{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.tsarevets-1393","hasFind":true,"slug":"tsarevets-1393","url":"/en/stories/tsarevets-1393/","topic":"Tsarevets, Tarnovo","title":"How did the capital fall in 1393?","summary":"The tsar governed the state from the palace. The patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church, directed Church life. Then come Baldwin the captive, the Ottoman siege and Euthymius’s exile. How do we distinguish remains, reconstructions and traditions?","cover":{"title":"How did the capital fall in 1393?","subtitle":"The palace and siege of Tarnovo","hook":"What happens behind these walls?","summary":"The tsar governed the state from the palace. The patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church, directed Church life. Then come Baldwin the captive, the Ottoman siege and Euthymius’s exile. How do we distinguish remains, reconstructions and traditions?","takeaway":"Tsarevets was a centre of state and Church power. Its fall is known through different kinds of evidence; reconstruction and legend do not replace proof."},"sortYear":1393,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Second Bulgarian Tsardom","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Second Tsardom","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Tarnovo","date":"1393","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-480.09402835.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-1112.09402835.avif","w":1112}],"dominant":"#7c6453","h":1268,"w":1112,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","id":"asset.tsa.cathedral-cutout","alt":"Cut-out photograph of the church reconstructed in 1981; not a surviving medieval building.","objectCaption":"Rebuilt church","caption":"The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patriarchal_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Ascension_of_God_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s1-capital","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"The palace on Tsarevets","body":"In the late twelfth century, Tarnovo became the capital of the restored Bulgarian tsardom. A tsardom is a state ruled by a tsar, or king. For over two centuries, decisions about government and the Church were made here. But the capital was more than one castle. It included several hills and neighbourhoods along the River Yantra.\n\nOn Tsarevets stood the palace and the buildings of the Church’s leader. There were homes on the hill too. The tall walls in the photograph include reconstructed parts. What did they enclose?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-480.b7570940.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-1600.b7570940.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#929e97","h":456,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-panorama-960.b7570940.webp","id":"asset.tsa.panorama","alt":"A green hill with fortress walls and a church at the top.","objectCaption":"Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions.","caption":"Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: www.vacacionesbulgaria.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Overview of the hill; the visible tall walls and church include reconstructions. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":29.388208333333335,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s1-capital","duration":29.483,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/s1-capital.abcff314.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.rabovyanov2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.panorama"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s2-hill","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"A river below the walls","body":"The Yantra bends below Tsarevets’s steep slopes. According to the museum, this protected position helped make the hill a centre of government. It did not make the fortress impossible to capture.\n\nThe royal palace had its own wall and towers. Inside were a hall with the tsar’s throne, living rooms and offices. Officials prepared state documents in the offices. Higher up stood the buildings of the patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-480.c4e5fe95.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-1063.c4e5fe95.avif","w":1063}],"dominant":"#808279","h":1600,"w":1063,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-river-960.c4e5fe95.webp","id":"asset.tsa.river","alt":"A river below a steep green slope, with a bridge and fortress walls above it.","objectCaption":"Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393.","caption":"Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Андрей Романенко · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Photo: Андрей Романенко, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Андрей Романенко, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Present-day photograph of the Yantra below Tsarevets. The bridge and reconstructed masonry do not show the appearance in 1393. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets_Veliko_Tarnovo_02.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The hill with the palace and buildings of the patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Tsarevets, Tarnovo","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/en/map/#tsa.tsarevets"},{"note":"A reconstructed tower. An old story links the captive Baldwin to it; the prison location is unproven.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.baldwin-tower","name":"Baldwin’s Tower","latitude":43.08083333,"longitude":25.65305556,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":50,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q4850503","src.tsa.tower-tradition","src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"tsa.baldwin-tower","url":"/en/map/#tsa.baldwin-tower"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"The hill with the palace and buildings of the patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Tsarevets, Tarnovo","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/en/map/#tsa.tsarevets","number":1,"x":51.91,"y":40.65217,"inside":true,"viewX":49.99802425806452,"viewY":49.958151216129025},{"note":"A reconstructed tower. An old story links the captive Baldwin to it; the prison location is unproven.