{"version":2,"locale":"en","id":"story.vasil-levski","hasFind":true,"slug":"vasil-levski","url":"/en/stories/vasil-levski/","topic":"Vasil Levski","title":"Letters for a republic","summary":"A notebook, a receipt and draft rules show how Levski’s network worked. Follow the letters to Lovech and Bucharest, then separate what is known from what remains disputed about his capture and execution.","cover":{"title":"Letters for a republic","subtitle":"Vasil Levski and the committee network","hook":"How do letters link Levski’s committees?","summary":"A notebook, a receipt and draft rules show how Levski’s network worked. Follow the letters to Lovech and Bucharest, then separate what is known from what remains disputed about his capture and execution.","takeaway":"The network was the work of many people; documents show preparation for equal rights, but do not settle every dispute."},"sortYear":1872,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Revival and Liberation","dateLabel":"18th–19th centuries","eraShort":"Revival","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Lovech","date":"1871–1873","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-480.266e48b9.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-1018.266e48b9.avif","w":1018}],"dominant":"#b49a59","h":756,"w":1018,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.webp","id":"asset.lev.notebook-display-cutout","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski","objectCaption":"Notebook copy","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Eola · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Levski_E1.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"vasil-levski.s1-pocket","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"A pocket notebook","body":"The pocket notebook records spending on bread, olives and apples. There is money for post too. These notes belong to Vasil Ivanov Kunchev from Karlovo, known as Levski.\n\nHe is preparing an uprising against Ottoman rule. People in different towns and villages must act together. One person cannot do everything. Who carries the letters and who looks after the shared money?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-480.95f8c880.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-960.95f8c880.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-1600.95f8c880.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#877041","h":902,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-960.95f8c880.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-960.95f8c880.webp","id":"asset.lev.notebook-display","alt":"Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski","objectCaption":"Notebook copy","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Eola · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Museum display: copy of the notebook and a dagger presented as belonging to Levski. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Levski_E1.JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":23.142,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.s1-pocket","duration":23.253,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/s1-pocket.b739e053.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.notebook"},{"id":"src.lev.birth"},{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"},{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.apostle"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.notebook-display"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.s2-network","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Who carries the letter?","body":"In 1869 Levski tours the Bulgarian lands. Over the following years, he builds committees: local groups preparing an uprising. The museum chronology places their centre in Lovech in early 1871.\n\nDraft rules called the Nareda provide for secret post. A courier carries messages. Letters must pass through designated people, while committee membership must remain secret.\n\nIn Bucharest in spring 1872, the general meeting adopts a statute and programme. A statute sets out how the organization works. How is the shared money recorded?","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Levski’s birthplace. City anchor, not an exact birth location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.karlovo","name":"Karlovo","latitude":42.642034,"longitude":24.80821,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q316841","src.lev.chronicle","src.rose.geo-karlovo","src.rose.omda"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.karlovo","url":"/en/map/#lev.karlovo"},{"note":"Centre from early 1871 according to the museum chronology. City anchor, not a secret headquarters.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.lovech","name":"Lovech","latitude":43.134777,"longitude":24.711535,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q189328","src.lev.chronicle"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.lovech","url":"/en/map/#lev.lovech"},{"note":"City of the 1872 general meeting; its exact address is not established here.