{"version":2,"locale":"pl","id":"story.boyana-church","hasFind":true,"slug":"boyana-church","url":"/pl/stories/boyana-church/","topic":"Cerkiew Bojańska","title":"Twarze Bojany","summary":"Dwie pary portretowe, model cerkwi i chleb na malowanym stole: jak przyglądać się malowidłom Bojany.","cover":{"title":"Twarze Bojany","subtitle":"Cerkiew Bojańska i malowidła ścienne z 1259 roku","hook":"Dlaczego te twarze wyglądają jak żywe?","summary":"Dwie pary portretowe, model cerkwi i chleb na malowanym stole: jak przyglądać się malowidłom Bojany.","takeaway":"W Bojanie pośród wizerunków religijnych pojawiają się znani z imienia fundatorzy i władcy; gesty i stroje zachęcają do uważnego oglądania, a interpretacje pozostają oddzielone od inskrypcji i tego, co widoczne."},"sortYear":1259,"firstActivity":5,"epoch":{"id":"epoch.tsardom2","styleId":"tsardom2","sortOrder":3,"title":"Drugie Carstwo Bułgarskie","dateLabel":"1185–1396","eraShort":"Drugie carstwo","slug":"tsardom2","fill":"#86554A","ink":"#F6EEEA","raised":"#754A41","dark":"#805B59"},"epochId":"epoch.tsardom2","placeShort":"Bojana","date":"1259","image":{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-480.b8b98199.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-1600.b8b98199.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63624f","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","id":"asset.boyana.exterior","alt":"Ceglane fasady, dwie części z kopułami i kamienna podstawa cerkwi Bojańskiej wśród drzew.","objectCaption":"Cerkiew Bojańska","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Aleksander Dragnes · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. Site today","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_1.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"},"scenes":[{"id":"boyana-church.s1-faces","number":1,"kind":"narrative","title":"Twarze z 1259 roku","body":"W 1259 roku artyści w cerkwi pod Sofią malują ludzi żyjących w ich czasach. Są wśród nich Kałojan i Desisława. Spójrz na ich twarze, potem na ręce i stroje. To znane z imienia osoby przedstawione w malarstwie religijnym. Co sprawia, że ich obecność wydaje się tak namacalna?\n\nNarodowe Muzeum Historyczne podkreśla portretowy charakter postaci świeckich, a UNESCO mówi o żywotności w ramach kanonu bizantyjskiego. Nie oglądamy więc zerwania ze średniowieczną tradycją, lecz ekspresję w jej obrębie. Data nie jest domysłem opartym na stylu: inskrypcja fundacyjna w narteksie podaje rok wykonania malowideł według innej rachuby czasu. Narodowe Muzeum Historyczne datuje je na 1259 rok. Bułgarska strona główna cerkwi podaje 1258/59 rok; tutaj przyjmujemy datowanie muzeum. Ktitor to fundator, który wsparł świątynię.","images":[{"src":"/assets/story-originals/boyana-donors.ae5e3dc7f0.jpg","w":400,"h":490,"webp":[],"avif":[],"nativeDisplayWidth":400,"alpha":false,"id":"asset.boyana.donors","alt":"Desisława po lewej i Kałojan po prawej z modelem cerkwi; malowidło z 1259 roku według muzeum.","objectCaption":"Portrety fundatorów","caption":"Kałojan i Desisława, malowidło z 1259 roku według muzeum. Fotograficzna reprodukcja oryginalnego malowidła.","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonimowi średniowieczni malarze; reprodukcja przesłane przez bg:Потребител:Kandi (fotograf nieustalony) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","lang":"en"}],"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kalojan_desislava.jpg","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Reuse_of_PD-Art_photographs","dominant":"#241B1A"}],"hotspots":[],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":56.99670833333333,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.boyana-church.boyana-church.s1-faces","duration":57.088,"src":"/audio/pl/boyana-church/s1-faces.2c80799c.