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.baldwin-tower","name":"Baldwin’s 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His complex, a group of connected buildings, contained a library and a scriptorium. A scriptorium is a room where books were copied by hand.\n\nIn the courtyard stood the Church of the Ascension of the Lord. We see the reconstructed church. The photograph alone cannot show what books the library held.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-480.56bcc16e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-1600.56bcc16e.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-2400.56bcc16e.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#818184","h":1800,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-960.56bcc16e.webp","id":"asset.tsa.cathedral","alt":"A reconstructed church with a dome and a tall bell tower on the right.","objectCaption":"Rebuilt church","caption":"The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patriarchal_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Ascension_of_God_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-tower","x":0.594,"y":0.439,"title":"Bell tower","body":"The tall tower holds bells. It forms part of the church reconstructed in 1981.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.museum","src.tsa.restoration","src.tsa.photo.cathedral"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-dome","x":0.491,"y":0.414,"title":"Dome","body":"A dome is a curved roof over part of the church. Here we see the reconstructed church.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.restoration","src.tsa.photo.cathedral"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":21.21475,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s3-patriarch","duration":21.333,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/s3-patriarch.5651d235.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"},{"id":"src.tsa.ascension2011"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.cathedral"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s4-baldwin","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Baldwin: the captive and the tower","body":"The tower bears the name of Baldwin of Flanders. He was the Latin emperor. He ruled a state founded in Constantinople by warriors from western Europe. In 1205, Tsar Kaloyan’s forces captured him in the battle of Adrianople.\n\nAn old story, called a tradition, places his prison in this tower. That location is unproven. According to a published description, the tower was reconstructed in the nineteen thirties. The tower at Cherven served as its model.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-480.0cae2ff5.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-1600.0cae2ff5.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#6e6f70","h":2400,"w":1800,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-baldwin-960.0cae2ff5.webp","id":"asset.tsa.baldwin","alt":"A reconstructed stone tower with battlements and a dark opening high in the wall.","objectCaption":"According to a published description, Baldwin’s Tower was reconstructed in the 1930s, modelled on Cherven’s tower. The tradition does not establish the prison location.","caption":"According to a published description, Baldwin’s Tower was reconstructed in the 1930s, modelled on Cherven’s tower. The tradition does not establish the prison location.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kandi · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. According to a published description, Baldwin’s Tower was reconstructed in the 1930s, modelled on Cherven’s tower. The tradition does not establish the prison location. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. According to a published description, Baldwin’s Tower was reconstructed in the 1930s, modelled on Cherven’s tower. The tradition does not establish the prison location. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin%27s_Tower.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-crenels","x":0.521,"y":0.132,"title":"Tower battlements","body":"Battlements are the raised parts along the top of the wall. Here we see the reconstructed tower.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.undzhiyan2022","src.tsa.photo.baldwin"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-opening","x":0.46,"y":0.357,"title":"Wall opening","body":"This visible opening does not establish where Baldwin was held. The prison location remains a tradition.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.tower-tradition","src.tsa.photo.baldwin"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":27.960166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s4-baldwin","duration":28.075,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/s4-baldwin.11b07e3a.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.baldwin"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.a1-prison","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Baldwin and his tower","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.tsa.prison","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"What do we know about Baldwin’s prison?","sourceIds":["src.tsa.tower-tradition","src.tsa.villehardouin1908","src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"],"items":[{"id":"o-tradition","label":"A tradition links it to this tower."},{"id":"o-photo","label":"Baldwin’s room can be identified in the photograph.","whyWrong":"The photograph shows a reconstruction, not a record about the captive."},{"id":"o-kaloyan","label":"Kaloyan was the prisoner in it.","whyWrong":"Kaloyan’s forces capture Baldwin."}],"explanation":"A Latin author also records the capture in 1205. A tradition links the captive to this tower. It is unproven that his prison was here.","correctItemId":"o-tradition","sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":2.8942083333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.a1-prison","duration":2.987,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/a1-prison.92a24736.