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.bucharest","name":"Bucharest","latitude":44.41336111111111,"longitude":26.09777777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q19660","src.lev.chronicle"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.bucharest","url":"/en/map/#lev.bucharest"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Levski’s birthplace. City anchor, not an exact birth location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.karlovo","name":"Karlovo","latitude":42.642034,"longitude":24.80821,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q316841","src.lev.chronicle","src.rose.geo-karlovo","src.rose.omda"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.karlovo","url":"/en/map/#lev.karlovo","number":1,"x":41.35262,"y":52.28929,"inside":true,"viewX":40.76469470967742,"viewY":67.03149627741936},{"note":"Centre from early 1871 according to the museum chronology. City anchor, not a secret headquarters.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.lovech","name":"Lovech","latitude":43.134777,"longitude":24.711535,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q189328","src.lev.chronicle"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.lovech","url":"/en/map/#lev.lovech","number":2,"x":40.14419,"y":39.28917,"inside":true,"viewX":39.26780077419355,"viewY":50.36618115483872},{"note":"City of the 1872 general meeting; its exact address is not established here.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.bucharest","name":"Bucharest","latitude":44.41336111111111,"longitude":26.09777777777778,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":8000,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q19660","src.lev.chronicle"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.bucharest","url":"/en/map/#lev.bucharest","number":3,"x":57.47222,"y":5.05881,"inside":true,"viewX":60.73219922580645,"viewY":6.4850680451612925}],"extent":[0,0,1,1],"orientation":[{"name":"Sofia","kind":"town","x":22.774,"y":50.826,"viewX":17.751178322580643,"viewY":65.15565290322583},{"name":"Plovdiv","kind":"town","x":40.566,"y":65.549,"viewX":39.79030090322581,"viewY":84.02958903225807},{"name":"Varna","kind":"town","x":80.184,"y":37.187,"viewX":88.86550090322581,"viewY":47.67133483870968},{"name":"Burgas","kind":"town","x":74.532,"y":55.892,"viewX":81.86431380645162,"viewY":71.64993806451615},{"name":"Ruse","kind":"town","x":55.821,"y":20.617,"viewX":58.68681703225806,"viewY":26.42966387096775},{"name":"Veliko 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A form and date appear above. A round lion stamp sits at the lower right. The Commons description dates it to 25 March 1872.\n\nUnder the Nareda, the treasurer, who keeps the money, must issue numbered receipts. He must record money received in a book. The notebook records spending on receipt books.\n\nWe think these traces suggest that keeping accounts matters to the network. They do not prove mistake-free accounts. What future is this money for?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-receipt-480.339a53d7.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-receipt-960.339a53d7.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-receipt-1600.339a53d7.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-receipt-2400.339a53d7.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#c4b3a6","h":1315,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-receipt-960.339a53d7.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-receipt-960.339a53d7.webp","id":"asset.lev.receipt","alt":"Reproduction of a committee receipt, dated in Commons to 25 March 1872. Whether the photographed carrier is an original or copy is not established.","objectCaption":"Reproduction of a committee receipt, dated in Commons to 25 March 1872. Whether the photographed carrier is an original or copy is not established.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Pety anta · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Pety anta / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction of a committee receipt, dated in Commons to 25 March 1872. Whether the photographed carrier is an original or copy is not established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Pety anta / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction of a committee receipt, dated in Commons to 25 March 1872. Whether the photographed carrier is an original or copy is not established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8_25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1872%D0%B3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-accounts-480.5b7443c9.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-accounts-960.5b7443c9.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-accounts-1600.5b7443c9.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#b19e90","h":2400,"w":1968,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-accounts-960.5b7443c9.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-accounts-960.5b7443c9.webp","id":"asset.lev.accounts","alt":"Reproduction of accounts described in Commons as Dimitar Obshti’s accounts with notes by Levski, 17 March 1872. The status of the photographed carrier is not established.","objectCaption":"Reproduction of accounts described in Commons as Dimitar Obshti’s accounts with notes by Levski, 17 March 1872. The status of the photographed carrier is not established.