{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.belogradchik-fortress","hasFind":true,"slug":"belogradchik-fortress","url":"/pl/stories/belogradchik-fortress/","topic":"Twierdza Bełogradczik","title":"Chłopi pod Bełogradczikiem, 1850 r.","summary":"Rzymskie umocnienie, mury Sracimira i osmańskie bramy. W 1850 r. chłopi otaczają Bełogradczik.","cover":{"title":"Chłopi pod Bełogradczikiem, 1850 r.","subtitle":"Twierdza w Bełogradcziku od Rzymu po bunt chłopski","hook":"Dlaczego chłopi buntują się w 1850 roku?","summary":"Rzymskie umocnienie, mury Sracimira i osmańskie bramy. W 1850 r. chłopi otaczają Bełogradczik.","takeaway":"Spór o ziemię trwa po stłumieniu buntu."},"sortYear":1850,"firstActivity":4,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.revival","styleId":"revival","sortOrder":1,"title":"Odrodzenie i wyzwolenie","dateLabel":"XVIII–XIX wiek","eraShort":"Odrodzenie","slug":"revival","fill":"#B9A48E","ink":"#221616","raised":"#C4B29F","dark":"#77654D"},"epochId":"epoch.revival","placeShort":"Bełogradczik","date":"1850","image":{"alpha":true,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-480.8dfbbc42.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.avif","w":564}],"dominant":"#8a7562","h":654,"w":564,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.webp","w":564}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-cutout-564.8dfbbc42.webp","id":"asset.bel.keystone-cutout","alt":"Wycięty detal; tło usunięte. Rzeźbiony zwornik — kamień zamykający łuk pośrodku. Współczesne zdjęcie; data powstania kamienia i znaczenie dekoracji nie są ustalone.","objectCaption":"Rzeźbiony kamień","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Cut-out detail; background removed.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik-fortress-keystone.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s1-gaps","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Mury między skałami","body":"Między ogromnymi czerwonawymi skałami koło Bełogradczika znajdują się prześwity. Budowniczowie zamykają je murami. Skała staje się częścią zapory.\n\nMiejscowe muzeum datuje pierwsze niewielkie umocnienie na I–III wiek, czasy Cesarstwa Rzymskiego. Leży ono między dwiema przełęczami przez Starą Płaninę. Przełęcz to miejsce, w którym można przejść przez góry. Z umocnienia obserwowano okolicę.\n\nArcheolodzy znajdują fundamenty, ceramikę, żelazne groty broni i rzymskie monety. To ślady wczesnego użytkowania.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-480.165fe39c.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-1600.165fe39c.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#87978b","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-gaps-960.165fe39c.webp","id":"asset.bel.gaps","alt":"Mury zamykają przejścia między skałami. Współczesne zdjęcie po przebudowach oraz pracach zabezpieczających i restauracyjnych.","objectCaption":"Mury zamykają przejścia między skałami. Współczesne zdjęcie po przebudowach oraz pracach zabezpieczających i restauracyjnych.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Walls close gaps between the rocks. Modern photograph after rebuilding and restoration. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E3.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":36.075541666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s1-gaps","duration":36.181,"src":"/audio/pl/belogradchik-fortress/s1-gaps.9ebc8745.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.gaps"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s2-sratsimir","number":2,"kind":"narrative","title":"Sracimir dobudowuje mury","body":"W XIV wieku Iwan Sracimir rządzi z Widynu. Rozbudowuje i wzmacnia dawną twierdzę. Według muzeum powstają wówczas dwa mury zaporowe. Drewniane mosty i kamienne schody ułatwiają obrońcom poruszanie się.\n\nŻołnierze pozostawieni do pilnowania twierdzy tworzą garnizon. Umocnienie zmienia gospodarzy. Pod koniec XIV wieku zdobywają je Osmanowie. Oni również zostawiają tu straż.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-480.2e152893.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-1600.2e152893.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#81aaaf","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-court-960.2e152893.webp","id":"asset.bel.court","alt":"Dziedziniec i skalna przeszkoda. Współczesne zdjęcie, nie widok z czasów rzymskich.","objectCaption":"Dziedziniec i skalna przeszkoda. Współczesne zdjęcie, nie widok z czasów rzymskich.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Elena Chochkova · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Elena Chochkova, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Courtyard and rock barrier. Modern photograph, not a Roman-period view. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_E1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":25.835541666666668,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s2-sratsimir","duration":25.941,"src":"/audio/pl/belogradchik-fortress/s2-sratsimir.3d9801dc.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.court"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s3-rebuilt","number":3,"kind":"artifact","title":"Brama dla nowej broni","body":"W latach 1805–1837 osmańska twierdza zostaje gruntownie przebudowana. Według muzeum początkowo pracują tu francuscy inżynierowie. Pod koniec dołączają włoscy mistrzowie fortyfikacji. Powstają trzy dziedzińce z portalami, czyli dużymi bramami. Wrota są okute żelaznymi pasami.\n\nSą tu stanowiska dla armat i otwory, przez które prowadzi się ostrzał. W podziemiach przechowuje się żywność i amunicję, czyli materiały do strzelania.\n\nZdjęcie przedstawia kamienną bramę pod wysokimi skałami.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-480.e326ea79.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-1600.e326ea79.avif","w":1600},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-2400.e326ea79.avif","w":2400}],"dominant":"#638b98","h":1483,"w":2400,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-portal-960.e326ea79.webp","id":"asset.bel.portal","alt":"Brama, mur i skały. Współczesne zdjęcie przebudowywanej i odrestaurowanej twierdzy.","objectCaption":"Brama, mur i skały. Współczesne zdjęcie przebudowywanej i odrestaurowanej twierdzy.","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Yanko Malinov · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Image: Yanko Malinov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Yanko Malinov, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gateway, masonry and rocks. Modern photograph of a rebuilt and restored fortress. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik_Fortress_Entrance.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"},{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-480.ba62475b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-1503.ba62475b.avif","w":1503}],"dominant":"#6f614f","h":2248,"w":1503,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-bel-keystone-960.ba62475b.webp","id":"asset.bel.keystone","alt":"Rzeźbiony zwornik — kamień zamykający łuk pośrodku. Współczesne zdjęcie; data powstania kamienia i znaczenie dekoracji nie są ustalone.","objectCaption":"Rzeźbiony kamień","caption":"","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","attribution":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Processed image.","attributionParts":[{"text":"Image: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Carved keystone: the stone in the middle that closes the arch. Modern photograph; the stone’s date and the meaning of its decoration are not established. Processed image.","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belogradchik-fortress-keystone.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"}],"hotspots":[{"id":"hp-portal","x":0.545,"y":0.865,"title":"Murowana brama","body":"Bramę zbudowano z obrobionych kamieni. Nie dowodzi to, że widoczny łuk jest rzymski.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hp-rock","x":0.718,"y":0.4,"title":"Naturalna przeszkoda","body":"Wysoki masyw skalny stanowi część przeszkody. Budowniczowie wykorzystali ukształtowanie terenu.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"},{"id":"hp-wall","x":0.86,"y":0.795,"title":"Skała i mur","body":"Kamienny mur przedłuża przeszkodę. Twierdzę przebudowano w latach 1805–1837, a później odrestaurowano.","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.museum.history","src.bel.photo.portal"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":34.752,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.s3-rebuilt","duration":34.859,"src":"/audio/pl/belogradchik-fortress/s3-rebuilt.efd77888.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.museum.history"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.keystone"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.a1-wall","number":4,"kind":"activity","title":"Zadanie: czego strzeże mur?","body":"","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":{"id":"q.bel.wall","kind":"single_choice","prompt":"Jak budowniczowie wykorzystują skały?","sourceIds":["src.bel.museum.fortress","src.bel.photo.portal"],"items":[{"id":"o-gaps","label":"Zamykają prześwity murami."},{"id":"o-carve","label":"Wykuwają skały z bloków muru.","whyWrong":"Skały są naturalne, a mur powstał z obrobionych bloków."},{"id":"o-remove","label":"Usuwają skały i budują na równinie.","whyWrong":"Masywy pozostają na miejscu i są częścią zapory."}],"explanation":"Naturalne masywy i murowane odcinki tworzą razem zaporę.","correctItemId":"o-gaps","sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"}]},"audio":{"durationSeconds":3.1264166666666666,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.belogradchik-fortress.belogradchik-fortress.a1-wall","duration":3.243,"src":"/audio/pl/belogradchik-fortress/a1-wall.bffa0974.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.bel.museum.fortress"},{"id":"src.bel.photo.portal"}]},{"id":"belogradchik-fortress.s4-land","number":5,"kind":"map","title":"Ziemia za murami","body":"W 1850 r. na północno-zachodnich ziemiach bułgarskich Imperium Osmańskiego wybucha powstanie bełogradczickie. Mapa łączy Bełogradczik z Widynem. Uczestniczą w nim również wsie z okolic Łomu.\n\nCzego chcą chłopi? Jedną z przyczyn jest prawdopodobnie spór o ziemię. Gospodarlik to porządek, w którym właściciele ziemscy czerpią dochody i korzystają z pracy chłopów. Chrześcijańscy rolnicy napotykają przeszkody w uzyskaniu własności uprawianej ziemi. Powinność oznacza obowiązkową pracę na rzecz pana.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony współczesny punkt orientacyjny. Nie wskazuje granic historycznych ani miejsca bitwy.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.bel.fortress","name":"Twierdza Bełogradczik","latitude":43.62333333,"longitude":22.67722222,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":150,"sourceIds":["src.bel.coords.fortress"],"guideUrl":"https://travel-guide-bulgaria.zydeno.com/pl/places/belogradchik-fortress/","slug":"bel.fortress","url":"/pl/map/#bel.fortress"},{"note":"Przybliżony punkt orientacyjny; nie wyznacza średniowiecznych granic.","precision":"approximate","id":"place.vid.vidin","name":"Widyń","latitude":43.98869,"longitude":22.874058,"accuracy":"approximate","radiusMeters":2000,"sourceIds":["src.vid.coords-vidin","src.bel.coords.vidin","src.nik.coords.vidin"],"guideUrl":null,"slug":"vid.vidin","url":"/pl/map/#vid.vidin"}],"map":{"light":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief@3x.jpg?v=075869a7dd","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-1024.4c826249.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-1536.8876519a.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-2x-2048.4c826249.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-3x-3072.8876519a.avif","w":3072}]},"dark":{"src":"/assets/maps/relief-dark@3x.jpg?v=0941a59d06","w":3072,"h":1987,"avif":[],"webp":[],"responsive":[{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-1024.73ab39a9.avif","w":1024},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-1536.4f3ca147.avif","w":1536},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-2x-2048.73ab39a9.avif","w":2048},{"src":"/media/map/map-relief-dark-3x-3072.4f3ca147.avif","w":3072}]},"places":[{"note":"Przybliżony współczesny punkt orientacyjny. 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