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"},{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s5-siege","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"Ottoman forces besiege Tarnovo","body":"Ottoman forces of Sultan Bayezid the First besieged Tarnovo. Sultan is the Ottoman ruler’s title. In a siege, an army surrounds a fortified town to capture it. In the conventional historical account, Tsar Ivan Shishman was then at Nikopol. Patriarch Euthymius remained in Tarnovo.\n\nThe town was taken. Its fall is usually dated to 1393. The photograph of the reconstructed gate does not show how the soldiers entered. What happened to the inhabitants afterward?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-480.56d2b90e.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-960.56d2b90e.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-1600.56d2b90e.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#7b8279","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-960.56d2b90e.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-gate-960.56d2b90e.webp","id":"asset.tsa.gate","alt":"A stone gate with a large arch and a narrow opening above it.","objectCaption":"Present-day photograph of the reconstructed gate. It does not establish where Ottoman forces entered.","caption":"Present-day photograph of the reconstructed gate. It does not establish where Ottoman forces entered.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Kandi · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Photo: Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Present-day photograph of the reconstructed gate. It does not establish where Ottoman forces entered. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Kandi, Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. Present-day photograph of the reconstructed gate. It does not establish where Ottoman forces entered. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets_22.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The hill with the palace and buildings of the patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Tsarevets, Tarnovo","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/en/map/#tsa.tsarevets"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":28.958625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s5-siege","duration":29.056,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/s5-siege.4c29300b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.stamboliyska2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.kiel2012"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.gate"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.tsa.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the events in order, earliest first.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.villehardouin1908","src.tsa.stamboliyska2020","src.tsa.undzhiyan2022","src.tsa.restoration"],"items":[{"id":"ev-baldwin","label":"Baldwin’s capture"},{"id":"ev-fall","label":"Capture of Tarnovo"},{"id":"ev-tower","label":"Reconstruction of the tower"},{"id":"ev-church","label":"Reconstruction of the church"}],"explanation":"The capture comes first, then the siege. According to the published description, the tower was reconstructed in the 1930s. The church was reconstructed in 1981, after the tower.","correctOrderIds":["ev-baldwin","ev-fall","ev-tower","ev-church"],"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.stamboliyska2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.347,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.a2-timeline","duration":3.456,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/a2-timeline.c9e683eb.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908"},{"id":"src.tsa.stamboliyska2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022"},{"id":"src.tsa.restoration"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.s6-euthymius","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"Euthymius leaves Tarnovo","body":"Euthymius’s pupil Gregory Tsamblak describes the killing of leading townspeople in Tarnovo. He also describes the patriarch’s farewell to his people. Euthymius was sent into exile: forced to leave his home.\n\nTsamblak wrote a panegyric, a text of praise. It includes a miracle: the executioner’s arm becomes motionless. This is a legendary motif, not an independently confirmed event.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-palace-480.2488f3a9.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-palace-960.2488f3a9.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-palace-1600.2488f3a9.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#90958b","h":612,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-tsa-palace-960.2488f3a9.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-tsa-palace-960.2488f3a9.webp","id":"asset.tsa.palace","alt":"Low foundations and taller reconstructed walls of the palace complex.","objectCaption":"Low walls and reconstructed parts of the palace complex. The photograph does not reproduce the inside of the hall with the throne.","caption":"Low walls and reconstructed parts of the palace complex. The photograph does not reproduce the inside of the hall with the throne.","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Pudelek (Marcin Szala) · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Photo: Pudelek (Marcin Szala), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Low walls and reconstructed parts of the palace complex. The photograph does not reproduce the inside of the hall with the throne. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Pudelek (Marcin Szala), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Low walls and reconstructed parts of the palace complex. The photograph does not reproduce the inside of the hall with the throne. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Veliko_Tarnovo_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)_-_Tsarevets_(Palace).JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The hill with the palace and buildings of the patriarch, the head of the Bulgarian Church.