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Pety anta · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Pety anta / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction of accounts described in Commons as Dimitar Obshti’s accounts with notes by Levski, 17 March 1872. The status of the photographed carrier is not established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Pety anta / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Reproduction of accounts described in Commons as Dimitar Obshti’s accounts with notes by Levski, 17 March 1872. The status of the photographed carrier is not established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_17_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1872%D0%B3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"h-lev-receipt-heading","x":0.145,"y":0.14,"title":"Printed form","body":"The printed heading names a committee in the Bulgarian lands. Handwriting fills in the form.","sourceIds":["src.lev.photo.receipt"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-lev-receipt-date","x":0.83,"y":0.14,"title":"Date","body":"The date is at the upper right. The photograph description identifies it as 25 March 1872.","sourceIds":["src.lev.photo.receipt"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"h-lev-receipt-seal","x":0.82,"y":0.68,"title":"Lion stamp","body":"The round lion impression is at the lower right. The Nareda draft requires committee decisions to bear its stamp.","sourceIds":["src.lev.photo.receipt","src.lev.nareda"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.511291666666665,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.s3-receipt","duration":32.64,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/s3-receipt.f15f7306.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.notebook"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.receipt"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.accounts"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.s4-republic","number":4,"kind":"narrative","title":"A republic on paper","body":"In correspondence published in 1871, Levski writes “Holy and pure republic”. The Nareda explains a republic as government by the people.\n\nThe draft promises common law and equal rights for Bulgarians, Turks, Jews and others. Faith and nationality should not give some people more rights.\n\nBut the draft prescribes death for revealing secrets. Organized opposition to the planned republic faces the same penalty. In our reading, promised equality stands alongside intolerance of political disagreement.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-portrait-480.60a678fb.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-portrait-960.60a678fb.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-portrait-1241.60a678fb.avif","w":1241}],"dominant":"#6a6a61","h":1600,"w":1241,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-portrait-960.60a678fb.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-portrait-960.60a678fb.webp","id":"asset.lev.portrait","alt":"Archival reproduction of an artistically processed portrait of Vasil Levski. Commons names Grigor Paskov.","objectCaption":"Archival reproduction of an artistically processed portrait of Vasil Levski. Commons names Grigor Paskov.","caption":"","kind":"archive","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Grigor Paskov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Grigor Paskov / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Archival reproduction of an artistically processed portrait of Vasil Levski. Commons names Grigor Paskov. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Grigor Paskov / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Archival reproduction of an artistically processed portrait of Vasil Levski. Commons names Grigor Paskov. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-8-Vasil_Levski_(cropped).JPG","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":32.023666666666664,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.s4-republic","duration":32.128,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/s4-republic.798f1cd5.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.letter-republic"},{"id":"src.lev.dyreva"},{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.portrait"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.a1-republic","number":5,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: what kind of republic?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.lev.republic","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Which matches the goal described in the Nareda?","sourceIds":["src.lev.nareda","src.lev.letter-republic"],"items":[{"id":"opt-equality","label":"A common law and equal rights for different communities."},{"id":"opt-one-faith","label":"Different rights for different faiths.","whyWrong":"The text includes different faiths and nationalities, not one privileged faith."},{"id":"opt-monarch","label":"Power should belong to a new hereditary ruler.","whyWrong":"Government by the people does not mean a hereditary ruler."}],"explanation":"The draft envisages government by the people, common law and equality regardless of faith or nationality. This is a goal, not an already established state.","correctItemId":"opt-equality","sources":[{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.letter-republic"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.1380416666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.a1-republic","duration":3.243,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/a1-republic.60ef793b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.letter-republic"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.s5-capture","number":6,"kind":"narrative","title":"The inn at Kakrina","body":"In September 1872 Dimitar Obshti organizes the Arabakonak robbery of the Ottoman post. Revelations and arrests follow.