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.boyana.museum"},{"id":"src.boyana.unesco"},{"id":"src.boyana.intro"},{"id":"src.boyana.kempgen"}]},{"id":"boyana-church.s2-building","number":2,"kind":"map","title":"Budowla rozrastająca się na zachód","body":"Cerkiew Bojańska znajduje się w dzisiejszej dzielnicy Bojana, u stóp Witoszy. Punkt na mapie wskazuje zachowany budynek, a nie granice średniowiecznej posiadłości. Zbliż się w myślach od wschodu ku zachodowi: tak prześledzisz, jak rozrastała się świątynia.\n\nNajstarszą część wschodnią UNESCO datuje na X–XI wiek, a badanie BYZART na koniec X lub XI wiek. W XIII wieku Kałojan zleca dobudowę od zachodu. Krótki angielski opis UNESCO umieszcza ją na początku XIII wieku, a BYZART w jego połowie. Na dole znajduje się przedsionek, zwany też narteksem; na górze rodzinna kaplica św. Pantelejmona. Ostatnia zachodnia rozbudowa pochodzi z XIX wieku: UNESCO umieszcza ją na początku, a Narodowe Muzeum Historyczne w połowie stulecia. Pod jednym dachem widzimy dziś części, które nie powstały jednocześnie. Cerkiew wpisano na Listę światowego dziedzictwa w 1979 roku.","images":[],"hotspots":[],"places":[{"note":"Cerkiew Bojańska zachowała malowidła z 1259 roku, w tym portrety fundatorów Kałojana i Desisławy.","precision":"exact","id":"place.boyana-church","name":"Cerkiew Bojańska św. Mikołaja i św. 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Model można odczytać jako znak fundacji. Obok stoi jego żona Desisława. Jej ręka spoczywa przy wiązaniu płaszcza. Przyjrzyj się gestom, a potem zdobieniom strojów.\n\nKałojan nosi tytuł sebastokratora. Nie jest carem z drugiego portretu. Badacze odczytują kosztowne stroje pary jako oznaki pozycji społecznej. To interpretacja wizerunku. Fotografia pozwala przyjrzeć się namalowanym twarzom, ale nie dowodzi, jak bardzo przypominały żyjące osoby.","images":[{"src":"/assets/story-originals/boyana-donors.ae5e3dc7f0.jpg","w":400,"h":490,"webp":[],"avif":[],"nativeDisplayWidth":400,"alpha":false,"id":"asset.boyana.donors","alt":"Desisława po lewej i Kałojan po prawej z modelem cerkwi; malowidło z 1259 roku według muzeum.","objectCaption":"Portrety fundatorów","caption":"Kałojan i Desisława, malowidło z 1259 roku według muzeum. Fotograficzna reprodukcja oryginalnego malowidła.","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonimowi średniowieczni malarze; reprodukcja przesłane przez bg:Потребител:Kandi (fotograf nieustalony) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. 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Trzyma rękę przy sznurze płaszcza.","sourceIds":["src.boyana.byzart","src.boyana.guide"],"certainty":"source_reported"}],"places":[],"map":null,"activity":null,"audio":{"durationSeconds":30.537583333333334,"source":"synthetic_tts","voice":"pl_PL-gosia-medium","provider":"Piper","assetId":"audio.pl.boyana-church.boyana-church.s3-donors","duration":30.635,"src":"/audio/pl/boyana-church/s3-donors.74c0560d.m4a"},"textRevised":false,"sources":[{"id":"src.boyana.byzart"},{"id":"src.boyana.guide"},{"id":"src.boyana.commons"}]},{"id":"boyana-church.s4-rulers","number":4,"kind":"artifact","title":"Naprzeciw nich — władcy","body":"Naprzeciw pary fundatorów znajdują się car Konstantyn Tich i caryca Irena. Wzrok przechodzi tu od twarzy do koron i bogato zdobionych szat. Obie pary są w tej samej przestrzeni, lecz pełnią różne role. Kałojan i Desisława są fundatorami; Konstantyn i Irena to para władców.\n\nWedług autorów badania nad średniowiecznym mecenatem stroje są także językiem władzy, związanym z bizantyjskimi oznakami dworskimi. Portret może więc powiedzieć nam coś o ukazywanej pozycji, nie zdradzając charakteru człowieka. Nie wiemy, co myśli Irena. Widzimy, jak postanowiono ją przedstawić.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-480.1e976016.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-960.1e976016.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-1592.1e976016.avif","w":1592}],"dominant":"#6c5b50","h":2400,"w":1592,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-960.1e976016.