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.tsa.tsarevets","name":"Tsarevets, Tarnovo","latitude":43.0833,"longitude":25.6528,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1000,"sourceIds":["src.tsa.coords.q512147","src.tsa.museum"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/places/tsarevets/","slug":"tsa.tsarevets","url":"/en/map/#tsa.tsarevets"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.127333333333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.s6-euthymius","duration":25.216,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/s6-euthymius.524cf022.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.tsamblak"},{"id":"src.tsa.stankova"},{"id":"src.tsa.kiel2012"},{"id":"src.tsa.stamboliyska2020"},{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.photo.palace"}]},{"id":"tsarevets-1393.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Who works in the palace?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.tsa.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match each place with its role in the story.","sourceIds":["src.tsa.museum","src.tsa.tower-tradition"],"items":[{"id":"m-palace","label":"Palace","pairedLabel":"Government of the state"},{"id":"m-church","label":"Patriarchal complex","pairedLabel":"Administration of Church life"},{"id":"m-scriptorium","label":"Scriptorium","pairedLabel":"Copying books"},{"id":"m-tower","label":"Baldwin’s Tower","pairedLabel":"Tradition about a captive"}],"explanation":"The tsar governs from the palace, the patriarch directs Church life, and books are copied in the scriptorium. Tradition links the tower to Baldwin.","sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"}],"columns":["Place","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.254125,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.tsarevets-1393.tsarevets-1393.a3-matching","duration":3.371,"src":"/audio/en/tsarevets-1393/a3-matching.d7c3141e.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.tsa.museum"},{"id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition"}]}],"minutes":3,"sources":[{"year":2011,"url":"https://bg-patriarshia.bg/orthodox-thought/vaznesenie-gospodne","institutionOrAuthor":"Българска патриаршия – Българска православна църква","id":"src.tsa.ascension2011","authors":["Българска патриаршия – Българска православна църква"],"title":"ВЪЗНЕСЕНИЕ ГОСПОДНЕ","container":"Православна мисъл","pages":"unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Explanation of the church’s name as a Christian religious term."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4850503","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.tsa.coords.q4850503","authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"title":"Baldwin’s Tower","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Coordinates of the present location, not historical borders."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512147","institutionOrAuthor":"Wikimedia contributors","id":"src.tsa.coords.q512147","authors":["Wikimedia contributors"],"title":"Tsarevets","container":"Wikimedia geographic records","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Coordinates of the present location, not historical borders."}},{"year":2012,"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tirnova--bulgaristan","institutionOrAuthor":"Machiel Kiel","id":"src.tsa.kiel2012","authors":["Machiel Kiel"],"title":"TIRNOVA","container":"TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi","pages":"118–122","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Siege and conquest; printed 17 June 1393; exile attributed to Tsamblak; garrison and later population."},"volume":"41"},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.museumvt.com/каталог/архитектурно---музеен-резерват--царевец-","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей – Велико Търново","id":"src.tsa.museum","authors":["Регионален исторически музей – Велико Търново"],"title":"Архитектурно – музеен резерват „Царевец“","container":"РИМ – Велико Търново","pages":"unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Capital; palace, patriarchal complex, house foundations; reconstructed church."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin%27s_Tower.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Kandi","id":"src.tsa.photo.baldwin","authors":["Kandi"],"title":"File:Baldwin's Tower.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Visible details and photo licence only; not a medieval eyewitness record."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patriarchal_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Ascension_of_God_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos_1.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece","id":"src.tsa.photo.cathedral","authors":["Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece"],"title":"File:Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of God Veliko Tarnovo Klearchos 1.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Visible details and photo licence only; not a medieval eyewitness record."},"license":"CC BY 2.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets_22.JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Kandi","id":"src.tsa.photo.gate","authors":["Kandi"],"title":"File:Tsarevets 22.JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Visible details and photo licence only; not a medieval eyewitness record."},"license":"Public domain"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Veliko_Tarnovo_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)_-_Tsarevets_(Palace).JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Pudelek (Marcin Szala)","id":"src.tsa.photo.palace","authors":["Pudelek (Marcin Szala)"],"title":"File:Veliko Tarnovo (Велико Търново) - Tsarevets (Palace).JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Visible details and photo licence only; not a medieval eyewitness record."},"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"www.vacacionesbulgaria.com","id":"src.tsa.photo.panorama","authors":["www.vacacionesbulgaria.com"],"title":"File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Visible details and photo licence only; not a medieval eyewitness record."