\n\nAccording to the Karlovo museum chronology, Levski is captured at Kakrina Inn on 27 December 1872. This uses the old calendar. A 2015 Sofia museum page gives 22 December. The difference remains unexplained.\n\nExplanations differ: a series of mistakes, or advance information about his overnight stay. The cited sources lack a document establishing such information. They do not prove betrayal by a specific person. Suspicion is not proven guilt.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-kakrina-480.3e10ea60.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-kakrina-960.3e10ea60.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-kakrina-1600.3e10ea60.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#888889","h":900,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-kakrina-960.3e10ea60.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-kakrina-960.3e10ea60.webp","id":"asset.lev.kakrina","alt":"Kakrina Inn today: reconstructed building at the capture site","objectCaption":"Kakrina Inn today: reconstructed building at the capture site","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Eola · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Kakrina Inn today: reconstructed building at the capture site. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Eola / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Kakrina Inn today: reconstructed building at the capture site. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kakrina_han_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-obshti-480.3939e134.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-obshti-960.3939e134.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-obshti-1025.3939e134.avif","w":1025}],"dominant":"#d3b58a","h":1600,"w":1025,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-obshti-960.3939e134.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-obshti-960.3939e134.webp","id":"asset.lev.obshti","alt":"Dimitar Obshti as a Garibaldian: photograph of a museum exhibit in Varna","objectCaption":"Dimitar Obshti as a Garibaldian: photograph of a museum exhibit in Varna","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Spiritia · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Dimitar Obshti as a Garibaldian: photograph of a museum exhibit in Varna. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Spiritia / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Dimitar Obshti as a Garibaldian: photograph of a museum exhibit in Varna. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitar_Obshti_as_Garibaldi_soldier.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Village of the capture. Today’s inn is reconstructed. The point is not a surveyed arrest location.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.kakrina","name":"Kakrina","latitude":43.123639,"longitude":24.888016,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":1200,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q1516759","src.lev.chronicle","src.lev.kakrina","src.lev.sofia-notice"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"lev.kakrina","url":"/en/map/#lev.kakrina"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":40.99816666666667,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.s5-capture","duration":41.088,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/s5-capture.9768de45.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"},{"id":"src.lev.mitev-interview"},{"id":"src.lev.todorov"},{"id":"src.lev.kakrina"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.kakrina"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.obshti"},{"id":"src.lev.sofia-notice"},{"id":"src.lev.library-capture"},{"id":"src.lev.interrogation-collection"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.a2-timeline","number":7,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: put the events in order","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.lev.timeline","kind":"sequence","prompt":"Put the events in order from earliest to latest.","sourceIds":["src.lev.chronicle"],"items":[{"id":"ev-tour","label":"Levski’s tours"},{"id":"ev-meeting","label":"General meeting in Bucharest"},{"id":"ev-robbery","label":"The Arabakonak mail robbery"},{"id":"ev-capture","label":"Levski’s capture"}],"explanation":"The tours were in 1869. In 1872 the spring meeting preceded the September robbery; the capture followed both in December old style.","correctOrderIds":["ev-tour","ev-meeting","ev-robbery","ev-capture"],"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":4.043625,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.a2-timeline","duration":4.139,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/a2-timeline.9254af8b.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.s6-sofia","number":8,"kind":"narrative","title":"The monument and the sheet","body":"In January 1873 an Ottoman commission questions Levski in Sofia. This is a special investigating commission. He is hanged on 6 February in the old calendar: 18 February in the new. The calendars are then twelve days apart.