the national representatives."},{"id":"opt-prince","label":"The prince alone.","whyWrong":"It leaves out the national representatives expressly named in the story and Article 9."},{"id":"opt-senate","label":"The Senate.","whyWrong":"The Senate proposal was rejected. It did not receive this power."}],"explanation":"Article 9 names the prince and the national representatives. The constitutional monarchy has both a prince and representatives.","correctItemId":"opt-shared","sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.8114166666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.a1-power","duration":3.925,"src":"/audio/en/tarnovo-constitution-1879/a1-power.4f79a2d7.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s4-rights","number":5,"kind":"narrative","title":"School, newspapers, freedom","body":"Primary school must be free, and children must attend. The press is free: censorship, checking in advance what may be printed, is forbidden. There is an exception for certain Orthodox religious books. They need church approval.\n\nBulgarian subjects are people with citizenship of the principality. They are equal before the law. Buying and selling human beings is forbidden. An enslaved person becomes free upon entering Bulgarian territory.\n\nThese are written rules. The text alone does not prove that every rule was always followed.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-480.82f3d99e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.avif","w":638}],"dominant":"#dbd9c1","h":1024,"w":638,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","w":638}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-first-page-638.82f3d99e.webp","id":"asset.tar.first-page","alt":"Title page of the constitution, 1879","objectCaption":"Title page naming the principality and the adoption date. A digital image of an archival document, not a modern reconstruction.","caption":"Title page naming the principality and the adoption date. 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BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo Constitution Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-173K-6-3116-1-Tarnovo_Constitution.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":31.872708333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tarnovo-constitution-1879.tarnovo-constitution-1879.s4-rights","duration":32.0,"src":"/audio/en/tarnovo-constitution-1879/s4-rights.0098b3e3.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tar.constitution"},{"id":"src.tar.image.first-page"}]},{"id":"tarnovo-constitution-1879.s5-capital","number":6,"kind":"map","title":"Sofia becomes the capital","body":"Two cities appear on the map. The assembly sits in Tarnovo. Sofia will be the capital, where government is centred. This decision comes before the constitution’s adoption. The date is 22 March old style, or 3 April 1879 new style.\n\nMarin Drinov supports Sofia. He stresses its location and potential for development. The assembly decides, not one person acting alone.\n\nThe map shows only the cities, without the principality’s borders.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-480.537d1cdd.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-910.537d1cdd.avif","w":910}],"dominant":"#54534b","h":1440,"w":910,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-910.537d1cdd.webp","w":910}],"src":"/media/asset-tar-drinov-910.537d1cdd.webp","id":"asset.tar.drinov","alt":"Marin Drinov, archival photograph","objectCaption":"Marin Drinov. Unknown photographer; the archival record dates the photograph before 1907.","caption":"Marin Drinov. Unknown photographer; the archival record dates the photograph before 1907.","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Unknown author · Public domain · Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-2072K-1-408-11-Marin Drinov Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Unknown author; Bulgarian Archives State Agency / Wikimedia Commons; Public domain. BASA-2072K-1-408-11-Marin Drinov Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-2072K-1-408-11-Marin_Drinov.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Public_domain"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Tarnovo was the medieval capital associated with Tsar Ivan Alexander. Ivan of Rila’s relics were returned from here to Rila Monastery in 1469.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tetra.tarnovo","name":"Tarnovo — modern Veliko Tarnovo","latitude":43.078652,"longitude":25.628291,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.rila.iliev2000","src.rila.wikidata.tarnovo","src.tetra.coordinates","src.tetra.nomination","src.ivr.wikidata.tarnovo","src.ivr.bakalova1981","src.kal.coordinates.tarnovo","src.tar.coord.tarnovo","src.tar.constitution"],"short":"Tarnovo","guideUrl":null,"slug":"tetra.tarnovo","url":"/en/map/#tetra.tarnovo"},{"note":"Sofia was the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria and the objective of the Serbian offensive in November 1885.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.unif.sofia","name":"Sofia","latitude":42.697886,"longitude":23.321726,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":5000,"sourceIds":["src.unif.coords.sofia","src.r1943.coords-sofia","src.r1943.ragaru2017","src.tar.coord.sofia","src.tar.sofia","src.ata.coord.sofia","src.ata.sendov2013"],"short":"Sofia","guideUrl":null,"slug":"unif.sofia","url":"/en/map/#unif.sofia"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Tarnovo was the medieval capital associated with Tsar Ivan Alexander. 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Only this chronology is used; rhetorical evaluations are not reproduced."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1878,"url":"https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/mod/1878berlin.asp","institutionOrAuthor":"Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Ottoman Empire; R. B. Mowat (ed.)","id":"src.tar.berlin","authors":["Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Ottoman Empire; R. B. Mowat (ed.)"],"title":"Treaty of Berlin, 13 July, excerpts on the Balkans","container":"Select Treaties and Documents to Illustrate the Development of the Modern European States-System. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1915; Internet Modern History Sourcebook transcription by J. S. Arkenberg","pages":"79–83 (1915 collection)","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Self-governing tributary principality under the sultan. Paraphrase only; electronic transcription not packaged as reusable app content."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://parliament.bg/bg/16","institutionOrAuthor":"Народно събрание на Република България","id":"src.tar.chronology","authors":["Народно събрание на Република България"],"title":"Хронология на Народното събрание","container":"Народно събрание, institutional website","accessedOn":"2026-11-03","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Provisional research lead only: /bg/16 returned no readable table on editorial recheck 2026-11-03. The count 231 and exact row designation 1 В Н С are not reconfirmed. 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