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-royal-960.1e976016.webp","id":"asset.boyana.royal","alt":"Car po lewej i caryca po prawej, w koronach i zdobionych szatach; malowidło z 1259 roku według muzeum.","objectCaption":"Car po lewej i caryca po prawej, w koronach i zdobionych szatach; malowidło z 1259 roku według muzeum.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Nieznany autor (Metadane Commons); średniowieczni malarze anonimowi · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC0","attribution":"Source: Unknown author (Commons metadata); medieval painter(s) anonymous / Wikimedia Commons, CC0 Processed image. 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Fotograficzna reprodukcja oryginalnego malowidła.","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"contain","credit":"Anonimowi średniowieczni malarze; reprodukcja przesłane przez bg:Потребител:Kandi (fotograf nieustalony) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons","license":"Public domain","attribution":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. Original mural","attributionParts":[{"text":"Source: Anonymous medieval painter(s); reproduction uploaded by bg:Потребител:Kandi (photographer not identified) / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain Processed image. 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Możemy jednak zobaczyć, jak religijny temat dopuszcza przedmioty codziennego użytku. Twarze nie są jedynym miejscem, w którym artyści pozostawili coś konkretnego do oglądania.","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-murals-480.ddfb5e5b.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-murals-960.ddfb5e5b.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-murals-1600.ddfb5e5b.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#766753","h":763,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-murals-960.ddfb5e5b.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-murals-960.ddfb5e5b.webp","id":"asset.boyana.murals","alt":"Widok ogólny ku ołtarzowi i malowanym ścianom nawy; to nie fotografia Ostatniej Wieczerzy.","objectCaption":"Widok ogólny ku ołtarzowi i malowanym ścianom nawy; to nie fotografia Ostatniej Wieczerzy.","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Interact-Bulgaria · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","attribution":"Source: Interact-Bulgaria / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 Processed image. 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Ekspresyjne twarze nie wymagają od nas ogłoszenia, że tutaj zaczyna się cały europejski renesans. Lepiej rozróżniać to, co widzimy, co mówi inskrypcja i co interpretują badacze.\n\nStrona cerkwi używa nazwy „Mistrz Bojański” jako zbiorowego określenia grupy malarzy. Źródła różnią się co do tego, czy ustalono ich imiona. W 1979 roku cerkiew wpisano na Listę światowego dziedzictwa. Wybierz gest, twarz lub szczegół stroju na fotografiach. Co w wybranym szczególe widzisz samodzielnie, a do czego potrzebujesz źródła?","images":[{"alpha":false,"avif":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-480.b8b98199.avif","w":480},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.avif","w":960},{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-1600.b8b98199.avif","w":1600}],"dominant":"#63624f","h":1200,"w":1600,"webp":[{"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","w":960}],"src":"/media/asset-boyana-exterior-960.b8b98199.webp","id":"asset.boyana.exterior","alt":"Ceglane fasady, dwie części z kopułami i kamienna podstawa cerkwi Bojańskiej wśród drzew.","objectCaption":"Cerkiew Bojańska","caption":"","kindLabel":"Zdjęcie","kind":"photo","creditLabels":{"title":"Ilustracje","source":"Otwórz źródło","full":"Pełne informacje o autorstwie"},"fit":"cover","credit":"Aleksander Dragnes · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons","license":"CC BY 2.0","attribution":"Source: Aleksander Dragnes / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 Processed image. 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