\n\nToday’s monument stands near the execution site. Other traces remain: the receipt for shared money and the proposal for equal rights. They show part of the organization’s preparations and its plans for future government.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-monument-480.5169d95b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-monument-960.5169d95b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-lev-monument-1200.5169d95b.avif","w":1200}],"dominant":"#5f7361","h":1600,"w":1200,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-lev-monument-960.5169d95b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-lev-monument-960.5169d95b.webp","id":"asset.lev.monument","alt":"Monument to Vasil Levski in Sofia today","objectCaption":"Monument to Vasil Levski in Sofia today","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Images","source":"Open source","full":"Full attribution"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Gitanes232 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Gitanes232 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Monument to Vasil Levski in Sofia today. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Gitanes232 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Monument to Vasil Levski in Sofia today. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MonumenttoVasi_Levski-Sofia001.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"The present monument is near the execution site. This point does not establish the gallows or a grave.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.lev.sofia-monument","name":"Monument to Vasil Levski, Sofia","latitude":42.69666111,"longitude":23.33526111,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":30,"sourceIds":["src.lev.geo.q1703313","src.lev.chronicle"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/en/place/#monument-to-vasil-levski-sofia","slug":"lev.sofia-monument","url":"/en/map/#lev.sofia-monument"}],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.433083333333332,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.s6-sofia","duration":30.549,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/s6-sofia.1d036b29.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"},{"id":"src.lev.mitev-interview"},{"id":"src.lev.notebook"},{"id":"src.lev.nareda"}]},{"id":"vasil-levski.a3-matching","number":9,"kind":"activity","title":"Activity: match the pairs","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.lev.matching","kind":"matching","prompt":"Match the place, document and idea to their descriptions.","sourceIds":["src.lev.chronicle","src.lev.nareda","src.lev.photo.receipt"],"items":[{"id":"m-lovech","label":"Lovech","pairedLabel":"Organizational centre"},{"id":"m-receipt","label":"Receipt","pairedLabel":"Confirmation of money received"},{"id":"m-republic","label":"Republic in the Nareda","pairedLabel":"Government by the people"}],"explanation":"In the story Lovech is an organizational centre, a receipt records money received, and republic is explained as government by the people.","sources":[{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"},{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.receipt"}],"columns":["Item","Description"]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.9855416666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"en_US-ljspeech-high","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.en.vasil-levski.vasil-levski.a3-matching","duration":4.096,"src":"/audio/en/vasil-levski/a3-matching.52b60080.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.lev.chronicle"},{"id":"src.lev.nareda"},{"id":"src.lev.photo.receipt"}]}],"minutes":4,"sources":[{"year":null,"url":"https://vlevskimuseum-bg.org/en/the-apostle/","institutionOrAuthor":"Vasil Levski National Museum — Karlovo","id":"src.lev.apostle","authors":["Vasil Levski National Museum — Karlovo"],"title":"The Apostle","container":"Vasil Levski National Museum — official site","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Attribution of foundation and leadership of the Internal Revolutionary Organization to Levski. Commemorative superlatives and claims of moral perfection are not reproduced."}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://azbuki.bg/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/History_1_21_Grigor-Boikov-Plamen-Mitev.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Григор Бойков; Пламен Митев","id":"src.lev.birth","authors":["Григор Бойков; Пламен Митев"],"title":"Документални свидетелства за годината на раждане на Васил Левски","container":"История / Istoriya–History","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Scholarly argument for a likely birth year of 1840 versus conventional 1837; no exact age asserted in story."},"pages":"8–27","volume":"29","issue":"1","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://vlevskimuseum-bg.org/bg/летопис/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален музей „Васил Левски“ — Карлово","id":"src.lev.chronicle","authors":["Национален музей „Васил Левски“ — Карлово"],"title":"Кратка хроника за живота на Левски","container":"Национален музей „Васил Левски“ — официален сайт","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Conventional birth date; early biography; Lovech centre; Bucharest assembly; Arabakonak robbery; capture; Sofia interrogation and execution."