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsarevets_Veliko_Tarnovo_02.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Андрей Романенко","id":"src.tsa.photo.river","authors":["Андрей Романенко"],"title":"File:Tsarevets Veliko Tarnovo 02.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons","pages":"not applicable","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Visible details and photo licence only; not a medieval eyewitness record."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.uni-vt.bg/res/11734/31._Dejan_Rabovyanov.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Деян Рабовянов","id":"src.tsa.rabovyanov2020","authors":["Деян Рабовянов"],"title":"Крепостта Трапезица в развитието на Търновград като столица на Второто българско царство","container":"Владетел, държава и църква на Балканите през Средновековието. Велико Търново: Университетско издателство „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“","pages":"380–391","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Related urban cores; uncertain early chronology of Tsarevets."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/wine-destinations/6675/6676","institutionOrAuthor":"Министерство на туризма на Република България","id":"src.tsa.restoration","authors":["Министерство на туризма на Република България"],"title":"Царевец (страница за Велико Търново)","pages":"unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Reconstruction of the patriarchal church in 1981; name of Baldwin’s Tower."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2020,"url":"https://www.uni-vt.bg/res/11741/38._Nikolay_Ovcharov.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Атанаска Стамболийска","id":"src.tsa.stamboliyska2020","authors":["Атанаска Стамболийска"],"title":"Събитията в Търново непосредствено след завладяването му от османските турци и съдбата на престолонаследника Александър Шишман","container":"Владетел, държава и църква на Балканите през Средновековието. Велико Търново: Университетско издателство „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“","pages":"554–584","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Cites then questions the conventional dating; alternative chronology and the conventional account placing Shishman at Nikopol."},"isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://sesdiva.eu/en/virtual-rooms/popular-saints/item/132-gregory-tsamblak-en","institutionOrAuthor":"Радослава Станкова / Институт за литература, БАН, SESDIVA","id":"src.tsa.stankova","authors":["Радослава Станкова / Институт за литература, БАН, SESDIVA"],"title":"Gregory Tsamblak","container":"SESDIVA: popular saints, authors and works","pages":"unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Pupil of Euthymius; presence during the siege is unknown."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.bg-guide.org/bg/obekti/pregled/krepost-carevec","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален туристически клъстер „Българският пътеводител“","id":"src.tsa.tower-tradition","authors":["Национален туристически клъстер „Българският пътеводител“"],"title":"Архитектурно-историческият резерват „Царевец“, гр. Велико Търново","container":"BG Guide","pages":"unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Records the tradition placing Baldwin in this tower; does not prove the prison location."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.pravoslavieto.com/life/01.20_sv_patr_Evtimij_Camblak.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Григорий Цамблак; превод П. Русев, Г. Данчев, А. Давидов","id":"src.tsa.tsamblak","authors":["Григорий Цамблак; превод П. Русев, Г. Данчев, А. Давидов"],"title":"Похвално слово за св. Евтимий","container":"Pravoslavieto.com, digital transcription of a medieval panegyric in modern Bulgarian translation","pages":"unpaginated","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Account of Euthymius, killed leading citizens and exile; miracle motif, not independently verified fact."}},{"year":2022,"url":"https://priroda.bas.bg/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/brbr.2-2022-11.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Еберхард Унджиян","id":"src.tsa.undzhiyan2022","authors":["Еберхард Унджиян"],"title":"Петима души в две лодки – по Лома през 1961 година","container":"Природа (БАН)","pages":"82–89","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Travel memoir attributes the 1930s tower reconstruction to Rashenov, modelled on Cherven; architectural project unchecked."},"issue":"2","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":1908,"url":"https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/villehardouin.asp","institutionOrAuthor":"Geoffrey de Villehardouin; translator Frank T. Marzials","id":"src.tsa.villehardouin1908","authors":["Geoffrey de Villehardouin; translator Frank T. Marzials"],"title":"Memoirs or Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the Conquest of Constantinople","container":"London: J. M. Dent; Fordham University, Internet Medieval Sourcebook","pages":"67–69; 94–95","accessedOn":"2026-10-28","accessed":"2026-10-28","supports":{"en":"Baldwin’s capture at Adrianople in 1205; perspective of a Latin participant."}}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.tsa.cathedral-cutout","src":"/media/asset-tsa-cathedral-cutout-960.09402835.webp","alt":"Cut-out photograph of the church reconstructed in 1981; not a surviving medieval building.","w":1112,"h":1268,"caption":"The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building.","credit":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Photo: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Photo: ","lang":"en"},{"text":"Klearchos Kapoutsis from Santorini, Greece, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. The patriarchal Church of the Ascension, reconstructed in 1981. The photograph shows a reconstruction, not an intact medieval building. 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