}},{"year":null,"url":"https://vlevskimuseum-bg.org/bg/документи/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национален музей „Васил Левски“ — Карлово","id":"src.lev.documents","authors":["Национален музей „Васил Левски“ — Карлово"],"title":"Документално наследство","container":"Национален музей „Васил Левски“ — официален сайт","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Notebook, correspondence and draft statute as distinct kinds of evidence; location of originals; 1872 adopted statute."}},{"year":2017,"url":"https://ipr.ihist.bas.bg/text/dyreva_levski.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Велислава Дърева","id":"src.lev.dyreva","authors":["Велислава Дърева"],"title":"Към проблема за държавническите възгледи на Васил Левски","container":"Исторически преглед — Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН, Историята в публичното пространство","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Independent cross-check of republican wording, draft statute and distinction between political programme and later interpretation. Commemorative essay, not used as evidence for superlatives or sainthood."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2018,"url":"https://wp1109248.server-he.de/librev250/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/6-Библиотека/38-scientific-pubs?download=154:book-levski-pdf&Itemid=382","institutionOrAuthor":"Александър Бурмов (редактор); Държавна библиотека „Васил Коларов“ (първоначално издание)","id":"src.lev.interrogation-collection","authors":["Александър Бурмов (редактор)"],"title":"Васил Левски и неговите сподвижници пред турския съд. Документи из турските архиви","container":"Берлин: Екстаз, електронно преиздание; Либерален преглед","pages":"346–350; PDF pages 347–351, one-based","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Published Bulgarian translations of interrogation protocols provide independent documentary context consistent with 27 December. No claim to have checked Ottoman originals; testimony is read in its interrogation context. Does not establish why the Sofia webpage says 22 December."},"license":"Electronic edition: CC BY-NC-ND 2.5, PDF p.3. Research only; not an app media asset; modern editorial material is not reproduced.","format":"pdf","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"}},{"year":null,"url":"https://www.lovech.bg/bg/zabelezhitelnosti/kakrinsko-hanche/","institutionOrAuthor":"Община Ловеч","id":"src.lev.kakrina","authors":["Община Ловеч"],"title":"Къкринско ханче","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Present inn is restored/reconstructed; do not depict it as unchanged 1872 fabric or execution site."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":1871,"url":"https://www.vasil-levski.org/1-3.htm","institutionOrAuthor":"Васил Левски; електронна транскрипция, vasil-levski.org","id":"src.lev.letter-republic","authors":["Васил Левски; електронна транскрипция, vasil-levski.org"],"title":"Дописка до Любен Каравелов и в. „Свобода“: „Ще имаме едно знаме…“","container":"Свята и чиста република — Васил Левски: Писма и документи","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Exact four-word phrase Свята и чиста република; equal rights for inhabitants of different nationalities. Phrase cross-checked against BAS-hosted quotation."},"license":"Levski text public domain; modern transcription apparatus not copied.","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2021,"url":"https://www.nationallibrary.bg/www/2021/02/18/васил-левски-в-огледалото-на-неговото/","institutionOrAuthor":"Национална библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“","id":"src.lev.library-capture","authors":["Национална библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“"],"title":"Васил Левски в огледалото на неговото документално наследство. 148 години от гибелта на Апостола на свободата","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Independent institutional statement of 27 December; does not explain the Sofia webpage discrepancy or replace the original interrogation protocol."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2024,"url":"https://www.standartnews.com/vestnik-standart/prof-plamen-mitev-s-novi-fakti-za-levski-dve-dati-sa-greshni-552188.html","institutionOrAuthor":"Пламен Митев (интервю); Славка Бозукова (интервюиращ)","id":"src.lev.mitev-interview","authors":["Пламен Митев (интервю); Славка Бозукова (интервюиращ)"],"title":"Проф. Пламен Митев с нови факти за Левски. Две дати са грешни","container":"Стандарт","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Attributed research positions: pre-robbery knowledge, twelve-day calendar difference and prior overnight-stay information hypothesis. The interview explicitly acknowledges no document for that information; it does not prove betrayal by any specific person."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg"}},{"year":1871,"url":"https://vasil-levski.bg/историческа-секция/нареда-2/","institutionOrAuthor":"Васил Левски; електронен издател Общобългарски комитет „Васил Левски“","id":"src.lev.nareda","authors":["Васил Левски; електронен издател Общобългарски комитет „Васил Левски“"],"title":"Нареда на работниците за освобождението на българският народ","container":"Официален уебсайт на Общобългарски комитет „Васил Левски“","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Primary draft: democratic republic and equality, committees, secret post, receipts, voting, secrecy, coercive penalties. A programme, not proof that every rule was implemented."},"license":"Historical text public domain; no site design or modern editorial apparatus reused.","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2017,"url":"https://www.nationallibrary.bg/levski/downloads/Teftercheto_na_Vasil_Levski_razcheteno.pdf","institutionOrAuthor":"Васил Левски; съставители Цветолюб Нушев и Тодорка Томова","id":"src.lev.notebook","authors":["Васил Левски; съставители Цветолюб Нушев и Тодорка Томова"],"title":"Личният бележник (тефтерчето) на Васил Левски 1871–1872. България и Влашко. Разчетен текст","container":"София: Книгоиздателска къща „Труд“; дигитално издание на НБКМ","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Primary notebook entries: travel expenses, food, receipt books, postal expenses; archival identity. Copyrighted modern commentary is not reproduced."},"pages":"PDF 8, 66, 94–95; manuscript 54, 82–83","license":"Historical autograph public domain; modern edition copyrighted. Research link only, PDF not bundled.","isPdf":true,"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}},{"year":2017,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_17_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1872%D0%B3.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Pety anta","id":"src.lev.photo.accounts","authors":["Pety anta"],"title":"File:Сметки на Димитър Общи с бележки от Васил Левски отнасящи се за комитетите в района 17 март 1872г.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; original provider/credit: Own work","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Photograph and uploader description only; the original/copy status of the photographed carrier is unestablished. Document date is attributed to Commons, not independently authenticated."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2019,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kakrina_han_E1.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Eola","id":"src.lev.photo.kakrina","authors":["Eola"],"title":"File:Kakrina han E1.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; original provider/credit: Own work","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identification only; licensing and image provenance. 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Historical authenticity or conflicting document dates not resolved by uploader metadata."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitar_Obshti_as_Garibaldi_soldier.jpg","institutionOrAuthor":"Spiritia","id":"src.lev.photo.obshti","authors":["Spiritia"],"title":"File:Dimitar Obshti as Garibaldi soldier.jpg","container":"Wikimedia Commons; original provider/credit: Own work","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identification only; licensing and image provenance. Historical authenticity or conflicting document dates not resolved by uploader metadata."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"year":null,"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-546K-1-108-8-Vasil_Levski_(cropped).JPG","institutionOrAuthor":"Grigor Paskov","id":"src.lev.photo.portrait","authors":["Grigor Paskov"],"title":"File:BASA-546K-1-108-8-Vasil Levski (cropped).JPG","container":"Wikimedia Commons; original provider/credit: This file was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the Bulgarian Archives State Agency as part of a cooperation project. The Bulgarian Archives State Agency provides images, which are public domain. For attribution/citation of the source, Bulgarian Archives State Agency, please use the identification numbers of the document's fonds, inventory, archival unit and sheet.","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Visual identification only; licensing and image provenance. 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Document date is attributed to Commons, not independently authenticated."},"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","fieldLanguages":{"title":"bg"}},{"year":2015,"url":"https://www.sofiahistorymuseum.bg/bg/novini/117-142-години-от-обесването-на-левски","institutionOrAuthor":"Регионален исторически музей — София","id":"src.lev.sofia-notice","authors":["Регионален исторически музей — София"],"title":"142 години от обесването на Левски","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"We use 27 December 1872 from the Karlovo chronology. The 2015 Sofia publication gives 22 December. The reason for the discrepancy remains unknown."},"fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg"},"container":""},{"year":2005,"url":"https://newspaper.kultura.bg/bg/article/view/10683","institutionOrAuthor":"Георги Тодоров","id":"src.lev.todorov","authors":["Георги Тодоров"],"title":"Митът за предателството на поп Кръстю","container":"Култура","accessedOn":"2026-11-02","accessed":"2026-11-02","supports":{"en":"Author argues accusation of priest Krastyo is unproven and capture resulted from mistakes. Polemical interpretive essay; juxtaposed with Mitev, not accepted as final verdict."},"issue":"7 (2622)","fieldLanguages":{"institutionOrAuthor":"bg","title":"bg","container":"bg"}}],"credits":[{"id":"asset.lev.notebook-display-cutout","src":"/media/asset-lev-notebook-display-cutout-960.266e48b9.webp","alt":"Cut-out detail; background removed. 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